Analysis of expert players’ training process: Validation of tools

El objetivo del presente estudio fue la creación y validación de una batería de instrumentos de medición (ATPEP), compuesta por dos entrevistas y una escala, para identificar y analizar el proceso de formación en jugadores expertos de deportes colectivos. La batería de instrumentos se ha elaborado siguiendo un procedimiento ecléctico (inductivo y deductivo). En el proceso de validación se utilizó el peritaje de expertos con 11 jueces, calculando la validez de contenido mediante la obtención del coeficiente V de Aiken. Las dimensiones abordadas en las entrevista y en la escala fueron: contexto social, contexto deportivo, habilidades interindividuales, habilidades intraindividuales, táctica, técnica, condición física y antropometría. Solamente 2 de los 132 ítems evaluados obtuvieron valores de V lo suficientemente bajos como para ser eliminados. La propuesta final de la batería de instrumentos ATPEP se ha elaborado teniendo en cuenta las valoraciones cualitativas y cuantitativas de los expertosThe aim of this study was to create and validate a string of measurement tools (ATPEP), composed of two interviews and one scale, in order to identify and analyze expert team players’ training process. This string of tools has been elaborated using an eclectic procedure (inductive and deductive).11 experts judges led the validation process, and calculating content validity by obtaining Aiken´s V coefficient. The discussed dimensions in both the interviews and the scale were the following: social context, sport context, inter-individual abilities, intra-individual abilities, tactic, technique, fitness and anthropometry. Only 2 out of the 132 evaluated items obtained V values low enough to be removed. Finally, the ATPEP battery instruments were elaborated taking into account quantitative and qualitative experts’ assessments.Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente subvencionado por la Ayuda a los Grupos de Investigación (GR10120) del Gobierno de Extremadura (Consejería de Empleo, Empresa e Innovación); con la aportación de la Unión Europea a través de los Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regiona

Evidences of evanescent Bloch waves in Phononic Crystals

We show both experimentally and theoretically the evanescent behaviour of modes in the Band Gap (BG) of finite Phononic Crystal (PC). Based on experimental and numerical data we obtain the imaginary part of the wave vector in good agreement with the complex band structures obtained by the Extended Plane Wave Expansion (EPWE). The calculated and measured acoustic field of a localized mode out of the point defect inside the PC presents also evanescent behaviour. The correct understanding of evanescent modes is fundamental for designing narrow filters and wave guides based on Phononic Crystals with defects.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Importancia de la planificación en el entrenamiento deportivo : análisis del proceso de entrenamiento en minibasket

La influencia que el entrenamiento deportivo tiene en el proceso formativo del joven jugador de baloncesto tiene una importancia vital. La consideración de principios pedagógicos a la hora del diseño de las sesiones de entrenamiento lleva a que éstas se desarrollen en un entorno que asegure la formación integral de los jugadores. Esto justifica la importancia de la planificación y control de los entrenamientos deportivos. La tecnología puede facilitar este proceso surgiendo un programa específico para este ámbito como es el “Pyc Basket”. El presente estudio tiene como objeto el análisis de las sesiones de entrenamiento diseñadas en una temporada por un entrenador de minibasket, así como mostrar la utilidad del “Pyc Basket” para la planificación y el control del entrenamiento deportivo. Los resultados muestran como el entrenador trabaja bajo una metodología alternativa al ser predominante la utilización del juego como medio, las situaciones de juego muestran una progresión siendo superior la utilización de situaciones de 1x1, se trabaja más la fase de ataque pero con una intención clara de tratar ambas y el tiempo dedicado a los contenidos tácticos es superior que el de la técnica. Son varias las aportaciones de esta herramienta al ámbito deportivo, mejorar la calidad de las sesiones de entrenamiento, favorecer las investigaciones sobre la metodología, conocimiento y formación de los entrenadores, etc. Todo ello para mejorar la formación de los jugadores y consecuentemente conseguir el éxito de este deporte.The sports training’s influence has on the educational process of a young basketball player, has a vital importance. The consideration of pedagogic principles for the design of training sessions leads them to be developed in an environment, which ensures the players’ integral formation. This justifies the importance of the planning and control of the sports training. Technology can ease this process, appearing a specific programme for this field as “Pyc Basket”. The present paper has as objective, the analysis of the designed training sessions in a season for a minibasket coach, as well as showing the usefulness of “Pyc Basket” for the planning and the control of a sports training. The results show how the coach works under an alternative method, since the use of the game as a medium is predominant; also the game situations demonstrate a progress, being the use of 1x1 situations superior. In addition, they also displayed that the attack is worked more, but with a clear intention of training both; and the time devoted to the tactical contents is greater than that of the technique. The contributions of this tool to the sports field are several, to improve the quality of training sessions, to support the researches on this methodology, knowledge and coaches’ formation, etc. Overall, all of that is to improve the formation of athletes, and consequently, to achieve the success of this sport

Multifield Dynamics in Higgs-otic Inflation

In Higgs-otic inflation a complex neutral scalar combination of the $h^0$ and $H^0$ MSSM Higgs fields plays the role of inflaton in a chaotic fashion. The potential is protected from large trans-Planckian corrections at large inflaton if the system is embedded in string theory so that the Higgs fields parametrize a D-brane position. The inflaton potential is then given by a DBI+CS D-brane action yielding an approximate linear behaviour at large field. The inflaton scalar potential is a 2-field model with specific non-canonical kinetic terms. Previous computations of the cosmological parameters (i.e. scalar and tensor perturbations) did not take into account the full 2-field character of the model, ignoring in particular the presence of isocurvature perturbations and their coupling to the adiabatic modes. It is well known that for generic 2-field potentials such effects may significantly alter the observational signatures of a given model. We perform a full analysis of adiabatic and isocurvature perturbations in the Higgs-otic 2-field model. We show that the predictivity of the model is increased compared to the adiabatic approximation. Isocurvature perturbations moderately feed back into adiabatic fluctuations. However, the isocurvature component is exponentially damped by the end of inflation. The tensor to scalar ratio varies in a region $r=0.08-0.12$, consistent with combined Planck/BICEP results.Comment: 35 pages, 11 figure

Physical activity and leisure habits and relation with Ruffier index in adolescents

El objetivo del estudio fue medir y correlacionar la práctica de actividad física y con el Índice de Ruffier (IR) en adolescentes. A un total de 884 alumnos (edad=16,4±0,8 años) se les midió la actividad física con la Versión modificada del Assessment of Physical Activity Level Questionnaire (APALQ) y se evaluó la capacidad de adaptación al esfuerzo mediante el Test Ruffier. La media del Índice de Ruffier fue 11,1±4,6 y el Índice de actividad física (IAF) 13,8±4,4. Las relaciones entre IAF y el IR, y entre horas de ocio sedentario e IR resultaron ser significativas aunque débiles (r=-0,31; p=0,000). En el IR los chicos presentaron valores superiores (t= -8,78; p= 0,000) a las chicas. También destinan más tiempo a la práctica de AF y estas diferencias fueron significativas en AF reglada y no reglada y en participación en competición (p=0,000), mientras que las chicas destinan más tiempo a actividades sedentarias como leer y estudiar (p=0,000). Es necesario promover la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas, especialmente entre las chicasThe aim of the study was to assess and correlate physical activity practice and fitness level in adolescents. A total of 884 students (age=16,4±0,8 years) answered the modified version of the “Assessment of Physical Activity Level Questionnaire (APALQ)” and aerobic capacity was assessed through the Ruffier Test. The mean Ruffier Index (IR) was 11,1±4,6 and the mean Physical Activity Index (IAF) was 13,8±4,4. The relationship between IAF and IR, and between sedentary activities in leisure time and IR, was significant (r=-0,31; p=0,000). although weak. Boys showed higher physical fitness values (t= -8,78; p= 0,000) and spent more time practicing physical activity. These differences were significant for both regulated and not regulated physical activity and for participation in competition (p=0.000). Girls spent more time in sedentary activities like reading and studying (p=0.000). It is necessary to promote physical activity and sport practice, especially among girls

Particulate barium tracing of significant mesopelagic carbon remineralisation in the North Atlantic

The remineralisation of sinking particles by prokaryotic heterotrophic activity is important for controlling oceanic carbon sequestration. Here, we report mesopelagic particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralisation fluxes in the North Atlantic along the GEOTRACES-GA01 section (GEOVIDE cruise; May-June 2014) using the particulate biogenic barium (excess barium; Baxs/ proxy. Important mesopelagic (100-1000 m) Baxs differences were observed along the transect depending on the intensity of past blooms, the phytoplankton community structure, and the physical forcing, including downwelling. The subpolar province was characterized by the highest mesopelagic Baxs content (up to 727 pmol L-1/, which was attributed to an intense bloom averaging 6 mg chl a m-3 between January and June 2014 and by an intense 1500m deep convection in the central Labrador Sea during the winter preceding the sampling. This downwelling could have promoted a deepening of the prokaryotic heterotrophic activity, increasing the Baxs content. In comparison, the temperate province, characterized by the lowest Baxs content (391 pmol L-1/, was sampled during the bloom period and phytoplankton appear to be dominated by small and calcifying species, such as coccolithophorids. The Baxs content, related to oxygen consumption, was converted into a remineralisation flux using an updated relationship, proposed for the first time in the North Atlantic. The estimated fluxes were of the same order of magnitude as other fluxes obtained using independent methods (moored sediment traps, incubations) in the North Atlantic. Interestingly, in the subpolar and subtropical provinces, mesopelagic POC remineralisation fluxes (up to 13 and 4.6 mmol Cm-2 d-1, respectively) were equalling and occasionally even exceeding upper-ocean POC export fluxes, deduced using the 234Th method. These results highlight the important impact of the mesopelagic remineralisation on the biological carbon pump of the studied area with a near-zero, deep (> 1000 m) carbon sequestration efficiency in spring 2014

Comparación analítica de dos consolidantes comerciales aplicados en areniscas eocenas de monumentos de los siglos XVI y XIX en San Sebastián (norte de España)

The conservation of buildings in the Basque Country made of Eocene sandstone is somewhat problematical, because this type of rock is relatively unstable. This instability is due to the variable content of carbonate cement (0-28%) and the presence of K-feldspar grains (1-13%) which appear to have been dissolved by both diagenetic and environmental processes. We have compared the results of the application of two commercial consolidating products: Sicof SM 296 (product A) and Consistone FS-hA (product B), both ethylsilicates, on Eocene sandstones of the Oquendo Admiral House (16th century) and the Gipuzkoa Provincial Government Palace (19th century), which are both located in the city of San Sebastián (Province of Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Northern Spain). On the basis of different chemical and physical laboratory tests, together with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, product A seems to be more efficient in consolidating such Eocene sandstone materials, since it penetrates into the first 8 mm of the rock, occupies very homogeneously even the smallest pore spaces and leaves a certain degree of remaining porosity which allows ventilation of the rock. In contrast, product B seems to be more appropriate for larger pore-sized rocks, because it only penetrates into the first 3 mm of the Eocene sandstone samples due to the thin pores of the matter. Our results demonstrate that the suitability of a commercial product depends not only on its own chemical composition, but also on the textural and lithological features of the rock material upon which it is to be applied.La conservación de los edificios del País Vasco construidos con areniscas del Eoceno es problemática porque este tipo de roca es relativamente inestable debido a su contenido variable en cemento carbonatado (0-28%) y a la presencia de granos de feldespato potásico (1-13%) disueltos tanto por procesos diagenéticos como ambientales. Hemos aplicado dos consolidantes comerciales: Sicof SM 296 (producto A) y Consistone FS+A (producto B), ambos silicatos de etilo, sobre las areniscas de la Casa del Almirante Oquendo (siglo XVI) y el Palacio de la Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa (siglo XIX), ambos edificios en San Sebastián (País Vasco, norte de España). Los diferentes ensayos físicos y químicos junto con las observaciones al microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) revelan que el producto A es más eficiente para la consolidación de este tipo de areniscas, dado que penetra los primeros 8 mm de la roca, ocupa muy regularmente incluso los poros más pequeños y deja un cierto grado de porosidad remanente que permite la aireación de la roca. Por el contrario, el producto B parece más adecuado para rocas con mayor tamaño de poro, dado que sólo penetra los primeros 3 mm. Con ello, queda claro que la eficiencia de un consolidante comercial depende no sólo de su composición química, sino, en gran medida, de las características texturales y litológicas de la roca sobre la que se va a aplicar

O meio de ensino como determinante da carga externa das tarefas utilizadas para ensinar do futebol escolar

Resumen: Introducción: Conocer la carga externa (external Training Load, eTL) de las tareas permitirá un diseño más riguroso de las sesiones y acorde a las demandas reales del fútbol. Objetivos: Analizar la incidencia que tienen los medios empleados en las clases de Educación Física para la enseñanza del fútbol en la cuantificación de eTL. Métodos: Se categorizaron 307 tareas, diseñadas por seis profesores en fase de pre-servicio, mediante el Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento. La cuantificación de eTL de las tareas se obtuvo a través de seis variables: grado de oposición, densidad de la tarea, porcentaje de ejecutantes simultáneos, carga competitiva, espacio de juego e implicación cognitiva. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial a través de los Residuos Tipificados Corregidos (RTC) de las tablas de contingencia y se analizaron las diferencias entre los medios a través de las pruebas estadísticas H de Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados inferenciales muestran diferencias significativas en la eTL (x2=202.775; p=.000; d=2.782) y en la eTL*Tiempo (x2=135.475; p=.000; d=1.763) en función de los medios de enseñanza. Estas diferencias se deben a la modificación de los parámetros estructurales y formales de las tareas. Conclusiones: Los profesores analizados emplean con mayor frecuencia los ejercicios, provocando éstos una eTL muy-baja. Los juegos específicos y el deporte/minideporte provocan niveles más altos de eTL debido al mayor aprovechamiento del grado de oposición, la carga competitiva y la implicación cognitiva durante la organización de las tareas.Abstract: Introduction: Knowing the external Training Load (eTL) of the tasks will allow a more rigorous design and according to the real demands of soccer. Aims: Analyze the incidence of the means of teaching used in Physical Education classes for teaching soccer in the quantification of eTL. Methods: A total of 307 tasks, designed by six pre-service teachers, were categorized through the Integral System for Training Task Analysis. The quantification of the eTL was obtained through six variables: degree of opposition, density of the task, percentage of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game area and cognitive involvement. A descriptive and inferential analysis were performed using the Adjusted Standardized Residuals (ASR) of the contingency tables. The differences between the means of teaching were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests. Results & discussion: There are significant differences in the eTL (x2=202.775; p=.000; d=2.782) and in the eTL*Time (x2=135.475; p=.000; d=1.763) depending on the means of teaching. The modification of the structural and formal parameters of the tasks caused these differences. Conclusions: The analyzed teachers used the exercises more frequently, causing these a very low eTL. The specific games and sport/mini-sport caused higher levels of eTL due to the greater use the degree of opposition, the competitive load and the cognitive implication during the organization of tasks.Resumo: Introdução: Conhecer a carga externa (external Training Load, eTL) das tarefas permitira um design mais rigoroso das sessões e de acordo com as demandas reais do futebol. Objectivos: Analisar a incidência que têm os meios usados nas aulas de Educação Física para o ensino do futebol na quantificação de eTL. Métodos: 307 tarefas, desenhado por seis professores na fase de pré-serviço, foram categorizadas através do Sistema Integral de Análise das Tarefas de Treinamento. A quantificação do eTL das tarefas obteve-se através de seis variáveis: grau de oposição, densidade das tarefas, porcentagem de executores simultâneos, carga competitiva, espaço do jogo e implicação cognitiva. A análise descritiva e inferencial foi realizada através dos Resíduos Tipificados Corrigidos (RTC) das tabelas de contingência e as diferenças entre os meios foram analisados através dos testes estatísticos H de Kruskal-Wallis e U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados inferenciais mostram diferenças significativas no eTL (x2=202.775, p=.000, d=2.778) e no eTL*Time (x2=135.475, p=.000, d=1.763) em funçao dos meios de ensino. Estas diferenças devem-se à modificação dos parâmetros estruturais e formais das tarefas. Conclusões: Os professores analisados usam os exercícios mais frequentemente, estão a causar um eTL muito baixo. Os Jogos específicos e desporto/minidesporto causam níveis mais altos de eTL devido ao aumento do uso do grau de oposição, da carga competitiva e da implicação cognitiva durante a organização das tarefas