216 research outputs found
Nonverbal Ability and Scientific Vocabulary Predict Children's Causal Reasoning in Science Better than Generic Language
Verbal and nonverbal forms of thinking exhibit widespread dissociation at neural and behavioral level. The importance of this for children's causal thinking and its implications for school science are largely unknown. Assessing 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds' responses (N = 231), verbal ability predicted causal reasoning, but only at lower levels, while nonverbal ability was the strongest predictor at higher levels of causal inference. We also distinguished between generic and scientific vocabulary use (n = 101). The results showed that use of scientific vocabulary predicted causal reasoning beyond generic, and connected more to nonverbal thinking. The findings highlighted the importance of elementary school science activities supporting application of nonverbal ability in thinking about causal processes; the benefits of linking nonverbal imagery to scientific vocabulary; and shortcomings in understanding of the forms/sources of nonverbal ability and their role in learning
A short-term intervention improved children's insights into causal processes
Understanding of causal mechanisms has largely been ignored in past work on science
learning, with studies typically assessing multiple aspects of children’s knowledge or
focusing on their explanations without differentiating between accounts of factors, variables
and mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that grasp of mechanisms is in fact a crucial
predictor of children’s science achievement; and that spatial-temporal ability is a key driver
of this grasp, helping children to envisage the transformations involved in the continuous
causal processes they encounter in science lessons. The present research tested the impact of
a short-term intervention designed to promote spatial-temporal thinking with regard to one
such process, sinking. Children across Years one to three from a school in a disadvantaged
area (5 to 8 year-olds, six classes, N=171) were taken through a three-stage classroom
exercise: Making initial predictions and observations; engaging in an imaginative game to
explore the interactions between objects and water; and then testing further predictions
supported by the introduction of scientific terminology. These stages modelled on a scientific
investigation, targeting five key steps: (1) perception; (2) representation; (3) analysis; (4)
mental imagery; and (5) use of feedback. The exercise produced substantial improvements in
children’s performance, regardless of age; better observation and more accurate prediction;
more coordinated representations; greater incidence of imagery and mechanism-related
analysis; better sensitivity to feedback and increased use of scientific terminology. The data
suggest that the ability to utilise spatial-temporal elements in causal inference is highly malleable and that giving children space to think and talk imaginatively about mechanisms is
central to their progress. At present, science lessons typically focus on the ‘what’ rather than
the ‘why’, and do not actively support such thinking about causal processes
Justification for the Subject of Congruence and Similarity in the Context of Daily Life and Conceptual Knowledge
This study aims to examine prospective elementary mathematics teachers' conceptual knowledge level for congruence and similarity in triangles subject and to examine their ability to represent the knowledge, to associate the knowledge with daily life, and to justify and solve the geometry problems about this subject. The study is designed in a characteristic pattern. Total of 46 prospective elementary mathematics teachers were selected using purposive sampling method. The instruments used to collect data in this study are: GJP (Geometry Justification Problems), GCKQ (Geometry Conceptual Knowledge Questions) and GQDLE (Geometry Questions of Daily Life Examples). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics method. The results of the study show that 1) the prospective teachers are successful in geometry conceptual knowledge questions but had difficulty in the justification problems; 2) there is a relationship between the theoretical knowledge levels and the argument standards of the prospective teachers; 3) the prospective teachers had difficulty in the daily life examples of congruence and similarity in triangles subject
Intra-abdominal pressure values of emergency department intensive care unit patients and clinical outcomes
Lasing from single, stationary, dye-doped glycerol/water microdroplets located on a superhydrophobic surface
We report laser emission from single, stationary, Rhodamine B-doped
glycerol/water microdroplets located on a superhydrophobic surface. In the
experiments, a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm was
used as the excitation source. The microdroplets ranged in diameter from a few
to 20 um. Lasing was achieved in the red-shifted portion of the dye emission
spectrum with threshold fluences as low as 750 J/cm2. Photobleaching was
observed when the microdroplets were pumped above threshold. In certain cases,
multimode lasing was also observed and attributed to the simultaneous lasing of
two modes belonging to different sets of whispering gallery modes.Comment: to appear in Optics Communication
Ultrafast nonlocal control of spontaneous emission
Solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics systems will form scalable nodes
of future quantum networks, allowing the storage, processing and retrieval of
quantum bits, where a real-time control of the radiative interaction in the
cavity is required to achieve high efficiency. We demonstrate here the dynamic
molding of the vacuum field in a coupled-cavity system to achieve the ultrafast
nonlocal modulation of spontaneous emission of quantum dots in photonic crystal
cavities, on a timescale of ~200 ps, much faster than their natural radiative
lifetimes. This opens the way to the ultrafast control of semiconductor-based
cavity quantum electrodynamics systems for application in quantum interfaces
and to a new class of ultrafast lasers based on nano-photonic cavities.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Turner syndrome and associated problems in turkish children: A multicenter study
Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population. Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014. Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosi) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%. Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespan. © Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
Neotectonics of the SW Iberia margin, Gulf of Cadiz and Alboran Sea: a reassessment including recent structural, seismic and geodetic data
We use a thin-shell approximation for the lithosphere to model the neotectonics of the Gulf of Cadiz, SW Iberia margin and the westernmost Mediterranean, in the eastern segment of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary. In relation to previous neotectonic models in the region, we utilize a better constrained structural map offshore, and the recent GPS measurements over NW Africa and Iberia have been taken into account, together with the seismic strain rate and stress data, to evaluate alternative geodynamic settings proposed for the region. We show that by assuming a relatively simple, two-plate tectonic framework, where Nubia and Eurasia converge NW-SE to WNW-ESE at a rate of 4.5-6 mm yr-1, the models correctly predict the amount of shortening and wrenching between northern Algeria-Morocco and southern Spain and between NW Morocco and SW Iberia, as estimated from both GPS data and geological constraints. The consistency between modelled and observed velocities in the vicinity of Gibraltar and NW Morocco indicates that forcing by slab sinking beneath Gibraltar is not required to reproduce current horizontal deformation in these areas. In the Gulf of Cadiz and SW Iberia, the modelling results support a diffuse Nubia-Eurasia Plate boundary, where the convergence is accommodated along NNE-SSW to NE-SW and ENE-WSW thrust faults and WNW-ESE right-lateral strike-slip faults, over an area >200 km wide, in good general agreement with the distribution of the seismic strain rate and associated faulting mechanisms. The modelling results are robust to regional uncertainties in the structure of the lithosphere and have important implications for the earthquake and tsunami hazard of Portugal, SW Spain and Morocco. We predict maximum, long-term average fault slip rates between 1-2 mm yr-1, that is, less than 50 per cent the average plate relative movement, suggesting very long return periods for high-magnitude (Mw > 8) earthquakes on individual structures.publishe
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