Broken Chains of South Carolina

6th Chalmers Street, Charleston, SC is important because it is where the Antebellum slave trade was once located. It was the last known slave facility that bought and sold people in South Carolina. In the Slave Voyage Database shows that the Carolinas in North America with a total of 151,481 disembarked, making the Carolinas having the most disembarked from Africa. Many people only picture men when they think of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. While men did play a big part in the slave voyages, women were also very prominent during this time. The majority of ships that took sail had an abundance of women on them. Not only did most ships have many women aboard, there are many that had generously more women than there were men. One ship called the Saint Jose Diligente was entirely made up of women with 0% males. A big of the slaves that were transported were bought by Britain and Portugal. Britain And Portugal were going head to head trying to move into the new world or anywhere in the western hemisphere. Britain was the country to be second to Portugal being of the world.. Britain transported about 3.1 Million Slaves and Portugal transported about 5.8 Million. There were many ships that carried 50% or more children in a single voyage, and the amount of adults on the ship would be less than the amount of children. There were two ships that carried completely children one of which is unnamed, and the Amélia(4674) that arrived in the Caribbean. Besides these two ships there were other voyages that had 50% or more children, meaning that there were at times more children than adults, perhaps slavers found it easier to maintain children than adultshttps://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/historyfrombelow/1009/thumbnail.jp

Effects of turbulence on the feeding rate of a pelagic predator : the planktonic hydroid Clytia gracilis

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 333 (2006): 159-165, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.006.Relatively little is known about the role of turbulence in a predator - prey system where the predator is a passive, pelagic forager. The Campanulariid hydroid Clytia gracilis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) is unusual because it occurs as planktonic colonies and is reported to forage passively in the water column on Georges Bank, Massachusetts, USA. In this study we investigated the role of various turbulence conditions on the feeding rate of C. gracilis colonies in laboratory experiments. We found a positive relationship between turbulence velocities and feeding rates up to a turbulent energy dissipation rate of ca 1 cm2 s-3. Beyond this threshold feeding rate decreased slightly, indicating a dome-shaped relationship. Additionally, a negative relationship was found between feeding efficiency and hydroid colony size under lower turbulent velocities, but this trend was not significant under higher turbulence regimes.P. Adamík received support from the WHOI Academic Programs Office via the 2002 Summer Student Fellowship and while writing this paper from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (MSM 6198959212 and MSM 153100012)

Responses of coastal osmotrophic planktonic communities to simulated events of turbulence and nutrient load throughout a year

A year-long series of monthly experiments with laboratory enclosures were conducted with water from Blanes Bay (NW Mediterranean) to analyse the change in the short-time response of the osmotrophic planktonic community to simulated turbulence and nutrient input events. Both experimental factors triggered a relative increase of biomass in the enclosures, in terms of chlorophyll a, bacteria and particulate organic matter. Ratios of particulate organic nitrogen to phosphorus became lower in the water than in the sediment, although turbulence partially smoothed out this difference. Initial physico-chemical conditions significantly influenced the short-time responses to experimental forcing. The response to turbulence, in terms of chlorophyll a, was maximum in spring. The response to nutrient enrichment was found to be seasonal, and was correlated with photoperiod and temperature, and also in situ nitrate and silicate concentrations and Secchi depth, which are proxies of recent inputs of nutrients resulting from episodes of resuspension and river discharge. This study shows robust qualitative regularities in the response of the osmotrophic planktonic community to episodes of turbulence and nutrient enrichment, with quantitative variability throughout the year, depending mostly on the recent record of hydrodynamic forcing

Indications of future performance of native and non-native adult oysters under acidification and warming

Globally, non-native species (NNS) have been introduced and now often entirely replace native species in captive aquaculture; in part, a result of a perceived greater resilience of NSS to climate change and disease. Here, the effects of ocean acidification and warming on metabolic rate, feeding rate, and somatic growth was assessed using two co-occurring species of oysters – the introduced Pacific oyster Magallana gigas (formerly Crassostrea gigas), and native flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Biological responses to increased temperature and pCO2 combinations were tested, the effects differing between species. Metabolic rates and energetic demands of both species were increased by warming but not by elevated pCO2. While acidification and warming did not affect the clearance rate of O. edulis, M. gigas displayed a 40% decrease at 750 ppm pCO2. Similarly, the condition index of O. edulis was unaffected, but that of M. gigas was negatively impacted by warming, likely due to increased energetic demands that were not compensated for by increased feeding. These findings suggest differing stress from anthropogenic CO2 emissions between species and contrary to expectations, this was higher in introduced M. gigas than in the native O. edulis. If these laboratory findings hold true for populations in the wild, then continued CO2 emissions can be expected to adversely affect the functioning and structure of M. gigas populations with significant ecological and economic repercussions, especially for aquaculture. Our findings strengthen arguments in favour of investment in O. edulis restoration in UK waters