Pancreatic lymphoepithelial cyst with concurrent HIV infection: A case report and review of the literature

Pancreatic lymphoepithelial cysts are rare, benign, non-neoplastic unilocular or multilocular cystic lesions. These circumscribed pancreatic lesions are filled with keratinous material grossly and exhibit distinct microscopic features. Pancreatic lymphoepithelial cysts are like the more common lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid glands, which have been associated with the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome often seen in patients with HIV infection. However, pancreatic lymphoepithelial cysts are rare and their association with HIV infection has not been established. The presence of secondary changes in non-neoplastic cysts such as goblet cell metaplasia that was present in our case is an important feature to be included in the differential diagnosis and not to be interpreted as a mucinous neoplasm, particularly on fine-needle aspiration specimen microscopic evaluation that would impact further management. Here we describe the diagnosis and treatment of lymphoepithelial cysts in a patient who was on highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection and we provide a brief literature review. Defining the clinical characteristics of lymphoepithelial cysts in patients with HIV and determining accurate preoperative diagnostic procedures will be critical for establishing effective surgical and medical approaches to treating these cysts, which differ substantially from other more serious pancreatic cystic lesions

Linguistic Landscape of Languages Used in Signboards in Larkana, Sindh

The present study investigates the use of local, official and national languages and the incessant use of English on the localized Sindhi Roman script. Linguistic landscape is the study of written language on public road Signs, advertisements, billboards or front shops. Bilingualism is very common on the public signboards of Larkana city, where English language is used as market language. Many local people consider it as foreign language still English is used on every local and public signboard of Larkana city. The study used semi-structured interviews from different businesspeople, shopkeepers and owners of the institutions. The results show that Romanized Sindhi language/ Sindhlish and Bilingualism is influenced and dominant on the linguistic landscape of Larkana. In the comparison of English language the local/ native languages of the particular area of Larkana city seem missed or least used on signboards. Keywords: Linguistic Landscape, Multilingualism, Bilingualism, Official Language, Roman Sindhi DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/80-03 Publication date:June 30th 202

Investigating Attitudes of EFL Learners Towards Standard English (SE) and Pakistani English (PE) at a Public Sector University, Sindh Jamshoro

This study deals with the attitudes of EFL learners towards accent of Standard English and Pakistani English at public sector University Jamshoro. There are not much studies have done in Pakistani context, in order to investigate the attitudes of EFL learners towards accent of Pakistani English and Standard English. University of Sindh was selected as site of the study. Quantitative research method was used for this study and the close ended questionnaire was adopted from Parveen and Mehmood (2013) was used as a tool of the study. The random selection of the participants was done. They participants were 200 in number and they were the students of Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The data was collected online through google form. The data was analyzed using statistical methods. SPSS version 22 was employed to carry out the statistical operations. Quantitative data was analyzed through SPSS to draw mean, median mode and percentages for each item in the questionnaire. It was found that EFL learners’ attitude towards the accent of Standard English and Pakistani English was positive. If one is acquiring a standard accent of English as an additional ingredient to one's linguistic knowledge that would be okay in multiple concerns. On the other hand if it is being given exaggerated significance and is learned discriminatively, that would be matter of great debate around the globe to cease language crisis. Keywords: Attitudes, Quantitative, EFL learners, Standard English, Pakistani English, Accent DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/83-04 Publication date: November 30th 202

The effect of Migri-Heal® on nitric oxide production in an in vitro inflammatory model of primary microglial cells

Background: Recently, much attention has been directed towards considering activated microgelial cells as putative targets for treatment of neurological disorders. MigriHeal® as a novel herbal remedy was introduced for the treatment of migraine headaches. The previous researches has shown that MigriHeal® extracts can decrease NO in an in vitro inflammatory model. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MigriHeal® on NO generation from LPS- stimulated microglia cells.Materials and Methods: Neonatal rat primary microglial cells were isolated from the mixed glial cultures and the purity of the cultures was determined by immunocytochemistry. Microglial cells were pretreated with Migri-Heal® and activated by 1μg/ml LPS. Subsequently, NO levels in the culture supernatants were measured by a griess reaction. Our results showed that Migri-Heal® 50μg/ml significantly reduced NO level in inflamed microglia in a dose-dependent manner. Results: The results showed that different concentrations of Migri-Heal® had no prominent effect on cell viability in presence of LPS as compared with the control group. In addition, the pretreatment of microglia cells with Migri-Heal® can prevent from a morphological changes of the cells into the round and phagocytic shape. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that MigriHeal® might have NO scavenging properties. Integrative studies are warranted to uncover the novel pharmacological insights of this herbal remedy as an putative therapeutic approach against diseases - associated with inflammation

Outbreaks of publications about emerging infectious diseases: the case of SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus.

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of infectious diseases generate outbreaks of scientific evidence. In 2016 epidemics of Zika virus emerged, and in 2020, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We compared patterns of scientific publications for the two infections to analyse the evolution of the evidence. METHODS: We annotated publications on Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 that we collected using living evidence databases according to study design. We used descriptive statistics to categorise and compare study designs over time. RESULTS: We found 2286 publications about Zika virus in 2016 and 21,990 about SARS-CoV-2 up to 24 May 2020, of which we analysed a random sample of 5294 (24%). For both infections, there were more epidemiological than laboratory science studies. Amongst epidemiological studies for both infections, case reports, case series and cross-sectional studies emerged first, cohort and case-control studies were published later. Trials were the last to emerge. The number of preprints was much higher for SARS-CoV-2 than for Zika virus. CONCLUSIONS: Similarities in the overall pattern of publications might be generalizable, whereas differences are compatible with differences in the characteristics of a disease. Understanding how evidence accumulates during disease outbreaks helps us understand which types of public health questions we can answer and when

Plasma concentration of 36 (poly)phenols and prospective body weight change in participants from the EPIC cohort.

Introduction: Dietary intake of (poly)phenols has been linked to reduced adiposity and body weight (BW) in several epidemiological studies. However, epidemiological evidence on (poly)phenol biomarkers, particularly plasma concentrations, is scarce. We aimed to investigate the associations between plasma (poly)phenols and prospective BW change in participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Methods: This study included 761 participants with data on BW at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up. Plasma concentrations of 36 (poly)phenols were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations were assessed through general linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression models, using change in BW as a continuous or as a categorical variable (BW loss, maintenance, gain), respectively. Plasma (poly)phenols were assessed as log2-transformed continuous variables. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to control for multiple comparisons. Results: Doubling plasma (poly)phenol concentrations showed a borderline trend towards a positive association with BW loss. Plasma vanillic acid showed the strongest association (-0.53 kg/5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.99, -0.07). Similar results were observed for plasma naringenin comparing BW loss versus BW maintenance (odds ratio: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.2). These results did not remain significant after FDR correction. Conclusion: Higher concentrations of plasma (poly)phenols suggested a tendency towards 5-year BW maintenance or loss. While certain associations seemed promising, they did not withstand FDR correction, indicating the need for caution in interpreting these results. Further studies using (poly)phenol biomarkers are needed to confirm these suggestive protective trends. Keywords: Body weight; Cohort; EPIC; Nutritional biomarker; Plasma (poly)phenol

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Alimentation à base de plantes et risque de cancer du sein dans la cohorte E3N

L’évolution du régime alimentaire au fil du temps est considérée comme un déterminant majeur de la santé humaine. Des preuves de plus en plus nombreuses suggèrent que le régime alimentaire traditionnel des sociétés paléolithiques pourrait être optimal pour la prévention et le traitement de certaines maladies chroniques. En revanche, un régime moderne riche en aliments ultra transformés et en aliments d'origine animale est positivement associé à des maladies chroniques telles que le développement du cancer du sein. Il est intéressant de noter que les régimes contemporains qui mettent l'accent sur les aliments à base de plantes tout en limitant la consommation d'aliments d'origine animale sont de plus en plus populaires. Toutefois, les données sur le risque de cancer du sein sont soit rares en ce qui concerne l’adhérence au régime paléolithique, soit contradictoires en ce qui concerne l’adhérence aux régimes à base de plantes. De 1993 à 2014, 65 418 participantes de la cohorte E3N âgées de 52,9 ans (SD 6,7) au moment de l'inclusion ont été suivies pour un cancer du sein ménopausé incident. Les scores d’adhésion au régime paléolithique ainsi qu’aux régimes à base de végétaux sains (hPDI) et non- sains (uPDI) ont été calculés à partir des réponses aux questionnaires alimentaires à l’inclusion (1993) et au cours du suivi (2005). Des modèles des risques proportionnels de Cox ont été utilisés pour estimer les risques (HR) et les intervalles de confiance à 95 % (IC) de cancer du sein global et par sous-types associés à une adhérence aux régimes alimentaires. En outre, l'association entre la composition en macronutriments et le risque de cancer du sein a été évaluée à l'aide de modèles de additifs généralisés pour différents niveaux d’adhérence aux régimes alimentaires. Au cours d'un suivi médian de 21 ans, 3 810 participantes ont développé un cancer du sein. L'indice hPDI est celui qui a été associé à une plus grande réduction du risque de cancer du sein, HRQ4vs.Q1 (IC 95 %) : 0,73 (0,66, 0,81) et HRQ5vs.Q1 (IC 95 %) : 0,86 (0,77, 0,95). Une association inverse a également été observée pour le régime paléolithique, HRQ5vs.Q1 (95% CI) : 0,82 (0,74, 0,90). A l’inverse, l'uPDI était associé à un risque de cancer du sein plus élevé, HRQ5vs.Q1 (95% CI) : 1.20 (1.08, 1.34). Pour tous les indices, il n'y avait pas d'hétérogénéité dans les risques selon les sous-types de cancer du sein (Phétérogénéité > 0,10). Une association significative entre la composition en macronutriments et le risque de cancer du sein a été mise en évidence pour tous les indices (P 0.10). There was a statistically significant association between macronutrient composition and breast cancer risk for all dietary patterns (P < 0.001 for all), however, compositional associations for macronutrients differed across the degree of adherence. Protein intake appears to be an important determinant of the observed associations. For example, higher Palaeolithic and hPDI indexes (75th percentile) and lower protein intake (10%) demonstrated lower breast cancer risk; whilst a high uPDI with high protein (25%) and fat (50%) demonstrated higher breast cancer risk. More interestingly, a higher uPDI score (75th percentile) with low protein intake (10%) showed lower breast cancer risk. These findings suggest that diet quality and macronutrient composition are associated with breast cancer risk and that non-hormonal pathways are implicated in these associations. These findings give insight into the relationship between human nutrition and breast cancer risk and offer evidence that may help guide the way toward dietary breast cancer risk reduction

An Ethnographic Study of Novice English Language Teachers’ Challenges Faced While Teaching English as Foreign Language in Pakistan

The study deals with the challenges that newly appointed L2 teachers encounter while teaching English in Public Sector University. There are a few ethnographical studies done in Pakistan that explore the challenges novice teachers face and the strategies they use to cope with these challenges while teaching in university classroom. The present study has taken place in University of Sindh Jamshoro. Qualitative research design has been used, the data collection instruments were classroom observations and semi-structured interviews. The participants were in-service L2 novice teachers; 5 teachers were observed while teaching in classroom, and two of them were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used in order to select the participants for this study. The data was analyzed through thematic data analysis. It was found that the novice teachers begin to face the challenges from the day of their employment due to absence of formal instructions on the first day of joining. Their challenges included cultural shock, large classes, level and educational background of the learners, outdated course, infrastructure, lack of resources and assessment. Keywords: Ethnographical, Qualitative, Novice Teacher, Challenges, Public Sector University DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/80-04 Publication date:June 30th 2021