Identificação humana e análise de DNA em ossos

A introdução das técnicas de biologia molecular, ou seja a análise de DNA para identificação humana é um avanço recente na Medicina Legal. A identificação de cadáveres e restos humanos faz-se necessária após guerras, distúrbios sócio-políticos e desastres de massa. Além desses casos, devido à dinâmica social das grandes metrópoles, existem pessoas desaparecidas e por outro lado, cadáveres e restos humanos sem identificação são encontrados. Nos últimos anos, também tem ocorrido um aumento nas solicitações para coleta de material biológico de restos humanos exumados e destinados à determinação de vínculo genético em processos civis. Os autores realizam uma extensa revisão da literatura sobre a utilização dessas novas metodologias em ossos, antigos ou recentes, para a identificação humana.The introduction of molecular biology techniques, especially of DNA analysis, for human identification is a recent advance in legal medicine. Substantial effort has continuously been made in an attempt to identify cadavers and human remains after wars, socio-political problems and mass disasters. In addition, because of the social dynamics of large cities, there are always cases of missing people, as well as unidentified cadavers and human remains that are found. In the last few years, there has also been an increase in requests for exhumation of human remains in order to determine genetic relationships in civil suits and court action. The authors provide an extensive review of the literature regarding the use of this new methodology for human identification of ancient or recent bones

Notificações de LER/DORT no estado Tocantins entre 2013 e 2023: um estudo descritivo

Os distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (DORT), anteriormente conhecidos como lesões por esforço repetitivo (LER), afetam o sistema musculoesquelético, causando dores, inflamações e outras condições. Essas lesões, muitas vezes ligadas a tarefas repetitivas, resultam em impactos socioeconômicos devido ao afastamento dos trabalhadores. A análise epidemiológica desses casos é fundamental para implementar medidas preventivas e políticas de saúde pública mais eficazes. Além disso, a colaboração multidisciplinar e a aplicação de normas vigentes são cruciais para assegurar ambientes de trabalho saudáveis e seguros. Este estudo descritivo baseia-se em dados secundários obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Todas as notificações de LER/DORT no Tocantins, registradas entre 2013 e 2023, foram analisadas. A análise utilizou estatísticas descritivas, trabalhando com frequências absolutas e relativas das variáveis fornecidas nos formulários de notificação. Durante o período analisado, foram registradas 1221 notificações de LER/DORT no Brasil. Os trabalhadores mais afetados pertencem ao sexo feminino, têm entre 35 e 49 anos de idade, com nível de escolaridade variável e da cor parda

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Post-mortem forensic identity testing: application of PCR to the identification of fire victim

CONTEXT: DNA analysis has been used with success in the identification of carbonized corpses and victims of large accidents. The analysis requires relatives of crash victims to donate blood for analysis. The relatives are generally willing contribute to the identification by giving a blood sample. OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genetic characterization of one victim extensively burned by fire. DESIGN: Case report. CASE REPORT: DNA was extracted from blood of the cardiac chamber, and 15 different loci (D1S80, ApoB, D17S30, D3S1744, D18S849, D12S1090, FGA, D7S820, D1S533, D9S304, HUMCSF1PO, HUMTPOX, HUMTHO1, amelogenin and HLA-DQA1) were analyzed using the PCR technique. Results from all loci typing of the corpse were then compared to that of his alleged biological parents, revealing a genetic compatibility

A standard procedure for accommodating forensic anthropological and genetic analysis of decomposing human remains from tropical climates

At the Medical Legal Center in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (CEMEL/FMRP-USP), unidentified decomposing bodies routinely undergo soft tissue removal (by immersion in water at 80–90 °C for 24 h) prior to an anthropological analysis intended to yield a biological profile of age, sex, ancestry, height, pathology and so on. In the event that this analysis is unsuccessful, samples may be submitted for DNA profiling. The tropical climate and the defleshing process may confound preservation, recovery and analysis of DNA, however. In order to establish an optimal standardized protocol for identification of decomposing human remains from a tropical climatic region, the outcome of anthropological and genetic analyses was compared, along with the utility of bone (mainly femur and sternum) and teeth (mainly molar) specimens for DNA analysis. In a sample (n = 39) of partially skeletonized remains, anthropological analysis was sufficient for identification in eight cases. In further six cases, DNA profiling was successfully attempted. As a consequence of our study, we recommend collection of 1–2 well preserved teeth prior to defleshing and anthropological analysis in these circumstances

Forskolin impacts on maturation and lipid content of swine oocytes

In vitro production of swine embryos poses a few challenges that make it less efficient when compared to other domestic species. This is due to a series of aspects, such as insufficient cytoplasmic development of oocytes, asynchronous cytoplasm and nucleus maturation, and large amounts of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. The present study evaluated the effects of forskolin addition during the last 22 hours of in vitro maturation, measured through lipid droplet content and maturation synchronicity rates. The maturation rates (p > 0.05) were similar in both intervention and control groups. There was also no difference (p > 0.05) in lipid content between the groups. Therefore, in this study, forskolin addition failed to improve both nuclear maturation rates and lipid content of swine oocytes