IRF4 and BATF are critical for CD8(+) T-cell function following infection with LCMV.

CD8(+) T-cell functions are critical for preventing chronic viral infections by eliminating infected cells. For healthy immune responses, beneficial destruction of infected cells must be balanced against immunopathology resulting from collateral damage to tissues. These processes are regulated by factors controlling CD8(+) T-cell function, which are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and its cooperating binding partner B-cell-activating transcription factor (BATF) are necessary for sustained CD8(+) T-cell effector function. Although Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were initially capable of proliferation, IRF4 deficiency resulted in limited CD8(+) T-cell responses after infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Consequently, Irf4(-/-) mice established chronic infections, but were protected from fatal immunopathology. Absence of BATF also resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell function, limited immunopathology, and promotion of viral persistence. These data identify the transcription factors IRF4 and BATF as major regulators of antiviral cytotoxic T-cell immunity

Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage

Plant diversity strongly influences ecosystem functions and services, such as soil carbon storage. However, the mechanisms underlying the positive plant diversity effects on soil carbon storage are poorly understood. We explored this relationship using long-term data from a grassland biodiversity experiment (The Jena Experiment) and radiocarbon (14C) modelling. Here we show that higher plant diversity increases rhizosphere carbon inputs into the microbial community resulting in both increased microbial activity and carbon storage. Increases in soil carbon were related to the enhanced accumulation of recently fixed carbon in high-diversity plots, while plant diversity had less pronounced effects on the decomposition rate of existing carbon. The present study shows that elevated carbon storage at high plant diversity is a direct function of the soil microbial community, indicating that the increase in carbon storage is mainly limited by the integration of new carbon into soil and less by the decomposition of existing soil carbon

Human CD141+ (BDCA-3)+ dendritic cells (DCs) represent a unique myeloid DC subset that cross-presents necrotic cell antigens

The characterization of human dendritic cell (DC) subsets is essential for the design of new vaccines. We report the first detailed functional analysis of the human CD141+ DC subset. CD141+ DCs are found in human lymph nodes, bone marrow, tonsil, and blood, and the latter proved to be the best source of highly purified cells for functional analysis. They are characterized by high expression of toll-like receptor 3, production of IL-12p70 and IFN-β, and superior capacity to induce T helper 1 cell responses, when compared with the more commonly studied CD1c+ DC subset. Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)–activated CD141+ DCs have a superior capacity to cross-present soluble protein antigen (Ag) to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes than poly I:C–activated CD1c+ DCs. Importantly, CD141+ DCs, but not CD1c+ DCs, were endowed with the capacity to cross-present viral Ag after their uptake of necrotic virus-infected cells. These findings establish the CD141+ DC subset as an important functionally distinct human DC subtype with characteristics similar to those of the mouse CD8α+ DC subset. The data demonstrate a role for CD141+ DCs in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and suggest that they may be the most relevant targets for vaccination against cancers, viruses, and other pathogens

Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment

Biodiversity is rapidly declining1, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes4 across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades

Travels Through Bohemia, 1919

13 pagesThis excerpt comes from a book-length study published in 1919, by an Austrian journalist who was the son of a famous Austrian Social Democrat. Scheu traveled around the language border in Bohemia during the summer of 1918, just before the Great War ended and much changed. Terms that might be unfamiliar to the American reader are explained within brackets. Other editorial notes consist mostly of factual corrections to Scheu?s account. (Abstract prepared by Jeremy King of Mt. Holyoke College

Amibes dans la rhizosphère et leurs interactions avec les mycorhizes à arbuscules (effets sur la répartition des assimilats et sur la disponibilité en azote pour les plantes)

Les interactions entre les végétaux et les organismes telluriques sont déterminantes pour la décomposition des matières organiques et la nutrition minérale des plantes. L objectif général de la thèse était de comprendre comment les interactions multi-trophiques dans la rhizosphere agissent sur la disponibilité en azote minéral et l allocation en carbone dans la plante. Nous avons mis au point des dispositifs de culture de plante, permettant de contrôler l environnement biotique des racines (inoculation par des espèces symbiotiques modèles : un protozoaire bactériophage et/ou une espèce mycorhizienne à arbuscules). Nous avons utilisé l azote 15N et le carbone 13C pour tracer le cheminement de l azote du sol vers la plante et le carbone assimilé par photosynthèse, de la plante vers le sol et les microorganismes du sol. L allocation de C vers les racines et la rhizosphère est dépendante de la qualité de la litière foliaire enfouie. La structure de la communauté microbienne déterminée par l analyse des profils d acides gras (PLFA) est modifiée par la présence de protozoaires pour la litière à C/N élevé. Les mycorhizes à arbuscules et les protozoaires présentent une complémentarité pour l acquisition du C et de N par la plante. Les protozoaires remobilisent l azote de la biomasse microbienne par leur activité de prédation. Les hyphes fongiques transportent du C récent issu de la plante vers des sites riches en matière organique non accessibles aux racines. Ainsi, l activité de la communauté microbienne est stimulée et la disponibilité en N augmentée lorsque des protozoaires sont présents. Les perspectives de ce travail sont de déterminer si (i) les interactions étudiées dans ce dispositif modèle peuvent être généralisées à d autres interactions impliquant d autres espèces de champignons mycorhiziens et de protozoaires (ii) la phénologie de la plante et la composition des communautés végétales influence la nature et l intensité des réponses obtenuesPlants interact with multiple root symbionts for fostering uptake of growth-limiting nutrients. In turn, plants allocate a variety of organic resources in form of energy-rich rhizodeposits into the rhizosphere, stimulating activity, growth and modifying diversity of microorganisms. The aim of my study was to understand how multitrophic rhizosphere interactions feed back to plant N nutrition, assimilate partitioning and growth. Multitrophic interactions were assessed in a single-plant microcosm approach, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) and bacterial feeding protozoa (Acanthamoeba castellanii) as model root symbionts. Stable isotopes enabled tracing C (13C) and N (15N) allocation in the plant and into the rhizosphere. Plant species identity is a major factor affecting plant-protozoa interactions in terms of N uptake and roots and shoot morphology. Plants adjusted C allocation to roots and into the rhizosphere depending on litter quality and the presence of bacterial grazers for increasing plant growth. The effect of protozoa on the structure of microbial community supplied with both, plant C and litter N, varied with litter quality added to soil. AM-fungi and protozoa interact to complement each other for plant benefit in C and N acquisition. Protozoa re-mobilized N from fast growing rhizobacteria and by enhancing microbial activity. Hyphae of AM fungi acted as pipe system, translocating plant derived C and protozoan remobilized N from source to sink regions. Major perspectives of this work will be to investigate whether (i) multitrophic interactions in our model system can be generalized to other protozoa-mycorrhiza-plant interactions (ii) these interactions are depending on plant phenology and plant community compositionNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF