Freedom of Choice as Control over Outcomes

As interactions between individuals are introduced into the freedom of choice literature by the mean of game forms, new issues appear. In particular, in this paper it is argued that individuals face uncertainty with respect to outcomes as they lose the control they implicitely exert over options in the opportunity set framework. A criterion is proposed as to compare alternative game forms in terms of the control they offer to individuals. The CardMin criterion suggests that any game form should be judged on the basis of the strategy offering the lowest number of pairwise different outcomes. An axiomatic characterization is provided in the case of two individuals.Freedom of Choice, Control, Axiomatic, Game Forms

Appraising Diversity with an Ordinal Notion of Similarity: An Axiomatic Approach

This paper provides an axiomatic characterization of two rules for comparing alternative sets of objects on the basis of the diversity that they offer. The framework considered assumes a finite universe of objects and an a priori given ordinal quadernary relation that compares alternative pairs of objects on the basis of their ordinal dissimilarity. Very few properties of this quadernary relation are assumed (beside completeness, transitivity and a very natural form of symmetry). The two rules that we characterize are the maxi-max criterion and the lexi-max criterion. The maxi-max criterion considers that a set is more diverse than another if and only if the two objects that are the most dissimilar in the former are weakly as dissimilar as the two most dissimilar objects in the later. The lexi-max criterion is defined as usual as the lexicographic extension of the maxi-max criterion. Some connections with the broader issue of measuring freedom of choice are also provided.Diversity, Measurement, Axioms, Freedom of choice

A Renewed Analysis of Cheating in Contests: Theory and Evidence from Recovery Doping

In rank-order tournaments, players have incentives to cheat in order to increase their probability of winning the prize. Usually, cheating is seen as a technology that allows individuals to illegally increase their best potential performances. This paper argues that cheating can alternatively be seen as a technology that ensures that the best performances are reached more often. We call this technology recovery doping and show that it yields new insights on the effects of cheating: recovery doping lowers performance uncertainty, thereby changing the outcome of the contest in favour of the best players. We develop this theory in a game with player heterogeneity and performance uncertainty and then study the results of the cross-country skiing World Cup between 1987 and 2006. In line with our theoretical predictions, race-specific rankings were remarkably stable during the 1990s, subsequently becoming more volatile. This pattern reflects the rise and fall of synthetic EPO and the emergence of blood testing and profiling

Freedom of choice as control over outcomes

As interactions between individuals are introduced into the freedom of choice literature by the mean of game forms, new issues appear. In particular, in this paper it is argued that individuals face uncertainty with respect to outcomes as they lose the control they implicitely exert over options in the opportunity set framework. A criterion is proposed as to compare alternative game forms in terms of the control they offer to individuals. The CardMin criterion suggests that any game form should be judged on the basis of the strategy offering the lowest number of pairwise different outcomes. An axiomatic characterization is provided in the case of two individuals

Stability and manipulation in representative democracies

This paper is devoted to the analysis of all constitutions equipped with electoral systems involving two step procedures. First, one candidate is elected in every jurisdiction by the electors in that jurisdiction, according to some aggregation procedure. Second, another aggregation procedure collects the names of the jurisdictional winners in order to designate the final winner. It appears that whenever individuals are allowed to change jurisdiction when casting their ballot, they are able to manipulate the result of the election except in very few cases. When imposing a paretian condition on every jurisdictions voting rule, it is shown that, in the case of any finite number of candidates, any two steps voting rule that is not manipulable by movement of the electors necessarily gives to every voter the power of overruling the unanimity on its own. A characterization of the set of these rules is next provided in the case of two candidates

Autistic perspectives on the future of clinical autism research

The Lancet Commission on the Future of Care and Clinical Research in Autism recently published their recommendations for what should be done in the next 5 years to address the current needs of autistic individuals and families. Although the Commission includes many prominent clinicians and researchers from around the world, as well as some autistic advocates and parents of autistic people, there have been widespread expressions of dissatisfaction among autistic people and communities regarding these recommendations. We, the Global Autistic Task Force on Autism Research are a group of autistic professionals and representatives of organizations run by and for autistic people. We are autistic clinicians, therapists, educators and researchers, parents, and family members of autistic people of all ages and with all types of support needs, as well as individuals with high support needs. Among us are also autistic people of color, autistic people from the Global South and Asia, autistic women, and autistic people belonging to gender minorities. Despite aiming at bringing together different stakeholders, representation within the Lancet Commission was limited in these respects. We hope to bring more voices to the discourse. We previously wrote an open letter to the Commission to draw attention to our main concerns. In this editorial, we offer a more detailed discussion of the Commission's report, as well as our own recommendations for future directions in autism research and care

Borderline personality disorder, but not euthymic bipolar I disorder, is associated with prolonged post-error slowing in sensorimotor performance

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are common psychiatric diagnoses. Impulsivity and affective instability are prominent features of both illnesses, complicate treatment and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Yet, little is known about sensorimotor control in these populations, whether they differ in their speed and accuracy of performance, and their ability to restore efficient performance following errors.Twenty females with DSM-IV BPD, 20 females with DSM-IV BD and 20 age- and cognitive-ability matched healthy control participants completed a simple, brief reaction time task in which two single-attribute stimuli were mapped to distinct motor responses.Inspection of response latencies and errors showed that both the BPD and BD participants were able to respond as quickly and accurately as controls, reducing reaction times gently prior to errors, but that BPD participants showed prolonged post-error slowing (PES) before resuming normative levels of speed and accuracy.BD and BPD participants were taking psychotropic medication.These findings suggest that BPD and BD individuals can achieve normative speed-accuracy trade-offs; but that only BPD individuals exhibit differentially slowed recovery following errors, indicating a specific impartment in basic sensorimotor control

A prospective international multi-center study on safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation for resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proposed for severe, chronic, treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Although serious adverse events can occur, only a few studies report on the safety profile of DBS for psychiatric disorders. In a prospective, open-label, interventional multi-center study, we examined the safety and efficacy of electrical stimulation in 30 patients with DBS electrodes bilaterally implanted in the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Safety, efficacy, and functionality assessments were performed at 3, 6, and 12 months post implant. An independent Clinical Events Committee classified and coded all adverse events (AEs) according to EN ISO14155:2011. All patients experienced AEs (195 in total), with the majority of these being mild (52% of all AEs) or moderate (37%). Median time to resolution was 22 days for all AEs and the etiology with the highest AE incidence was 'programming/stimulation' (in 26 patients), followed by 'New illness, injury, condition' (13 patients) and 'pre-existing condition, worsening or exacerbation' (11 patients). Sixteen patients reported a total of 36 serious AEs (eight of them in one single patient), mainly transient anxiety and affective symptoms worsening (20 SAEs). Regarding efficacy measures, Y-BOCS reduction was 42% at 12 months and the responder rate was 60%. Improvements in GAF, CGI, and EuroQol-5D index scores were also observed. In sum, although some severe AEs occurred, most AEs were mild or moderate, transient and related to programming/stimulation and tended to resolve by adjustment of stimulation. In a severely treatment-resistant population, this open-label study supports that the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks of DBS