Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity.

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Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

No century for old philosophy

This paper introduces the reader to some of the central themes and tenets of Slavoj Zizek's magnusm opus, Less than Nothing. Why does Zizek ascribe fundamental importance to the "old philosophy" Hegel? Relatedly. Why do we need to move beyond the Kantian universe

Current Data on and Clinical Insights into the Treatment of First Episode Nonaffective Psychosis: A Comprehensive Review

Implementing the most suitable treatment strategies and making appropriate clinical decisions about individuals with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) is a complex and crucial task, with relevant impact in illness outcome. Treatment approaches in the early stages should go beyond choosing the right antipsychotic drug and should also address tractable factors influencing the risk of relapse. Effectiveness and likely metabolic and endocrine disturbances differ among second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and should guide the choice of the first-line treatment. Clinicians should be aware of the high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia patients, and therefore monitoring weight and metabolic changes across time is mandatory. Behavioral and counseling interventions might be partly effective in reducing weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Ziprasidone and aripiprazole have been described to be least commonly associated with weight gain or metabolic changes. In addition, some of the SGAs (risperidone, amisulpride, and paliperidone) have been associated with a significant increase of plasma prolactin levels. Overall, in cases of FEP, there should be a clear recommendation of using lower doses of the antipsychotic medication. If no or minimal clinical improvement is found after 2 weeks of treatment, such patients may benefit from a change or augmentation of treatment. Clinicians should provide accurate information to patients and relatives about the high risk of relapse if antipsychotics are discontinued, even if patients have been symptom free and functionally recovered on antipsychotic treatment for a lengthy period of time.This review was carried out at the Hospital Marque´s de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, with the following Grant support: Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI020499, PI050427, PI060507, Plan Nacional de Drugs Research Grant 2005-Orden sco/3246/2004, SENY Fundacio´ Research Grant CI 2005-0308007, Fundacio´n Marque´s de Valdecilla API07/011 and CIBERSAM

The V471A polymorphism in autophagy-related gene ATG7 modifies age at onset specifically in Italian Huntington disease patients

The cause of Huntington disease (HD) is a polyglutamine repeat expansion of more than 36 units in the huntingtin protein, which is inversely correlated with the age at onset of the disease. However, additional genetic factors are believed to modify the course and the age at onset of HD. Recently, we identified the V471A polymorphism in the autophagy-related gene ATG7, a key component of the autophagy pathway that plays an important role in HD pathogenesis, to be associated with the age at onset in a large group of European Huntington disease patients. To confirm this association in a second independent patient cohort, we analysed the ATG7 V471A polymorphism in additional 1,464 European HD patients of the “REGISTRY” cohort from the European Huntington Disease Network (EHDN). In the entire REGISTRY cohort we could not confirm a modifying effect of the ATG7 V471A polymorphism. However, analysing a modifying effect of ATG7 in these REGISTRY patients and in patients of our previous HD cohort according to their ethnic origin, we identified a significant effect of the ATG7 V471A polymorphism on the HD age at onset only in the Italian population (327 patients). In these Italian patients, the polymorphism is associated with a 6-years earlier disease onset and thus seems to have an aggravating effect. We could specify the role of ATG7 as a genetic modifier for HD particularly in the Italian population. This result affirms the modifying influence of the autophagic pathway on the course of HD, but also suggests population-specific modifying mechanisms in HD pathogenesis

Pengaruh Penggunaan Fly Ash terhadap Kuat Lekat Tulangan pada Beton yang Menggunakan Agregat Halus Daur Ulang.

Indonesia dalam melakukan pembangunan-pembangunan infrastruktur banyak menggunakan beton sebagai material utamanya. Dalam suatu struktur untuk menahan beban tekan dan tarik dengan baik menggunakan beton bertulang. Banyaknya penggunaan material beton dalam pembangunan berbanding lurus dengan bertambahnya kebutuhan material penyusunnya. Seiring meningkatnya kebutuhan material seperti pasir alam dan penggunaan semen akan menyebabkan dampak buruk terhadap lingkungan seperti erosi yang diakibatkan oleh penambangan pasir alam dan polusi udara oleh proses produksi semen. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan material alternatif penyusun beton yang dapat menggantikan pasir seperti agregat halus daur ulang dan fly ash untuk mengurangi polusi udara yang berkelanjutan

Initial symptom severity of bipolar I disorder and the efficacy of olanzapine: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from five placebo-controlled studies

Background The efficacy of antipsychotics across the initial severity range in acute mania remains unclear. Therefore, we decided to examine the influence of baseline severity on the efficacy of olanzapine. Methods We conducted an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of five double-blind, randomized controlled trials comparing olanzapine versus placebo. 939 patients with acute mania associated with bipolar I disorder were included. The relationship between baseline and change scores on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) up to three weeks for olanzapine versus placebo groups was examined. Findings The interaction between baseline symptom severity and treatment was statistically significant (p =0·013). The greater the baseline severity, the greater the magnitude of the differences between olanzapine and placebo. The mean YMRS score difference was 2·6 points for patients with a baseline score from 20 to 25, 4·7 points for patients with a baseline YMRS score around 30, and 8 points for patients with a baseline score up to 60 Interpretation Benefits of an antipsychotic drug like olanzapine can be expected for the full severity spectrum of patients likely to be treated for acute mania. However, less severely ill patients seem to benefit less in terms of efficacy but still may experience the same side-effects as more severely ill patients. Thus, clinicians and patients should carefully consider the benefit/risk ratio of olanzapine and its additional, prophylactic effect against relapse in the long-term. The generalizability of these results to other antipsychotics, trial designs, and medical conditions remains to be established.</p

Initial symptom severity of bipolar I disorder and the efficacy of olanzapine: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from five placebo-controlled studies

Background The efficacy of antipsychotics across the initial severity range in acute mania remains unclear. Therefore, we decided to examine the influence of baseline severity on the efficacy of olanzapine. Methods We conducted an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of five double-blind, randomized controlled trials comparing olanzapine versus placebo. 939 patients with acute mania associated with bipolar I disorder were included. The relationship between baseline and change scores on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) up to three weeks for olanzapine versus placebo groups was examined. Findings The interaction between baseline symptom severity and treatment was statistically significant (p =0·013). The greater the baseline severity, the greater the magnitude of the differences between olanzapine and placebo. The mean YMRS score difference was 2·6 points for patients with a baseline score from 20 to 25, 4·7 points for patients with a baseline YMRS score around 30, and 8 points for patients with a baseline score up to 60 Interpretation Benefits of an antipsychotic drug like olanzapine can be expected for the full severity spectrum of patients likely to be treated for acute mania. However, less severely ill patients seem to benefit less in terms of efficacy but still may experience the same side-effects as more severely ill patients. Thus, clinicians and patients should carefully consider the benefit/risk ratio of olanzapine and its additional, prophylactic effect against relapse in the long-term. The generalizability of these results to other antipsychotics, trial designs, and medical conditions remains to be established.</p