La contabilidad presupuestaria: instrumento de información y control. La transición de los ayuntamientos españoles del Antiguo al Nuevo Régimen. (Budget accounting as information and control tool. Spanish town councils and their transition from the Old to the New Regime).

Del Antiguo al Nuevo Régimen, España sufrió una transformación social, económica y política que supuso una ruptura drástica en la organización del país con respecto a la existente hasta ese momento. El déficit crónico que venía sufriendo el Estado motivó los continuos intentos de éste por el control de los recursos locales que gozaban hasta el momento de una situación de saneamiento envidiable por parte de aquél. El sistema contable que se implantó, basado en la aprobación, gestión y control del presupuesto, permitió por un lado dotar al Estado de un sistema de información y control sobre los recursos de los ayuntamientos así como de sus competencias. Con este trabajo pretendemos exponer la transformación que sufrió el sistema contable en los ayuntamientos del Antiguo al Nuevo Régimen, convirtiéndose además de en un sistema de control sobre los recursos locales en un instrumento de liberalización para la gestión interna de los de los mismos, en los propios ayuntamientos. Spain experienced a social, economic and political transformation between the Old and the New Regime. This transformation meant a dramatic change in the way the country was organized until then. The ingrained deficit of the state provoked several attempts aiming at taking control over the local resources, which enjoyed an enviable financial situation. The system implemented was based on the approval, management and control of a budget. This measure allowed the state to have an information and control system over the local councils and their powers. The aim of this paper is to show the transformation undergone by the accounting system in local councils from the Old to the New Regime. It turned into both, a control system over local resources and a liberalization device for internal management.Contabilidad presupuestaria, Contabilidad Local, Antiguo Régimen. Budget Accounting, Local Accounting, Old Regime.

Una Perspectiva Crítica desde el Marco Conceptual Respecto a la Contabilización del Impuesto sobre Beneficios: A Critique of the Conceptual Framework Concerning Accounting for Income Tax

The revision of IAS-12 by the IASC has entailed a noteworthy reconciliation with the FASB’S attitudes regarding accounting for income tax. This suggests a clear international reference for the introduction of a specific accounting alternative: the liability method, comprehensive allocation, a balance-sheet focus and without the possibility of discount.However, the chosen alternative has been strongly criticised by some authors. For this reason, this paper analyses its consistency with respect to the shared characteristics of prevailing conceptual frameworks, revealing diverse problems of inconsistency, a variety of which have been corroborated by empirical literature. For this reason, we do not consider the international standard to be suitable in terms of the position adopted. Finally, a proposal for future work is put forward.La revisión de la NIC-12 por el IASC ha supuesto un notable acercamiento a los posicionamientos del FASB con respecto a la contabilización del impuesto sobre beneficios. Esto implica un referente internacional claro para la implantación de una alternativa contable concreta: método de la deuda, asignación comprensiva, enfoque sobre el balance y sin posibilidad de descuento.Sin embargo, la alternativa escogida ha sido duramente criticada por algunos autores. Por este motivo, este trabajo analiza su consistencia respecto a los valores compartidos de los marcos conceptuales vigen¬tes, evidenciándose diversos problemas de inconsistencias, varios de los cuales han sido corroborados por trabajos empíricos. Por el/o, no consideramos conveniente la normalización internacional desde la pos¬tura adoptada. Finalmente, se realiza una propuesta en la que seguir trabajando

Análisis del Sistema de Información SEC95 bajo una metodología contable

We try to study National Accounting System from an accounting point of view in this paper. The last System of National Account by Europena Union (EAS95) uses conceptual topics that it permits its study from accounting approach. We are going to use a logical deductive schedule - typical from conceptual framework - to obtain interesting conclusions.En este trabajo se retoma el estudio de la Contabilidad Nacional desde una perspectiva meramente contable. Concretamente, las novedades conceptuales que ofrece el último Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales publicado en la Unión Europea, el SEC95, nos posibilita abordar nuestro estudio bajo un enfoque contable y corroborar si esta norma es factible desde el punto de vista de nuestra disciplina. Para su estudio, aplicaremos el esquema lógico deductivo típico de los estudios del Marco Conceptual, lo que nos permite obtener interesantes conclusiones al respecto. En este trabajo se retoma el estudio de la Contabilidad Nacional desde una perspectiva meramente contable. Concretamente, las novedades conceptuales que ofrece el último Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales publicado en la Unión Europea, el SEC95, nos posibilita abordar nuestro estudio bajo un enfoque contable y corroborar si esta norma es factible desde el punto de vista de nuestra disciplina. Para su estudio, aplicaremos el esquema lógico deductivo típico de los estudios del Marco Conceptual, lo que nos permite obtener interesantes conclusiones al respecto

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A Critique of the Conceptual Framework Concerning Accounting for Income Tax

La revisión de la NIC-12 por el IASC ha supuesto un notable acercamiento a los posicionamientos del FASB con respecto a la contabilización del impuesto sobre beneficios. Esto implica un referente internacional claro para la implantación de una alternativa contable concreta: método de la deuda, asignación comprensiva, enfoque sobre el balance y sin posibilidad de descuento. Sin embargo, la alternativa escogida ha sido duramente criticada por algunos autores. Por este motivo, este trabajo analiza su consistencia respecto a los valores compartidos de los marcos conceptuales vigen¬tes, evidenciándose diversos problemas de inconsistencias, varios de los cuales han sido corroborados por trabajos empíricos. Por el/o, no consideramos conveniente la normalización internacional desde la pos¬tura adoptada. Finalmente, se realiza una propuesta en la que seguir trabajando.The revision of IAS-12 by the IASC has entailed a note worthy reconciliation with the FASB'S attitudes regarding accounting for income tax. This suggests a clear international reference for the introduction of a specific accounting alternative: the liability method, comprehensive allocation, a balance-sheet focus and without the possibility of discount. However, the chosen alternative has been strongly criticised by some authors. For this reason, this paper analyses its consistency with respect to the shared characteristics of prevailing conceptual frameworks, revealing diverse problems of inconsistency, a variety of which have been corroborated by empirical literature. For this reason, we do not consider the international standard to be suitable in terms of the position adopted. Finally, a proposal for future work is put forward