Extracts of Tagetes minuta L. front of bacteria regarding bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a problem in the context of animal health. However medicinal plants are a management strategy in agroecological production systems. In this context, the plant Tagetes minuta L. plays a leading role, due to its recognition in the popular pharmacopeia. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. minuta from different collection sites compared to ten bacteria related to bovine mastitis. The antimicrobial evaluation was done through the microdilution technique in syrup, in 96 well microplates in triplicate, for the determination of Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) (%). In the microplates, the extracts of T. minuta and the inoculums of the bacteria were placed in addition to the growth control of the bacteria and the control of the extracts, which were incubated for 72 hours at 37°C in an oven. After this time, aliquots of 5μL of each orifice were transferred to plates containing 5% equine defibrinated blood agar and maintained in incubation for 24 hours at the same previous temperature. With this, the growth readings were performed, with the subsequent interpretation of the results by the geometric mean of the MBC (%). The results indicate that there is a difference in sensitivity to microorganisms by the extracts as a function of the collection sites and both present antimicrobial action.Bovine mastitis is a problem in the context of animal health. However medicinal plants are a management strategy in agroecological production systems. In this context, the plant Tagetes minuta L. plays a leading role, due to its recognition in the popular pharmacopeia. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. minuta from different collection sites compared to ten bacteria related to bovine mastitis. The antimicrobial evaluation was done through the microdilution technique in syrup, in 96 well microplates in triplicate, for the determination of Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) (%). In the microplates, the extracts of T. minuta and the inoculums of the bacteria were placed in addition to the growth control of the bacteria and the control of the extracts, which were incubated for 72 hours at 37°C in an oven. After this time, aliquots of 5μL of each orifice were transferred to plates containing 5% equine defibrinated blood agar and maintained in incubation for 24 hours at the same previous temperature. With this, the growth readings were performed, with the subsequent interpretation of the results by the geometric mean of the MBC (%). The results indicate that there is a difference in sensitivity to microorganisms by the extracts as a function of the collection sites and both present antimicrobial action

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha −1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

In vitro evaluation of the activity of different extracts of Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris against microorganisms of veterinary importance

The etnoveterinary has as one of their objectives to validate the several communities' knowledge in the use of medicines elaborated starting from medicinal plants, mainly in developing countries, that need alternatives economically viable seeking the good to be animal. With base in these objectives the study of the activity of the Origanum vulgare L. was accomplished and of Thymus vulgaris L., plants that you/they are used traditionally as seasoning, through three forms of different extraction for it drags of steam, maceration and decoction. Tests in vitro of essential oil, dye and aqueous extract were accomplished, front to microorganisms related to two illnesses the dermatofitosis and the external otititis. Inside of these illnesses they were selected three fungus that cause dermatofitosis (Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum) a yeast, the Malassezia pachydermatis, and two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) involved in the external otitis in dogs for us to be appraised front to the different extracts of the plants. The both microdiluition method was used in broth and the results were expressed in Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC-µl/ml) The essential oils were extracted through the modified Clevenger apparatus and the samples were submitted to the analysis by Gaseous Chromatography coupled to the Espectrometry of Masses (GC/EM) for their main known representatives' characterization as timol and the carvacrol. The essential oils presented lower MIC (1%), however, the methanol extract presented a better income for amount of plant and obtained extract. The extracts that presented better results were of the plant Origanum vulgare L.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESA agroecologia tem como um de seus objetivos validar os conhecimentos de diversas comunidades na utilização de medicamentos elaborados a partir de plantas medicinais, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, que necessitam de alternativas economicamente viáveis visando o bem estar animal. Com base nestes objetivos foi realizado o estudo da atividade do Origanum vulgare L. e de Thymus vulgaris L., plantas que são utilizadas tradicionalmente como tempero, através de três formas de extração diferentes por arraste de vapor, maceração e decocção. Foram realizados testes in vitro de óleo essencial, tintura e decocto, frente a microrganismos relacionados a duas enfermidades as dermatofitoses e a otite externa. Dentro destas enfermidades foram selecionadas três espécies fúngicas que causam dermatofitoses (Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes e Microsporum gypseum) uma levedura, a Malassezia pachydermatis, e duas bactérias (Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus) envolvidas nas otites externas em cães para serem avaliados frente aos diferentes extratos das plantas. Foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo e os resultados foram expressos em Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM-µl/ml) Os óleos essenciais foram extraídos através do aparelho Clevenger modificado e as amostras foram submetidas à análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) para caracterização de seus principais constituintes conhecidos como timol e o carvacrol. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram CIM mais baixo (1%), no entanto, as tinturas apresentaram um rendimento melhor por quantidade de planta e extrato obtido. Os extratos que apresentaram melhores resultados foram da planta Origanum vulgare

In vitro antimicrobial activity and antidiarrhoeal in experimental leaf extracts of plants of the family Myrtaceae

The use of medicinal plants in treatment of disease follows the history of mankind. In third world countries, including Brazil, where 70-80% of the population lacks health pharmaceutical, medicinal plants are used as alternative therapy. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo, extracts of plants of the family Myrtaceae against microorganisms that cause diarrhea and its effect on intestinal motility through biological model in rats. We selected three plant family Myrtaceae popularly used in the treatment of diarrhea: guava (Psidium guajava L.), surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) and strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) belonging to the COOPAVA (Cooperative Agricultural Production Vista Alegre). Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared with essential oils and leaves of plants harvested at three phenological stages: fruit set, flowering, and rest. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus). Besides the hydroalcoholic extracts prepared essential oils from three plants and tested against the same microorganisms and some of its constituent were identified by gas chromatography coupled to the spectrometer massas-GC/MS. The hydroalcoholic extract of guava and infused with a better outcome in vitro test was chosen for the evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of the plant in vivo. In vitro tests were performed by broth microdilution technique for assessment of minimal bactericidal (MBC). The in vivo tests were performed by testing for induction of diarrhea with castor oil in rats. The constituents found in all plants by chromatographic analysis were α-and α-humulene copaene. The best result of the hydroalcoholic extract against S. aureus was prepared with fresh guava leaves harvested during the flowering season with geometric mean of quadruplicates of 3.25%, against S. typhimurium the three plants showed antibacterial activity at concentration of 25% with extracts harvested at the time of fruiting and leaf dry weight (strawberry guava and surinam cherry) and at home with fresh and dry leaf of guava.E. Front coli, the minimum bactericidal concentration was 25% with the leaf extract surinam cherry harvested in dry home, dry leaves harvested at the time of strawberry guava fruit and dried leaves of guava harvested in the home. The oil of guava showed bactericidal activity against E. coli at a concentration of 2%, compared to S. aureus and S. typhimurium at a concentration of 8%. The oil of guava showed no bactericidal activity against microorganisms tested and the oil surinam cherry showed bactericidal activity at a concentration of 8% compared to S. aureus and S. typhimurium. With our method, the hydroalcoholic extract and the infusion of the dried leaves harvested at the fruiting of guava, showed no activity antidiarrhoeal.O uso de plantas medicinais no tratamento de enfermidades acompanha a história da humanidade. Em países do terceiro mundo, incluindo o Brasil, onde 70-80% da população não tem assistência farmacêutica, as plantas medicinais são utilizadas como alternativa terapêutica. Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro e in vivo de extratos da plantas da família Myrtaceae frente a microrganismos que causam diarréia e seu efeito sobre motilidade intestinal através de modelo biológico em ratos. Foram selecionadas três plantas da família Myrtaceae utilizadas popularmente no tratamento de diarréia: goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.), pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e araçazeiro (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) pertencentes à COOPAVA (Cooperativa de Produção Agropecuária Vista Alegre). Foram preparados extratos hidroalcóolicos e óleos essenciais com folhas das plantas colhidas em três fases fenológicas: frutificação, floração e repouso. Os extratos foram testados quanto a sua atividade antimicrobiana frente a (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium e Staphylococcus aureus). Além dos extratos hidroalcóolicos foram preparados óleos essenciais das três plantas e testados frente aos mesmos microrganismos e alguns de seus contituintes foram identificados por em cromatográfico a gás acoplado ao espectrômetro de massas-GC/MS. O extrato hidroalcóolico e um infuso de araçá com melhor resultado in vitro foi escolhido para o teste de avaliação da atividade antidiarréica da planta in vivo. Os testes in vitro foram realizados através da técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo para avaliação da atividade bactericida mínima (CBM). Os testes in vivo foram realizados através do teste de indução da diarréia com óleo de rícino em ratos. Os constituintes encontrados em todas as plantas através da análise cromatográfica foram o α-Copaene e α-Humulene. O melhor resultado do extrato hidroalcóolico frente ao S. aureus foi o preparado com as folhas frescas de goiabeira colhidos durante a época de floração com média geométrica entre quadruplicatas de 3,25%, frente a S. typhimurium as três plantas apresentaram atividade bactericida na concentração de 25% com os extratos colhidos na época de frutificação e folha seca (araçazeiro e pitangueira) e durante o repouso com folha fresca e seca de goiabeira. Frente a E. coli, a concentração bactericida mínima foi de 25% com o extrato de folha de pitangueira seca colhida no repouso, folha seca araçazeiro colhida na época de frutificação e folha seca de goiabeira colhida no repouso. O óleo de goiabeira apresentou atividade bactericida frente a E.coli na concentração de 2%, e frente ao S.aureus e S. typhimurium na concentração de 8%. O óleo de araçá não apresentou atividade bactericida frente aos microrganismos testados e o óleo de pitangueira apresentou atividade bactericida na concentração de 8% frente ao S.aureus e S. typhimurium. Com o método utilizado, o extrato hidroalcóolico e o infuso das folhas secas colhidas na época de frutificação do araçá, não apresentaram atividade antidiarréica

Construção e uso de indicadores para avaliação do manejo da ordenha: uma proposta metodológica participativa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi adaptar e testar uma metodologia participativa para promover e avaliar as mudanças de percepção e de atitude dos agricultores com relação às práticas de manejo sanitário da ordenha, através da construção e uso de indicadores que permitissem aos agricultores um processo de ação-avaliação constante. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em quatro Unidades de Produção Familiar (UPF), no município de Guaraciaba (SC), envolvidas na atividade leiteira. Após a caracterização das UPF e diagnóstico sanitário do rebanho, foi feita a construção participativa de indicadores de manejo sanitário de ordenha, a qual foi utilizada pelos agricultores ao longo de três meses para avaliação de suas práticas de manejo. Ao final desse período, foram realizadas entrevistas com as famílias participantes para apreender a sua percepção a respeito da metodologia empregada. Os agricultores avaliaram positivamente o uso da metodologia, destacando a melhoria de vários indicadores, devido às mudanças de atitudes. Destacaram também que a eficiência da metodologia se deve ao fato de ela proporcionar uma reflexão sobre aspectos reais da vida dos agricultores. Assim, a proposta metodológica participativa utilizada neste trabalho, dentro de uma perspectiva emancipadora, mostrou-se uma importante ferramenta de avaliação de sistemas, coerente com as premissas da Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural - PNATER

Extracts of Tagetes minuta L. front of bacteria regarding bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a problem in the context of animal health. However medicinal plants are a management strategy in agroecological production systems. In this context, the plant Tagetes minuta L. plays a leading role, due to its recognition in the popular pharmacopeia. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. minuta from different collection sites compared to ten bacteria related to bovine mastitis. The antimicrobial evaluation was done through the microdilution technique in syrup, in 96 well microplates in triplicate, for the determination of Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) (%). In the microplates, the extracts of T. minuta and the inoculums of the bacteria were placed in addition to the growth control of the bacteria and the control of the extracts, which were incubated for 72 hours at 37°C in an oven. After this time, aliquots of 5μL of each orifice were transferred to plates containing 5% equine defibrinated blood agar and maintained in incubation for 24 hours at the same previous temperature. With this, the growth readings were performed, with the subsequent interpretation of the results by the geometric mean of the MBC (%). The results indicate that there is a difference in sensitivity to microorganisms by the extracts as a function of the collection sites and both present antimicrobial action

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY KINETICS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACTS AGAINST CINÉTICA DA ATIVIDADE ANTIBACTERIANA IN VITRO DE EXTRATOS NATURAIS FRENTE A MICRORGANISMOS RELACIONADOS À MASTITE BOVINA

The subject of this paper is to test antimicrobials activities by medicinal plants extracts against more important contagious bovine mastitis pathogens. Disinfectants solutions was made from Baccharis trimera (Less) D.C., Compositae (Asteracea), Eucalyptus spp Labill., Myrtaceae e Tagetes minuta (Linn.), Compositae (Asteracea) plants by hidroalcoholic extraction (EHA) or decoction (DEC). S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and P. aeruginosa were used. To test for in vitro efficacy, each solution disinfectant was mixed with bacterial suspension containing 105 CFU.mL-1, by 30 seconds, two, 10 ant 30 minutes, with and without 20% of integral milk. Viable bacteria were evaluated by directed plating of neutralized aliquots. The worked included chlorhexidine 0,18% by control and it was executed in duplicate. EHA Eucalytpus spp and EHA T. minuta were as effective as control chlorhexidine against S. aureus. This solutions plus EHA B. trimera, were as effective as control against S. agalactiae. DEC Eucalyptus and DEC B. trimera also inactivated S. agalactiae in more prolongated time. Chlorhexidine was the best against P. multocida in milk absence, although the EHA were effective at ten or thirty minutes. All solutions, inclusive control, it was sensibility to organic load. The observations from the in vitro studies presented here need to be substantiated by in vivo studies by to confirm the potentiality use of plants medicinal extracts as disinfectants/antisepsis in livestock health. O presente trabalho busca avaliar a cinética da atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de plantas medicinais frente a bactérias relacionadas com mastite bovina. Para tal, foram produzidas soluções desinfetantes a partir de folhas e talos de Baccharis trimera (Less) D.C., Compositae (Asteraceae), Eucalyptus spp Labill., Myrtaceae e Tagetes minuta (Linn.), Compositae (Asteraceae), através de extração hidroalcoólica (EHA) e decocto (DEC). Os microrganismos utilizados foram S. aureus, S. agalactiae e P.aeruginosa. Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada permitindo o contato da solução desinfetante com uma suspensão bacteriana com a concentração de ao menos 105 UFC.mL-1 de cada, por intervalos de 30 segundos, 2, 10 e 30 minutos, com e sem matéria orgânica. Após, alíquotas foram semeadas em placas de ágar BHI e o número de colônias remanescentes foi contado. O trabalho foi realizado com um controle comercial, clorexidina a 0,18%, e sempre em duplicata. Encontrou-se que para S. aureus, os EHA de Eucalyptus spp e de T. minuta não diferiram do controle, para S. agalactiae além daquelas duas, EHA de B. trimera, não diferiu do controle, enquanto que DEC de Eucalyptus e o DEC de B. trimera também foram ativos frente à bactéria na ausência de matéria orgânica necessitando de maior tempo de contato. Para P. aeruginosa, na ausência de matéria orgânica, todas as soluções desinfetantes diferiram do controle, embora os três EHA tenham inativado a bactéria em 10 ou 30 minutos. Todas as soluções desinfetantes testadas, inclusive o controle, reduziram sua atividade antibacteriana na presença de matéria orgânica. Conclui-se que extratos de plantas medicinais apresentam potencial para serem utilizados em situações problema em que as bactérias aqui avaliadas estejam envolvidas