Petrophysical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Evidence for Extensive Fracture-Mediated Fluid and Heat Transport in the Alpine Fault's Hanging-Wall Damage Zone

International audienceFault rock assemblages reflect interaction between deformation, stress, temperature, fluid, and chemical regimes on distinct spatial and temporal scales at various positions in the crust. Here we interpret measurements made in the hanging‐wall of the Alpine Fault during the second stage of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP‐2). We present observational evidence for extensive fracturing and high hanging‐wall hydraulic conductivity (∼10−9 to 10−7 m/s, corresponding to permeability of ∼10−16 to 10−14 m2) extending several hundred meters from the fault's principal slip zone. Mud losses, gas chemistry anomalies, and petrophysical data indicate that a subset of fractures intersected by the borehole are capable of transmitting fluid volumes of several cubic meters on time scales of hours. DFDP‐2 observations and other data suggest that this hydrogeologically active portion of the fault zone in the hanging‐wall is several kilometers wide in the uppermost crust. This finding is consistent with numerical models of earthquake rupture and off‐fault damage. We conclude that the mechanically and hydrogeologically active part of the Alpine Fault is a more dynamic and extensive feature than commonly described in models based on exhumed faults. We propose that the hydrogeologically active damage zone of the Alpine Fault and other large active faults in areas of high topographic relief can be subdivided into an inner zone in which damage is controlled principally by earthquake rupture processes and an outer zone in which damage reflects coseismic shaking, strain accumulation and release on interseismic timescales, and inherited fracturing related to exhumation

Caracterización y determinación del poder antioxidante y actividad biocida de tres especies del Género Eupatorium

En la actualidad existe un gran interés en la utilización de extractos vegetales en las formulaciones cosméticas, en algunos casos por sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. En nuestro país existe una gran cantidad de especies vegetales utilizadas en medicina tradicional. Nuestro grupo de trabajo tiene una larga trayectoria en la investigación de la composición química y actividades biológicas estas especies autóctonas. Entre estas, se seleccionaron tres especies pertenecientes al género Eupatorium (Asteraceae): Eupatorium candolleanum, E. hecatanthum y E. macrocephalum para el estudio de sus actividades biocida y antioxidante. Se determinó el poder antioxidante mediante la técnica de TRAP (Total Reactive Antioxidant Potential) y se verificó la actividad biocida mediante un sistema clásico basado en difusión sobre agar Mueller Hinton. Solamente el extracto de E. candolleanum presentó una marcada actividad inhibitoria frente a Candida albicans. Todos los extractos de estas especies presentaron actividad antioxidante, siendo el extracto de E. candolleanum el más activo. Se realizó la caracterización de los extractos hidroalcohólicos por TLC y HPLC/DAD. Los análisis cromatográficos obtenidos indicaron la presencia de compuestos polifenólicos del tipo flavonoide (derivados de la quercetina) y de tipo fenilpropanoide. La actividad antioxidante de estos extractos, debida probablemente a su contenido en compuestos polifenólicos, los hace potencialmente promisorios para su aplicación cosmética.There is currently a great interest in the use of plant extracts in cosmetic, primarily for its biological properties, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant. In our country there are a lot of species used in traditional medicine. Our working group has a long history in the research of the chemical composition and biological activities of these native species. Three species, belonging to the genera Eupatorium (Asteraceae): Eupatorium candolleanum, E. hecatanthum and E. macrocephalum were selected for the study of their antioxidant and biocidal effects. The antioxidant power was determined by the TRAP technique (Total Reactive Antioxidant Potential). Biocidal activity was assayed using a classical Mueller Hinton agar based system. E. candolleanum showed a marked inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. All the extracts presented antioxidant activity, being E. candolleanum extract the most active. Also, characterization of the hydroalcoholic extracts of these species by TLC and HPLC/DAD was performed. Chromatographical analysis indicated the presence of polyphenolic compounds of the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid type. The antioxidant activity of these extracts, probably due to its content in polyphenolic compounds, makes them interesting ingredients for cosmetic application.Fil: Clavin, Maria Liliana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; ArgentinaFil: Redko, Flavia del Carmen. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; ArgentinaFil: Semprine, Jimena Vanina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Repetto, Marisa Gabriela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica; ArgentinaFil: Teves, Sergio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Virginia Susana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Segall, Adriana Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Two de novo mutations in the Na,K-ATPase gene ATP1A2 associated with pure familial hemiplegic migraine.

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Geochemical and microstructural evidence for interseismic changes in fault zone permeability and strength, Alpine Fault, New Zealand

Oblique dextral motion on the central Alpine Fault in the last circa 5 Ma has exhumed garnetoligoclase facies mylonitic fault rocks from 35 km depth. During exhumation, deformation, accompanied by fluid infiltration, has generated complex lithological variations in fault-related rocks retrieved during Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1) drilling at Gaunt Creek, South Island, New Zealand. Lithological, geochemical, and mineralogical results reveal that the fault comprises a core of highly comminuted cataclasites and fault gouges bounded by a damage zone containing cataclasites, protocataclasites, and fractured mylonites. The fault core-alteration zone extends 20–30 m from the principal slip zone (PSZ) and is characterized by alteration of primary phases to phyllosilicate minerals. Alteration associated with distinct mineral phases occurred proximal the brittle-to-plastic transition (T300–4008C, 6–10 km depth) and at shallow depths (T520–1508C, 0–3 km depth). Within the fault core-alteration zone, fractures have been sealed by precipitation of calcite and phyllosilicates. This sealing has decreased fault normal permeability and increased rock mass competency, potentially promoting interseismic strain buildup