Explanation for the Variation of Women’s Rights Among Moderate Muslim Countries

Due to the actions of radicals and extremists, many in the West have come to view Islam as a religion of gender inequality that perpetuates the severe oppression of women. However, there is actually great variation in women’s rights across Muslim countries. This thesis presents a theoretical framework seeking to explain this variation, by examining differences in family law. The theory supposes that variation can be explained by the strategic actions of political leaders. From this theory, I hypothesize that the variations in women’s rights come from the variation in family law, which in large, are due to the existence of groups threatening the power of the political leaders, and the leader’s subsequent understanding of this threat. Using a most similar systems research design, I examine 4 moderate Muslim countries, Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt. Through case study research, I find limited support for the above hypothesis

Southwest Atlantic water mass evolution during the last deglaciation

The rise in atmospheric CO2 during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; 14.5–17.5 kyr B.P.) may have been driven by the release of carbon from the abyssal ocean. Model simulations suggest that wind‐driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean can liberate 13C‐depleted carbon from the abyss, causing atmospheric CO2 to increase and the δ13C of CO2 to decrease. One prediction of the Southern Ocean hypothesis is that water mass tracers in the deep South Atlantic should register a circulation response early in the deglaciation. Here we test this idea using a depth transect of 12 cores from the Brazil Margin. We show that records below 2300 m remained 13C‐depleted until 15 kyr B.P. or later, indicating that the abyssal South Atlantic was an unlikely source of light carbon to the atmosphere during HS1. Benthic δ18O results are consistent with abyssal South Atlantic isolation until 15 kyr B.P., in contrast to shallower sites. The depth dependent timing of the δ18O signal suggests that correcting δ18O for ice volume is problematic on glacial terminations. New data from 2700 to 3000 m show that the deep SW Atlantic was isotopically distinct from the abyss during HS1. As a result, we find that mid‐depth δ13C minima were most likely driven by an abrupt drop in δ13C of northern component water. Low δ13C at the Brazil Margin also coincided with an ~80‰ decrease in Δ14C. Our results are consistent with a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and point toward a northern hemisphere trigger for the initial rise in atmospheric CO2 during HS1.Key PointsDeep SW Atlantic was unlikely source of light carbon to atmosphere during HS1Mid‐depth isotopic anomalies due to change in northern component waterNorthern component water had robust influence in South Atlantic during HS1Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111970/1/palo20190.pd

Fine Motor Skills and Executive Function Both Contribute to Kindergarten Achievement

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92367/1/j.1467-8624.2012.01768.x.pd

Does sea level influence mid-ocean ridge magmatism on Milankovitch timescales?

Magma production at mid-ocean ridges is driven by seafloor spreading and decompression melting of the upper mantle. In the special case of Iceland, mantle melting may have been amplified by ice sheet retreat during the last deglaciation, yielding anomalously high rates of subaerial volcanism. For the remainder of the global mid-ocean ridge system, the ocean may play an analogous role, with lowering of sea level during glacial maxima producing greater magma flux to ridge crests. Here we show that the mantle decompression rate associated with changes in sea level is a substantial fraction of that from plate spreading. Modeled peaks in magma flux occur after sea level drops rapidly, including the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5/4 and 3/2 transitions. The minimum in simulated flux occurs during the mid-Holocene, due to the rapid sea level rise at the MIS 2/1 boundary. The model results are highly sensitive to melt migration rate; rates of ~1 m/yr produce small signals, while those >5 m/yr yield substantial anomalies. In the latter case, sea level-driven magma flux varies by 15–100% relative to the long-term average, with the largest effect occurring at slow-spreading ridges. We suggest that sedimentary time series of hydrothermal particle flux, oceanic Os isotopic ratio, and oceanic radiocarbon may serve as proxies for magma-flux variations at mid-ocean ridges. Although well-dated records are rare, preliminary data from the Pacific and Atlantic suggest hydrothermal metal flux was elevated during MIS 2 and 4, broadly consistent with our modeling results

Visual-motor integration and reading Chinese in children with/without dyslexia

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Reading and Writing. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11145-018-9876-zNational Natural Science Foundation of China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology; Scientific Foundation of Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences

No Evidence for a Deglacial Intermediate Water Δ14C Anomaly in the Southwest Atlantic

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology, Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe last deglaciation was characterized by an increase in atmospheric pCO2 and decrease in atmospheric radiocarbon activity. One hypothesis is that these changes were due to out-gassing of 14C-depleted carbon from the abyssal ocean. Reconstructions of foraminiferal Δ14C from the eastern tropical Pacific, Arabian Sea, and high latitude North Atlantic show that severe depletions in 14C occurred at intermediate water depths during the last deglaciation. It has been suggested that 14C-depleted water from the abyss upwelled in the Southern Ocean and was then carried by Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) to these sites. However, locations in the South Pacific in the direct path of modern-day AAIW do not exhibit the Δ14C excursion and therefore cast doubt upon the AAIW mechanism (De Pol-Holz et al., 2010; Rose et al., 2010). Here we evaluate whether or not a deglacial 14C anomaly occurred at intermediate depths in the Southwest Atlantic. We find that the deglacial benthic Δ14C trend at our site is similar to the atmospheric Δ14C trend. Our results are also largely consistent with results from U/Th-dated corals at shallower water depths on the Brazil Margin (Mangini et al., 2010). We find no evidence in the southwestern Atlantic of a ~300‰decrease in intermediate water Δ14C from 18 to 14 kyr BP like that observed in the eastern tropical Pacific (Marchitto et al., 2007). When our results are paired with those from the South Pacific, it appears AAIW did not carry a highly 14C-depleted signal during the deglaciation. Another source of carbon is apparently required to explain the intermediate-depth Δ14C anomalies in the North Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97757/1/Sortor_Rachel_MS_2012.pdf1