La Puerta de Sevilla en Carmona y otras puertas romanas en la Península Ibérica

La Puerta de Sevilla es el monumento antiguo más importante de Carmona. Incorporado en la muralla, funciona como la principal puerta de acceso a la ciudad antigua. Además de estas funciones defensivas, tiene otras, ya que en su plataforma superior se erigía un templo romano del siglo I d. C. Aunque la concentración de varias funciones, en principio, sea característica para el tipo arquitectónico de puerta de ciudad, son muy pocos los ejemplos, donde se verifica esta función de soporte para un templo sobrepuesto. De hecho, las dos funciones -defensiva por un lado y soporte para un edificio sacro por otro- parecen excluirse debido a su carácter antagónico. Contrariamente a las opiniones vigentes, en la ponencia se cuestiona el carácter defensivo del monumento como bastión principal de la defensa de la Carmo púnico, proponiendo una fecha exclusivamente romana para todo el complejo arquitectónico, que se hQbría construido con el objetivo principal de proporcionar una plataforma en alto para el templo, remitiendo para un papel secundario la función defensiva.-------------------------------------------------------------------Among Carmona's monuments, the Puerta de Sevilla is the most important. As part of the walls, the gate forms the principal access to the city. Apart of its defensive functions it has others, as on its upper platform a roman temple of the first century AD was erected. Although multi-purpose is one of the distinctive caracteristics of a city gate, there are only few architectonical examples combining these elements. In fact, the defensive function and the support for a temple are antagonistic elements. In proposing a roman date for the whole complex, this article questions the defensive function of the building as being the principal bastion of punic Carmona, contrarily to the communis opinio. As it seems, the support for the temple was the main reason for the building, putting the defensive role to a secondary position.Artículo revisado por pare

La Puerta de Sevilla en Carmona y otras puertas romanas en la Península Ibérica

La Puerta de Sevilla es el monumento antiguo más importante de Carmona. Incorporado en la muralla, funciona como la principal puerta de acceso a la ciudad antigua. Además de estas funciones defensivas, tiene otras, ya que en su plataforma superior se erigía un templo romano del siglo I d. C. Aunque la concentración de varias funciones, en principio, sea característica para el tipo arquitectónico de puerta de ciudad, son muy pocos los ejemplos, donde se verifica esta función de soporte para un templo sobrepuesto. De hecho, las dos funciones -defensiva por un lado y soporte para un edificio sacro por otro- parecen excluirse debido a su carácter antagónico. Contrariamente a las opiniones vigentes, en la ponencia se cuestiona el carácter defensivo del monumento como bastión principal de la defensa de la Carmo púnico, proponiendo una fecha exclusivamente romana para todo el complejo arquitectónico, que se hQbría construido con el objetivo principal de proporcionar una plataforma en alto para el templo, remitiendo para un papel secundario la función defensiva.-------------------------------------------------------------------Among Carmona's monuments, the Puerta de Sevilla is the most important. As part of the walls, the gate forms the principal access to the city. Apart of its defensive functions it has others, as on its upper platform a roman temple of the first century AD was erected. Although multi-purpose is one of the distinctive caracteristics of a city gate, there are only few architectonical examples combining these elements. In fact, the defensive function and the support for a temple are antagonistic elements. In proposing a roman date for the whole complex, this article questions the defensive function of the building as being the principal bastion of punic Carmona, contrarily to the communis opinio. As it seems, the support for the temple was the main reason for the building, putting the defensive role to a secondary position

Munigua-GIS 2020

Die GIS-gestützte Kartierung des Umlandes der römischen Stadt Munigua (Spanien) ist nun online verfügbar. Erstmals lässt sich die hohe Dichte an Fundplätzen im Umland der römischen Stadt erkennen. Munigua, das municipium flavium muniguense, ist seit 1956 Gegenstand intensiver Forschungen der Abteilung Madrid des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Im Rahmen jährlich stattfindender Grabungen und Prospektionen ist eine große Menge an Daten erfasst worden. Mit Hilfe eines Geoinformationssystems (GIS) lassen sich die gesammelten Daten nun kartographisch darstellen, verwalten und statistisch auswerten. Die Kombination epigraphischer und archäologischer Informationen ergibt das Bild einer vielfältigen und verzweigten Vernetzung, in das die Stadt und ihre Bewohner eingebunden waren. Der Katalog enthält alle Fundorte und sämtliche spezifisch verortete Funde unter besonderer Berücksichtigung römischer und spätantiker Chronologie, die im Einflussbereich Muniguas bekannt geworden sind. Die außergewöhnliche Dichte und beachtliche Menge der Daten – über 1965 einzelne Fundplätze wurden kartiert – sticht dabei nicht nur unter den Städten der Provinz Baetica hervor, sondern hat auch darüber hinaus Modellcharakter. Gegenstand des GIS-Projektes ist das Umfeld der Stadt Munigua in römischer Zeit, wobei die familiären Beziehungen der Bewohner der Stadt – der Muniguenser – den geographischen Rahmen abstecken. Inschriften belegen die Familien der Stadt bis Axati/Lora del Río im Osten, bis Carmo/Carmona im Süden und bis Italica/Santiponce im Westen. Nach Norden hin, wo die Sierra Morena eine natürliche Barriere bildet, scheint es hingegen kaum Beziehungen gegeben zu haben. Der Kartierung liegt ein Satz von 30 historischen, georeferenzierten Karten zu Grunde, deren älteste auf das Jahr 1739 zurückdatiert. Mit dem nun öffentlich zugänglichen GIS wird dem Interessierten wie dem Forscher ein Instrumentarium an die Hand gegeben, das zu weiteren Fragen und Einbindungen einlädt. Die GIS-Datenbank konnte dank Sondermitteln realisiert werden. Die Daten sind über den link https://geoserver. dainst.org/ allgemein zugänglich. Allein um die Informationen zur weiteren Verarbeitung herunterzuladen, ist eine Registrierung auf dem iDAI.geoservers notwendig (https://geoserver.dainst.org/account/signup/).The GIS-based mapping of the surrounding area of the Roman city of Munigua (Spain) is now available online. For the first time, the high density of find sites in the surrounding area of the Roman city can be identified. Munigua, the municipium flavium muniguense, has been the subject of intensive research by the Madrid Department of the German Archaeological Institute since 1956. A large amount of data has been collected in the course of annual excavations and prospections. With the help of a geographic information system (GIS), the collected data can now be presented cartographically, managed and statistically evaluated. The combination of epigraphic and archaeological information provides a picture of a diverse and ramified network in which the city and its inhabitants were integrated. The catalogue contains all sites and all specifically located finds, with special attention to Roman and Late Antique chronology, that have become known in Munigua's sphere of influence. The extraordinary density and considerable amount of data – over 1965 individual sites were mapped – not only stands out among the cities of the province of Baetica, but also serves as a model. The subject of the GIS project is the surroundings of the town of Munigua in Roman times, with the family relationships of the town's inhabitants – the Muniguensians – setting the geographical framework. Inscriptions attest to the families of the town as far east as Axati/Lora del Río, as far south as Carmo/Carmona and as far west as Italica/Santiponce. To the north, on the other hand, where the Sierra Morena forms a natural barrier, there seem to have been few relations. The mapping is based on a set of 30 historical, georeferenced maps, the oldest dating back to 1739. The GIS, which is now publicly accessible, provides both interested parties and researchers with a set of tools that invites further questions and integrations. The GIS database could be realized thanks to special funds. The data is generally accessible via the link https://geoserver.dainst.org/. Only to download the information for further processing a registration on the iDAI.geoservers is necessary (https://geoserver.dainst.org/account/signup/).La cartografía basada en el SIG del hinterland de la ciudad romana de Munigua (España) ya está disponible en línea. Por primera vez se puede percibir la alta densidad de ocupación del territorio en los alrededores de la ciudad romana. Munigua, el Municipium Flavium Muniguense, ha sido objeto de intensas investigaciones por parte del Departamento de Madrid del Instituto Arqueológico Alemán desde 1956. En el curso de las excavaciones y prospecciones anuales se ha recopilado una gran cantidad de datos. Con la ayuda de un sistema de información geográfica (SIG), éstos pueden ahora visualizarse cartográficamente, gestionarse y evaluarse estadísticamente. La combinación de información epigráfica y arqueológica transmite la imagen de una red diversa y ramificada en la que la ciudad y sus habitantes estaban involucrados. El catálogo contiene todos los sitios y todos los hallazgos específicamente localizados con especial consideración de la cronología romana y de la antigüedad tardía. La extraordinaria densidad y la considerable cantidad de datos – se cartografiaron más de 1965 sitios individuales – no sólo destaca entre las ciudades de la provincia de Bética, sino que también sirve como modelo más allá de la misma. El tema del proyecto del SIG es el entorno de la ciudad de Munigua en época romana, en la que las relaciones familiares de los habitantes de la ciudad– los Muniguenses – definen el marco geográfico. Las inscripciones documentan las relaciones de las familias de la ciudad hasta Axati/Lora del Río por el este, Carmo/Carmona por el sur e Italica/Santiponce por el oeste. Al norte, donde la Sierra Morena forma una barrera natural, parece que apenas hubo relaciones. El aparato cartográfico incluye – además del Mapa Topográfico Nacional y otros soportes como ortofotografías o imágenes LIDAR – un conjunto de 30 mapas históricos georreferenciados, el más antiguo de los cuales datade 1739. Con el SIG, que ya es de acceso público, se proporciona al interesado, así como al investigador, un conjunto de instrumentos que invita a formular más preguntas y a participar. La base de datos del SIG pudo realizarse gracias a fondos especiales. Los datos son generalmente accesibles a través del enlace https://geoserver.dainst.org/. Para descargar la información para su posterior procesamiento es necesario registrarse en el servidor iDAI. geoserver (https://geoserver.dainst.org/account/signup/)

Munigua, Spanien

Since more than 60 years the Madrid Department of the German Archaeological Institute has been conducting investigations at the Hispano-Roman municipium of Munigua. Current research focuses on a 3D-visualisation and reconstruction of the city. The project is accompanied by a thorough study of the function and use of the individual buildings in antiquity. During the campaigns of 2015 and 2016 the forum, the streets as well as the podium-temple of the city were analyzed. As a result, the voting process on the forum as well as the processional way through the city could be hypothetically reconstructed. A geophysical survey in the southern part of the city revealed the existence and structure of buildings

Percutaneous Preoperative Biliary Drainage for Resectable Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: No Association with Survival and No Increase in Seeding Metastases

Background: Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) are both used to resolve jaundice before surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC). PTBD has been associated with seeding metastases. The aim of this study was to compare overall survival (OS) and the incidence of initial seeding metastases that potentially influence survival in patients with preoperative PTBD versus EBD. Methods: Between 1991 and 2012, a total of 278 patients underwent preoperative biliary drainage and resection of PHC at 2 institutions in the Netherlands and the United States. Of these, 33 patients were excluded for postoperative mortality. Among the 245 included patients, 88 patients who underwent preoperative PTBD (with or without previous EBD) were compared to 157 patients who underwent EBD only. Survival analysis was done with Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression with propensity score adjustment. Results: Unadjusted median OS was comparable between the PTBD group (35 months) and EBD-only group (41 months; P = 0.26). After adjustment for propensity score, OS between the PTBD group and EBD-only group was similar (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95 % confidence interval, 0.74–1.49; P = 0.80). Seeding metastases in the laparotomy scar occurred as initial recurrence in 7 patients, including 3 patients (3.4 %) in the PTBD group and 4 patients (2.7 %) in the EBD-only group (P = 0.71). No patient had an initial recurrence in percutaneous catheter tracts. Conclusions: The present study found no effect of PTBD on survival compared to patients with EBD and no increase in seeding metastases that developed as initial recurrence. These data suggest that PTBD can safely be used in preoperative management of PHC

Genome of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain C1A reveals the unique evolutionary history of a remarkable plant biomass degrader

Anaerobic gut fungi represent a distinct early-branching fungal phylum (Neocallimastigomycota) and reside in the rumen, hindgut, and feces of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. The genome of an anaerobic fungal isolate, Orpinomyces sp. strain C1A, was sequenced using a combination of Illumina and PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technologies. The large genome (100.95 Mb, 16,347 genes) displayed extremely low G+C content (17.0%), large noncoding intergenic regions (73.1%), proliferation of microsatellite repeats (4.9%), and multiple gene duplications. Comparative genomic analysis identified multiple genes and pathways that are absent in Dikarya genomes but present in early-branching fungal lineages and/or nonfungal Opisthokonta. These included genes for posttranslational fucosylation, the production of specific intramembrane proteases and extracellular protease inhibitors, the formation of a complete axoneme and intraflagellar trafficking machinery, and a near-complete focal adhesion machinery. Analysis of the lignocellulolytic machinery in the C1A genome revealed an extremely rich repertoire, with evidence of horizontal gene acquisition from multiple bacterial lineages. Experimental analysis indicated that strain C1A is a remarkable biomass degrader, capable of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions in multiple untreated grasses and crop residues examined, with the process significantly enhanced by mild pretreatments. This capability, acquired during its separate evolutionary trajectory in the rumen, along with its resilience and invasiveness compared to prokaryotic anaerobes, renders anaerobic fungi promising agents for consolidated bioprocessing schemes in biofuels production.Peer reviewedMicrobiology and Molecular GeneticsBiosystems and Agricultural Engineerin

Region Huelva/Onuba, Spanien: Das Tharsis-Projekt: Wirtschaftsweise, Gesellschaft und Kultur in der Kontaktzone zwischen Küste und Hinterland zur mittleren Eisenzeit

Archaeological investigations on the site of Tharsis (Alosno, province Huelva) and its surroundings were carried out in cooperation with colleagues of the University of Huelva between 2007 and 2010. The main objective consisted in the analysis of the relation between a major mining centre as is Tharsis and its surroundings with its extraordinarily huge deposits of copper and silver mainly, which were explored from the beginning of the Metal Ages (Copper Age) onwards until nowadays. The project is of major interest as the search of these metals is a persistent element especially in the Iron Age Hispaniae and achieves a new flourishing period in Roman times. With a focus on this time span, three places in the nearer surroundings were studied: Cerro de la Divisa (8th/7th c. BC), Castro Cerquillo (5th/4th cent. BC) and Lagunazo (roman time). Other places in the farther surroundings as Tejada la Vieja, Niebla and Ayamonte have also to be considered, as slags are found in all of them. In one way or another, the nearer and the farer surroundings must have participated in Tharsis‘ richness. The inclusion of Ayamonte establishes a link to another project also run by DAI Madrid (D. Marzoli)