The ecosystem of peatland research : a bibliometric analysis

Peatlands provide a range of services to societies, such as sequestration of organic carbon, biodiversity protection, attenuation of water flow, and the provision of fuel, wood and fruit, among others. Despite their global importance, no study has yet characterised peatland research on a global scale. This study aims at providing a better understanding of the geographical distribution of peatland research, of its variations through time, and of the specific topics studied. Results show that peatland research has, between 1991 and 2017, become increasingly international and diversified, with more countries and study sites active, and an increase in foreign sites studied. We do observe, however, that the general vast peatland regions of the world showed relatively distinct profiles in terms of topics which, in most cases, are related to their geographical features. Peatland research has a spatial imbalance in favour of central Europe, with studies in Africa and Brazil highly under-represented in relation to their area, and those in western and eastern Siberia moderately under-represented. We also observe some topics have become increasingly studied during recent decades, e.g. climate change, fire, restoration and carbon, while others have been decreasingly studied, such as botany, nitrogen and coal

Carbon accumulation in three ombrotrophic peatlands of the Eastmain region, Quebec, Canada : influence of hydrology, vegetation and fire in the Holocene climatic context

Les tourbières nordiques accumulent du carbone (C) puisque dans ces milieux, la production de la matière organique excède sa décomposition, ce qui a résulté en un important réservoir de C représentant environ 30% du C présent dans les sols terrestres à l'échelle de la planète. Puisque l'accumulation du C durant l'Holocène a influencé le climat global, les projections des changements climatiques devraient tenir compte de cette dynamique du C dans ces écosystèmes. Des variations de l'accumulation du C sont généralement liées à une combinaison de facteurs géomorphologiques (topographie du bassin), climatiques, des processus écologiques autogènes et des évènements ponctuels de perturbation. À part les feux, qui représentent une émission directe de C vers l'atmosphère, des facteurs internes et externes influencent la dynamique du C dans les tourbières. Les variations hydrologiques constituent un facteur déterminant en ce qui a trait aux assemblages végétaux. De plus, la végétation influence l'hydrologie par les processus de transpiration et d'isolation de la tourbe. L'objectif principal de la thèse était de quantifier les stocks de C ainsi que les taux d'accumulation pour trois tourbières boréales situées dans le nord du Québec. Nous avons de plus estimé l'influence des changements de la végétation, de l'hydrologie et de l'intensité et de la fréquence des feux de tourbière sur les taux d'accumulation du C, en tenant compte du contexte climatique holocène du nord du Québec. Afin de quantifier le volume de tourbe de chaque tourbière, les profondeurs ont été mesurées par sondage manuel ainsi que par un géoradar (GPR). La stratigraphie de plusieurs carottes échantillonnées dans chaque tourbière a été analysée. L'interpolation spatiale des taux d'accumulation du C a permis une reconstitution de chaque écosystème. Les changements de la végétation et de la nappe phréatique durant l'Holocène ont été reconstruits à l'aide d'analyses de macrorestes végétaux et de thécamoebiens. Les régimes de feu ont été reconstruits à partir du dénombrement de charbons de bois macroscopiques. Les variations temporelles des assemblages végétaux, de la nappe phréatique et de l'intensité et de la fréquence des feux ont été comparées aux fluctuations de l'accumulation du C. Les trois tourbières étudiées ont accumulé du C à un taux moyen de 16,2 g m*-2 an*-1 depuis l'âge maximum de 7510 cal BP, ce qui équivaut à une masse moyenne de C de 91 kg m*-2 et un réservoir total de C de 608 x 10*6 kg. Au début de leur développement, l'expansion latérale des tourbières a été rapide, tandis que l'accumulation du C à l'échelle de l'écosystème a culminé entre 5250 et 3500 cal BP. Malgré le fait que les taux d'accumulation verticale aient été généralement élevés dès le début du développement des tourbières, la topographie des bassins dans lesquels se sont développés ces écosystèmes a limité l'accumulation générale de la tourbe. \ud Les résultats montrent que dans l'ensemble, les assemblages dominants de végétation ont varié dans le temps ainsi qu'entre chaque tourbière. Les périodes où les taux d'accumulation ont été élevés dans les tourbières de LLC et STE étaient dominées par une végétation de Sphagnum section Acutifolia, ainsi que par des nappes phréatiques intermédiaires entre 10-15 cm en dessous de la surface. Le ralentissement de l'accumulation du C durant l'Holocène récent a été associé aux fluctuations importantes de la nappe phréatique ainsi qu'à une diminution des sphaignes de la section Acutifolia. En effet, la présence de ces sphaignes limite les taux de décomposition en maintenant des conditions froides, acides, humides et faibles en nutriments, favorisant l'accumulation du C dans ces tourbières. En général, les tourbières MOS et STE montrent une moins grande présence de sphaignes dans leurs sections centrales, probablement dû au contexte physiographique local des bassins dans lesquelles elles se sont développées en maintenant des conditions minérotrophes jusqu'à 5450 et 4410 cal BP, respectivement. Les analyses de macrocharbons contenus dans la tourbe ont permis d'identifier des intervalles moyens de feu de 883 ans durant l'Holocène, même si d'importantes variations spatiales et temporelles ont été reconstituées. La fréquence des feux et la production de charbons a augmenté après 2000 cal BP. Néanmoins, les analyses de régression montrent que les feux n'ont pas été un facteur déterminant dans l'accumulation du C. De plus, les changements du régime des feux de l'Holocène récent semblent avoir été indépendants des changements dans la végétation locale. Le refroidissement néoglaciaire de ~3000 cal BP pourrait bien avoir été le facteur principal ayant engendré ces changements environnementaux. Ce refroidissement climatique a probablement affecté de façon négative les taux d'accumulation du C. De plus, les périodes synchrones de nappe phréatique basse durant l'Holocène récent ont probablement été une des principales causes du changement de la végétation, dominée alors par des espèces ligneuses aux dépens des sphaignes, une tendance observée notamment à LLC. Afin d'obtenir un portrait précis de l'accumulation à long terme du C, les reconstructions futures devraient tenir compte des variations de l'expansion latérale des tourbières, puisque les masses de C et les taux de l'accumulation issus de carottes centrales surestiment les taux à l'échelle de l'écosystème. Les changements climatiques futurs pourraient impliquer des augmentations à la fois de la nappe phréatique et des températures, ce qui aurait probablement un effet positif sur la croissance des sphaignes, et donc sur l'accumulation du C dans les tourbières de la région. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : tourbière, carbone, Holocène, feu, paléoécologi

Impact of Climate Change on Forest Fire Severity and Consequences for Carbon Stocks in Boreal Forest Stands of Quebec, Canada: a Synthesis

The global boreal forests comprise large stocks of organic carbon that vary with climate and fire regimes. Global warming is likely to influence several aspects of fire and cause shifts in carbon sequestration patterns. Fire severity or forest floor depth of burn is one important aspect that influences both carbon emission during combustion as well as postfire ecosystem regeneration. Numerous publications on projections of future area burned exist, whereas scenarios on twenty-first century fire severity are more scarce, and the stand-typical response to severe fire weather is rarely taken into account. This paper aims to synthesize knowledge on boreal forest carbon stocks in relation to changes in fire severity for Quebec, Canada. Besides warming, this region may be subjected to an important increase in future precipitation. Future fire severity and area burned may well increase as fire weather will be drier, especially near the end of the twenty-first century. Moreover, the fire season peak may shift towards the late summer. Intense burning will favour tree cover development while the forest floor carbon stock may become less important. As a result, total Quebec boreal carbon sequestration may diminish. The development of dynamic vegetation models may improve scenarios on twenty-first century changes in carbon sequestration driven by climate change and fire severity and frequency effects

A new peat bog testate amoeba transfer function and quantitative palaeohydrological reconstructions from southern Patagonia

Testate amoebae have been extensively used as proxies for environmental change and palaeoclimate reconstructions in European and North American peatlands. The presence of these micro-organisms near the peat surface is generally significantly linked to the local water table depth (WTD) and therefore preservation of the amoeba shells downcore allows for water table reconstructions over millennia. In the last decades, attention for the palaeoecology of the southern Patagonian peat bogs has increased, partly because of the particular climatological setting under the influence of the southern westerlies. These atypical peat bogs are characterised by a wide range of water tables, from wet hollows to hummocks exceeding 100 cm above the water table, and a dominance of Sphagnum magellanicum on low lawns up to the highest hummocks. Here we present the first transfer function for this region that allows for reliable WTD reconstructions, along with 2k-year palaeorecords from local peat bogs.A modern dataset (155 samples) was sampled along transects from five bogs in 2012 and 2013. Measurements of WTD, pH and conductivity were taken for all samples. Transfer function model was based on the 2012 dataset while the 2013 samples served as an independent test set to validate the model. Besides the standard leave-one- out cross-validation we applied leave-one-site-out and leave-one transect-out cross-validation, which are effective means of verifying the degree of clustering in the dataset. To assure the environmental gradient had been evenly sampled we quantified the root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) individually for segments of this gradient.Ordinations showed a clear hydrological gradient in amoeba assemblages, with the dominant Assulina muscorum at the dry end and Amphitrema wrightianum and Difflugia globulosa at the wet end. Taxa as Nebela certesi and Nebela cockayni, possibly exclusive to the southern hemisphere, were identified and their optima and tolerances were determined. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that WTD was the most important environmental variable, accounting for 18% of the variance in amoeba assemblages. A weighted averaging-partial least squares model showed best performance in cross-validation and using the 2013 data as an independent test set. Any spatial autocorrelation was minimal although the model still appeared less effective in predicting WTD for sites not included in the training set. The segment-wise RMSEP showed that the WTD gradient was generally evenly sampled with RMSEP below 15 cm for most of the gradient, much lower than the standard deviation of the mean of all WTDs (26 cm).Preliminary results from peat cores sampled from the same peat bogs show surprisingly stable water tables over the last 2k years in Andorra bog but more variation in nearby Tierra Australis bog. Peat accumulation rates in Andorra bog are among the highest recorded in temperate bogs with around 4 m of peat accumulated during the last 2000 year

肝胆道系疾患のイヌにおける血中ALPアイソザイムと肝脂質蓄積に関する解

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 辻本 元, 東京大学教授 西村 亮平, 東京大学准教授 大野 耕一, 東京大学准教授 内田 和幸, 東京大学准教授 米澤 智洋University of Tokyo(東京大学

Water table fluctuations and carbon accumulation of a fen and a bog in the James Bay Lowlands of Quebec, Canada

An important work regarding northern hemisphere peatland modeling is currently being processed. One of the first steps of this work is to understand the relationship between different components of the peatland system and to analyse the way unspecific peatland systems react to water table fluctuations in terms of accumulation and decomposition that we present in this article. We chose distinct sampling sites within a large region including boreal and subarctic ecosystems in the Bay James lowlands, northern Québec, Canada. Two fens were selected in the subarctic region and two bogs in the boreal region. These sites have different geographical, climatological and ecological features (ex. pH, nutrient availability and species compositions). Fens and bogs behaviours in matter of decomposition and accumulation thus follow different patterns. The analyses of cores for theses sites allow the comparison and the quantification of the differences between subarctic and boreal sites. Five cores were analysed against Testate amoebae every 2cm for the short cores and every 4cm for the long core. These cores are also dated with 210 Pb and 14C. Loss on ignition analysis was performed with the resolution of 1cm for each core. The use of a transfer function with the results of the Testate amoebae analysis allowed reconstruction of water table fluctuations from 7500 years BP to the present. This reconstruction gives us an insight into the humidity regime of the system. This information is compared to the carbon accumulation sequences to evaluate the response of the system to changes in water table position. This research shows response range between sites and quantifies the range of the water table fluctuation inducing an imbalance of the system. This information will be of significant importance for the development of the peatland dynamics modeling

Widespread recent ecosystem state shifts in high-latitude peatlands of northeastern Canada and implications for carbon sequestration

Northern peatlands are a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Widespread climate-driven ecohydrological changes in these ecosystems can have major consequences on their C sequestration function. Here, we synthesize plant macrofossil data from 33 surficial peat cores from different ecoclimatic regions, with high-resolution chronologies. The main objectives were to document recent ecosystem state shifts and explore their impact on C sequestration in high-latitude undisturbed peatlands of northeastern Canada. Our synthesis shows widespread recent ecosystem shifts in peatlands, such as transitions from oligotrophic fens to bogs and Sphagnum expansion, coinciding with climate warming which has also influenced C accumulation during the last similar to 100 years. The rapid shifts towards drier bog communities and an expansion of Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia after 1980 CE were most pronounced in the northern subarctic sites and are concurrent with summer warming in northeastern Canada. These results provide further evidence of a northward migration of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in North America in response to climate change. The results also highlight differences in the timing of ecosystem shifts among peatlands and regions, reflecting internal peatland dynamics and varying responses of vegetation communities. Our study suggests that the recent rapid climate-driven shifts from oligotrophic fen to drier bog communities have promoted plant productivity and thus peat C accumulation. We highlight the importance of considering recent ecohydrological trajectories when modelling the potential contribution of peatlands to climate change. Our study suggests that, contrary to expectations, peat C sequestration could be promoted in high-latitude non-permafrost peatlands where wet sedge fens may transition to drier Sphagnum bog communities due to warmer and longer growing seasons.Peer reviewe

Spatial variation of hydroclimate in north-eastern North America during the last millennium

Climatic expressions of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) vary regionally, with reconstructions often depicting complex spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation change. The characterisation of these spatial patterns helps advance understanding of hydroclimate variability and associated responses of human and natural systems to climate change. Many regions, including north-eastern North America, still lack well-resolved records of past hydrological change. Here, we reconstruct hydroclimatic change over the past millennium using testate amoeba-inferred peatland water table depth reconstructions obtained from fifteen peatlands across Maine, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Québec. Spatial comparisons of reconstructed water table depths reveal complex hydroclimatic patterns that varied over the last millennium. The records suggest a spatially divergent pattern across the region during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age. Southern peatlands were wetter during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, whilst northern and more continental sites were drier. There is no evidence at the multi-decadal sampling resolution of this study to indicate that Medieval mega-droughts recorded in the west and continental interior of North America extended to these peatlands in the north-east of the continent. Reconstructed Little Ice Age hydroclimate change was spatially variable rather than displaying a clear directional shift or latitudinal trends, which may relate to local temporary permafrost aggradation in northern sites, and reconstructed characteristics of some dry periods during the Little Ice Age are comparable with those reconstructed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. The spatial hydroclimatic trends identified here suggest that over the last millennium, peatland moisture balance in north-eastern North America has been influenced by changes in the Polar Jet Stream, storm activities and sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic as well as internal peatland dynamics

High-resolution age modelling of peat bogs from northern Alberta, Canada, using pre- and post-bomb 14 C, 210 Pb and historical cryptotephra

High-resolution studies of peat profiles are frequently undertaken to investigate natural and anthropogenic disturbances over time. However, overlapping profiles of the most commonly applied age-dating techniques, including 14C and 210Pb, often show significant offsets (>decadal) and biases that can be difficult to resolve. Here we investigate variations in the chronometers and individual site histories from six ombrotrophic peat bogs in central and northern Alberta. Dates produced using pre- and post-bomb 14C, 210Pb (corroborated with 137Cs and 241Am), and cryptotephra peaks, are compared and then integrated using OxCal's P_Sequence function to produce a single Bayesian age model. Environmental histories for each site obtained using physical and chemical characteristics of the peat cores, e.g. plant macrofossils, humification, ash content and dry density, provide important constraints for the models by highlighting periods with significant changes in accumulation rate, e.g. fire events, permafrost development, and prolonged surficial drying. Despite variable environmental histories, it is possible to produce high-resolution age-depth models for each core sequence. Consistent offsets between 14C and 210Pb dates pre-1960s are seen at five of the six sites, but tephra-corrected 210Pb data can be used to produce more coherent models at three of these sites. Processes such as permafrost development and thaw, surficial drying and local fires can disrupt the normal processes by which chronological markers and environmental records are incorporated in the peat record. In consequence, applying standard dating methodologies to these records will result in even greater uncertainties and discrepancies between the different dating tools. These results show that using any single method to accurately date peat profiles where accumulation has not been uniform over time may be unreliable, but a comprehensive multi-method investigation paired with the application of Bayesian statistics can produce more robust chronologies. New cryptotephra data for the Alberta region are also reported here, including the historical Novarupta-Katmai 1912 eruption, White River Ash (East), and glass from Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Churchill, and probable Aleutian sources

Late-Holocene climate dynamics recorded in the peat bogs of Tierra del Fuego, South America

The ombrotrophic peat bogs of Tierra del Fuego are located within the southern westerly wind belt (SWWB), which dominates climate variability in this region. We have reconstructed late-Holocene water-table depths from three peat bogs and aimed to relate these records to shifts in regional climate. Water-table depths were quantified by the analysis of testate amoeba assemblages, and a regional transfer function was used to infer past water-table depths. During the last 2000 years, testate amoeba assemblages have been relatively stable, with a dominance of Difflugia pulex and Difflugia pristis type, and an increase in Assulina muscorum and other Euglyphida at the top of each section. Multivariate analyses show that water-table depth remained the main environmental variable explaining assemblages along the TiA12 core, but reconstructions were not significant for the two other cores. In line with the low variability in assemblages, water tables were relatively stable during the last 2000 years. Slightly wetter conditions were found between ~1400 and 900 cal. BP and a pronounced recent dry shift was reconstructed in all of the three peat profiles. Considering the regional climatic context, this recent shift may have been forced by a decrease in precipitation and warmer conditions linked to an increase in the importance of the SWWB. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the influence of higher UV-B radiation resulting from the local degradation of the ozone layer since the late 1970s, which may have had an additional effect on the relative presence of A. muscorum in the southern Patagonian region