Economía sumergida en España.

A través del presente Trabajo Fin de Grado nos proponemos el estudio de la evolución durante las últimas décadas del fenómeno de la economía sumergida en España. Además de analizar los métodos de estimación a los que actualmente se recurre para tener una idea aproximada de sus dimensiones, se profundizará en cómo se reparte la economía sumergida y cómo afecta a cada Comunidad Autónoma, efectuando un análisis de las causas y consecuencias de la misma, y exponiendo las medidas que a día de hoy se han llevado a cabo para luchar contra el fraude fiscal, así como otras medidas que podrían resultar de aplicación

Outstanding nonlinear optical properties of methylammonium- and Cs-PbX3 (X = Br, I, and Br–I) perovskites: Polycrystalline thin films and nanoparticles

Metal Halide Perovskites (MHPs) have arisen as promising materials to construct cost-effective photovoltaic and light emission devices. The study of nonlinear optical properties of MHPs is necessary to get similar success in nonlinear photonic devices, which is practically absent in the literature. The determination of the third order nonlinear coefficients is typically done by the Z-scan technique, which is limited by the scattering of polycrystalline thin films. In this work, we have studied nonlinear optical properties of polycrystalline CH3NH3PbX3 (MAPbX3) thin films and colloidal CsPbX3 nanoparticles with three different bandgaps (X3 = I3, Br3, and Br1.5I1.5). Their bright generation of photoluminescence under infrared illumination demonstrates an excellent efficiency of multiphoton absorption. The nonlinear absorption coefficient ( ) was studied by analyzing the transmitted light through the samples, observing the expected Eg −3 dependence with values as high as = 1500 cm/GW. In addition, we proposed the use of a modified Z-scan technique with imaging processing to analyze the nonlinear refraction coefficient (n2) under the laser damage threshold. Our experimental data agree quite well with theoretical predictions, demonstrating the accuracy of the method and potential applications to other thin films. Moreover, n2 parameter reaches values of 3.5 cm2/GW, indicating the suitability of MHPs for nonlinear photonics

Influence of chemistry and fiber diameter of electrospun PLA, PCL and their blend membranes, intended as cell supports, on their biological behavior

.The prevalence of osteoarthritis, a degenerative cartilage disease that causes joint surface erosion and loss of mobility, emphasizes the need of producing a functional articular cartilage replacement. Tissue engineering has been the focus of recent research as a possible strategy for cartilage regeneration and repair. The most widely used technique for the manufacture of nanofibers is polymer electrospinning. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) have been proved particularly suitable for nanofiber preparation, with many biomedical applications. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the behavior of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) cultured on biomaterials of PLA, PCL and a combination of both (PLA/PCL), manufactured by electrospinning. We analyzed the bioactive properties of these cells in cultures on them, in terms of proliferation, adhesion, morphology, viability and differentiation. In addition, the influence of the thickness of the fibers in each biomaterial on these cellular characteristics was evaluated for their use in Cartilage Regenerative Medicine applications to promote chondrogenic differentiation. Depending on the parameter assessed, different results were obtained on each biomaterial. Using both polymers successful results on cellular viability were obtained, although in the case of PCL the cellular response in all the experiments was significantly better. As for the blends, positive outcomes were obtained, but they did not overtake the characteristics of PCL. Interestingly, ASCs were able to differentiate into chondrocytes without adding specific chondrogenic media in the three biomaterials tested. Moreover, a marked cell differentiation on PCL with 1.8 μm-fiber diameter and PLA/PCL blends was observed. These findings may play a key role in cartilage Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering.S

Incidence and mortality rates of selected infection-related cancers in Puerto Rico and in the United States

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In 2002, 17.8% of the global cancer burden was attributable to infections. This study assessed the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of stomach, liver, and cervical cancer in Puerto Rico (PR) for the period 1992-2003 and compared them to those of Hispanics (USH), non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), and non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) in the United States (US).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Age-standardized rates [ASR(World)] were calculated based on cancer incidence and mortality data from the PR Cancer Central Registry and SEER, using the direct method and the world population as the standard. Annual percent changes (APC) were calculated using the Poisson regression model from 1992-2003.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The incidence and mortality rates from stomach, liver and cervical cancer were lower in NHW than PR; with the exception of mortality from cervical cancer which was similar in both populations. Meanwhile, the incidence rates of stomach, liver and cervical cancers were similar between NHB and PR; except for NHB women who had a lower incidence rate of liver cancer than women in PR. NHB had a lower mortality from liver cancer than persons in PR, and similar mortality from stomach cancer.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The burden of liver, stomach, and cervical cancer in PR compares to that of USH and NHB and continues to be a public health priority. Public health efforts are necessary to further decrease the burden of cancers associated to infections in these groups, the largest minority population groups in the US. Future studies need to identify factors that may prevent infections with cancer-related agents in these populations. Strategies to increase the use of preventive strategies, such as vaccination and screening, among minority populations should also be developed.</p

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Aprovechamiento de subproductos de la industria alimentaria: Alcachofa y Champiñón

[spa] La industria agroalimentaria es uno de los principales pilares de la economía española, sin embargo, ésta genera cada año miles de toneladas de residuos que se destinan, fundamentalmente, a la alimentación animal o a la producción de biogás, una estrategia de gestión costosa y de bajo valor añadido. La mayoría de los subproductos de origen vegetal poseen una estimable concentración de componentes de alto valor nutritivo y farmacológico cuya recuperación concuerda con los objetivos generales del Plan Nacional Integral de Residuos de España y las actuales tendencias hacia una producción más sostenible

Resultados a corto plazo en la técnica de Ross. ¿Influye la etiología de la valvulopatía aórtica?

Introducción. La técnica de Ross se ha establecido como un método de sustitución valvular aórtica apropiado en pacientes pediátricos y adultos jóvenes. Existe controversia sobre los resultados de esta técnica según la valvulopatía aórtica sea congénita o adquirida. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los resultados de esta técnica en las diferentes etiologías. Pacientes y método. Analizamos a 61 pacientes intervenidos con técnica de Ross desde noviembre de 1997 a noviembre de 2001, con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 54 años; de ellos 44 (72%) eran varones. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 15,6 ± 10,6 meses. La lesión valvular fue: estenosis en 17 pacientes, insuficiencia en 22 y doble lesión en 22. Se separó a los pacientes en dos grupos: grupo I, etiología congénita (40 pacientes), y grupo II, etiología adquirida (21 pacientes: en 14, etiología reumática; en 2, degenerativa, en 2, endocarditis, y en 3, otras). Resultados. Los datos preintervención mostraron diferencias significativas en la edad, el grado funcional y el porcentaje de pacientes con cirugía cardíaca previa. En el seguimiento último, los gradientes del autoinjerto y del homoinjerto fueron similares en ambos grupos, sin significación estadística. Los diámetros diastólico y sistólico medios y la fracción de eyección fueron normales en ambos grupos, sin diferencias. Los eventos mayores al seguimiento fueron, en el grupo I: 1 paciente fallecido, 1 caso de endocarditis del autoinjerto y 2 casos de implantación de stent en el homoinjerto; en el grupo II: 2 reintervenciones por disfunción grave del autoinjerto, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión. La técnica de Ross presenta baja morbimortalidad a corto plazo, independientemente de la etiología