A nationwide monitoring of atmospheric microplastic deposition

8 Pág.Plastic production continues to increase every year, yet it is widely acknowledged that a significant portion of this material ends up in ecosystems as microplastics (MPs). Among all the environmental compartments affected by MPs, the atmosphere remains the least well-known. Here, we conducted a one-year simultaneous monitoring of atmospheric MPs deposition in ten urban areas, each with different population sizes, economic activities, and climates. The objective was to assess the role of the atmosphere in the fate of MPs by conducting a nationwide quantification of atmospheric MP deposition. To achieve this, we deployed collectors in ten different urban areas across continental Spain and the Canary Islands. We implemented a systematic sampling methodology with rigorous quality control/quality assurance, along with particle-oriented identification and quantification of anthropogenic particle deposition, which included MPs and industrially processed natural fibres. Among the sampled MPs, polyester fibres were the most abundant, followed by acrylic polymers, polypropylene, and alkyd resins. Their equivalent sizes ranged from 22 μm to 398 μm, with a median value of 71 μm. The particle size distribution of MPs showed fewer large particles than expected from a three-dimensional fractal fragmentation pattern, which was attributed to the higher mobility of small particles, especially fibres. The atmospheric deposition rate of MPs ranged from 5.6 to 78.6 MPs m-2 day-1, with the higher values observed in densely populated areas such as Barcelona and Madrid. Additionally, we detected natural polymers, mostly cellulosic fibres with evidence of industrial processing, with a deposition rate ranging from 6.4 to 58.6 particles m-2 day-1. There was a positive correlation was found between the population of the study area and the median of atmospheric MP deposition, supporting the hypothesis that urban areas act as sources of atmospheric MPs. Our study presents a systematic methodology for monitoring atmospheric MP deposition.The authors acknowledge the support provided by Spanish Network of Plastics in the Environment, EnviroPlaNet (www.enviroplanet.net) and the financial support provided by the Spanish Government, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, grants PID2020-113769RB-C21/C22. The authors would like to thank the Interdepartmental Investigation Research Service of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (SIDI-UAM and Segainvex) for the use of their infrastructures and their technical support. J.G.S. thanks ACIISI for the contract from the Viera y Clavijo program at the University of La Laguna (85 % co-financed by the European Social Fund).Peer reviewe

Glyphosate detection by voltammetric techniques. A comparison between statistical methods and an artificial neural network

Glyphosate quantification methods are complex and expensive, and its control in natural water bodies is getting more important year after year. In order to find a new system that facilitates the detection of glyphosate, we present a comparison between two models to predict glyphosate concentration in aqueous dissolutions. One of them is done by an artificial neural network (ANN) embedded in a microcontroller and the other one is done by statistic methods (Partial Least Squares) in a computer. From an analytical point of view, voltammetric techniques have been selected to obtain electrochemical responses to different glyphosate concentrations. In order to get them, a voltammetry/amperometry device designed by our research group and called FraPlus has been used. In this work we have selected two sensitive electrodes (cobalt and copper), 10 different glyphosate concentrations and a train pulse made by nine different voltammetric pulses to build the models. The ANN developed model is able to properly relate data obtained by FraPlus and glyphosate concentrations and the obtained value for regression coefficient (R) is 0.9998 and the P-value is 0.0. Taking into account these results, we propose this ANN model based in voltammetric techniques working with glyphosate concentrations in a buffer as an approach to glyphosate detection in natural water bodies.Authors acknowledge financial support from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and its Centre de Cooperacio al Desenvolupament (Programa ADSIDEO-COOPERACIO 2010) for the research fellowship and support given by UNIJUI University & Staff during the stage of Prof. Laguarda in Ijui (RS-Brazil). We also thank MICINN (MAT2009-14564-C04-02) and GVA (PPC/2011/019) for their respective research fellowships.Laguarda-Miro, N.; Werner Ferreira, F.; Garcia-Breijo, E.; Ibáñez Civera, FJ.; Gil Sánchez, L.; Garrigues Baixauli, J. (2012). Glyphosate detection by voltammetric techniques. A comparison between statistical methods and an artificial neural network. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 171-172:528-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.05.025S528536171-17

Glyphosate Detection by Means of a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue and Discrimination of Potential Interferents

A new electronic tongue to monitor the presence of glyphosate (a non-selective systemic herbicide) has been developed. It is based on pulse voltammetry and consists in an array of three working electrodes (Pt, Co and Cu) encapsulated on a methacrylate cylinder. The electrochemical response of the sensing array was characteristic of the presence of glyphosate in buffered water (phosphate buffer 0.1 mol·dm-3, pH 6.7). Rotating disc electrode (RDE) studies were carried out with Pt, Co and Cu electrodes in water at room temperature and at pH 6.7 using 0.1 mol·dm-3 of phosphate as a buffer. In the presence of glyphosate, the corrosion current of the Cu and Co electrodes increased significantly, probably due to the formation of Cu2+ or Co2+ complexes. The pulse array waveform for the voltammetric tongue was designed by taking into account some of the redox processes observed in the electrochemical studies. The PCA statistical analysis required four dimensions to explain 95% of variance. Moreover, a two-dimensional representation of the two principal components differentiated the water mixtures containing glyphosate. Furthermore, the PLS statistical analyses allowed the creation of a model to correlate the electrochemical response of the electrodes with glyphosate concentrations, even in the presence of potential interferents such as humic acids and Ca2+. The system offers a PLS prediction model for glyphosate detection with values of 098, -2.3 ¿ 10-5 and 0.94 for the slope, the intercept and the regression coefficient, respectively, which is in agreement with the good fit between the predicted and measured concentrations. The results suggest the feasibility of this system to help develop electronic tongues for glyphosate detection. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Financial support from the Spanish Government (Project MAT2009-14564-C04-01 and PCI-Mediterraneo A/024590/09/A/ 03044/10), the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO/2009/016), the UPV (project PAID-05-10) and its Centre de Cooperacio al Desenvolupament (Programa ADSIDEO-COOPERACIO 2010) is gratefully acknowledged.Bataller Prats, R.; Campos Sánchez, I.; Laguarda Miró, N.; Alcañiz Fillol, M.; Soto Camino, J.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Gil Sánchez, L.... (2012). Glyphosate Detection by Means of a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue and Discrimination of Potential Interferents. Sensors. 12:17553-17568. https://doi.org/10.3390/s121217553S175531756812Sierra, E. V., Méndez, M. A., Sarria, V. M., & Cortés, M. T. (2008). Electrooxidación de glifosato sobre electrodos de níquel y cobre. Química Nova, 31(2), 220-226. doi:10.1590/s0100-40422008000200006Sawchuk, J. W., Van Acker, R. C., & Friesen, L. F. (2006). Influence of a Range of Dosages of MCPA, Glyphosate, and Thifensulfuron: Tribenuron (2:1) on Conventional Canola (Brassica napus) and White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth and Yield. Weed Technology, 20(1), 184-197. doi:10.1614/wt-05-064r1.1Gasnier, C., Dumont, C., Benachour, N., Clair, E., Chagnon, M.-C., & Séralini, G.-E. (2009). Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology, 262(3), 184-191. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.006Kataoka, H., Ryu, S., Sakiyama, N., & Makita, M. (1996). Simple and rapid determination of the herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate in river water, soil and carrot samples by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 726(1-2), 253-258. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)01071-8MOTOJYUKU, M., SAITO, T., AKIEDA, K., OTSUKA, H., YAMAMOTO, I., & INOKUCHI, S. (2008). Determination of glyphosate, glyphosate metabolites, and glufosinate in human serum by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 875(2), 509-514. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.003De Llasera, M. P. G., Gómez-Almaraz, L., Vera-Avila, L. E., & Peña-Alvarez, A. (2005). Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of residues of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in tomato fruit. Journal of Chromatography A, 1093(1-2), 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.063Coutinho, C. F. B., Coutinho, L. F. M., Mazo, L. H., Nixdorf, S. L., & Camara, C. A. P. (2008). Rapid and direct determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water using anion-exchange chromatography with coulometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1208(1-2), 246-249. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.009Yoshioka, N., Asano, M., Kuse, A., Mitsuhashi, T., Nagasaki, Y., & Ueno, Y. (2011). Rapid determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, bialaphos, and their major metabolites in serum by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(23), 3675-3680. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.021SILVA, A. S., TÓTH, I. V., PEZZA, L., PEZZA, H. R., & LIMA, J. L. F. C. (2011). Determination of Glyphosate in Water Samples by Multi-pumping Flow System Coupled to a Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell. Analytical Sciences, 27(10), 1031. doi:10.2116/analsci.27.1031Amelin, V. G., Bol’shakov, D. S., & Tretiakov, A. V. (2012). Determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface water and vegetable oil by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 67(4), 386-391. doi:10.1134/s1061934812020037Da Silva, A. S., Fernandes, F. C. B., Tognolli, J. O., Pezza, L., & Pezza, H. R. (2011). A simple and green analytical method for determination of glyphosate in commercial formulations and water by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 79(5), 1881-1885. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.081Chiu, H.-Y., Lin, Z.-Y., Tu, H.-L., & Whang, C.-W. (2008). Analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1177(1), 195-198. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.042Jin, J., Takahashi, F., Kaneko, T., & Nakamura, T. (2010). Characterization of electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) with glyphosate as coreactant in aqueous solution. Electrochimica Acta, 55(20), 5532-5537. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.04.031Yang, G., Xu, X., Shen, M., Wang, W., Xu, L., Chen, G., & Fu, F. (2009). Determination of organophosphorus pesticides by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with collective sample-introduction technique. ELECTROPHORESIS, 30(10), 1718-1723. doi:10.1002/elps.200800387Oliveira, G. C., Moccelini, S. K., Castilho, M., Terezo, A. J., Possavatz, J., Magalhães, M. R. L., & Dores, E. F. G. C. (2012). Biosensor based on atemoya peroxidase immobilised on modified nanoclay for glyphosate biomonitoring. Talanta, 98, 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.059Songa, E. A., Somerset, V. S., Waryo, T., Baker, P. G. L., & Iwuoha, E. I. (2009). Amperometric nanobiosensor for quantitative determination of glyphosate and glufosinate residues in corn samples. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 81(1), 123-139. doi:10.1351/pac-con-08-01-15Khenifi, A., Derriche, Z., Forano, C., Prevot, V., Mousty, C., Scavetta, E., … Tonelli, D. (2009). Glyphosate and glufosinate detection at electrogenerated NiAl-LDH thin films. Analytica Chimica Acta, 654(2), 97-102. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.023Sánchez-Bayo, F., Hyne, R. V., & Desseille, K. L. (2010). An amperometric method for the detection of amitrole, glyphosate and its aminomethyl-phosphonic acid metabolite in environmental waters using passive samplers. Analytica Chimica Acta, 675(2), 125-131. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.013Aquino Neto, S., & de Andrade, A. R. (2009). Electrooxidation of glyphosate herbicide at different DSA® compositions: pH, concentration and supporting electrolyte effect. Electrochimica Acta, 54(7), 2039-2045. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.019Méndez, M. A., Súarez, M. F., Cortés, M. T., & Sarria, V. M. (2007). Electrochemical properties and electro-aggregation of silver carbonate sol on polycrystalline platinum electrode and its electrocatalytic activity towards glyphosate oxidation. Electrochemistry Communications, 9(10), 2585-2590. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2007.08.008COUTINHO, C., SILVA, M., CALEGARO, M., MACHADO, S., & MAZO, L. (2007). Investigation of copper dissolution in the presence of glyphosate using hydrodynamic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Solid State Ionics, 178(1-2), 161-164. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.10.027Songa, E. A., Arotiba, O. A., Owino, J. H. O., Jahed, N., Baker, P. G. L., & Iwuoha, E. I. (2009). Electrochemical detection of glyphosate herbicide using horseradish peroxidase immobilized on sulfonated polymer matrix. Bioelectrochemistry, 75(2), 117-123. doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.007Bratskaya, S., Golikov, A., Lutsenko, T., Nesterova, O., & Dudarchik, V. (2008). Charge characteristics of humic and fulvic acids: Comparative analysis by colloid titration and potentiometric titration with continuous pK-distribution function model. Chemosphere, 73(4), 557-563. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.014De Paolis, F., & Kukkonen, J. (1997). Binding of organic pollutants to humic and fulvic acids: Influence of pH and the structure of humic material. Chemosphere, 34(8), 1693-1704. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00026-xWang, S., Hu, J., Li, J., & Dong, Y. (2009). Influence of pH, soil humic/fulvic acid, ionic strength, foreign ions and addition sequences on adsorption of Pb(II) onto GMZ bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 44-51. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.079Chen, C., & Wang, X. (2007). Sorption of Th (IV) to silica as a function of pH, humic/fulvic acid, ionic strength, electrolyte type. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65(2), 155-163. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.07.003Heineke, D., Franklin, S. J., & Raymond, K. N. (1994). Coordination Chemistry of Glyphosate: Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(glyphosate)metal(III) Complexes. Inorganic Chemistry, 33(11), 2413-2421. doi:10.1021/ic00089a017Woertz, K., Tissen, C., Kleinebudde, P., & Breitkreutz, J. (2010). Performance qualification of an electronic tongue based on ICH guideline Q2. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 51(3), 497-506. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.029Vlasov, Y., Legin, A., & Rudnitskaya, A. (2002). Electronic tongues and their analytical application. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 373(3), 136-146. doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1310-2Masot, R., Alcañiz, M., Fuentes, A., Schmidt, F. C., Barat, J. M., Gil, L., … Soto, J. (2010). Design of a low-cost non-destructive system for punctual measurements of salt levels in food products using impedance spectroscopy. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 158(2), 217-223. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2010.01.010Campos, I., Alcañiz, M., Aguado, D., Barat, R., Ferrer, J., Gil, L., … Vivancos, J.-L. (2012). A voltammetric electronic tongue as tool for water quality monitoring in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 46(8), 2605-2614. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.029Campos, I., Masot, R., Alcañiz, M., Gil, L., Soto, J., Vivancos, J. L., … Martínez-Mañez., R. (2010). Accurate concentration determination of anions nitrate, nitrite and chloride in minced meat using a voltammetric electronic tongue. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 149(1), 71-78. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.06.028García-Breijo, E., Barat, J. M., Torres, O. L., Grau, R., Gil, L., Ibáñez, J., … Fraile, R. (2008). Development of a puncture electronic device for electrical conductivity measurements throughout meat salting. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 148(1), 63-67. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.07.013Gil, L., Barat, J. M., Garcia-Breijo, E., Ibañez, J., Martínez-Máñez, R., Soto, J., … Toldrá, F. (2008). Fish freshness analysis using metallic potentiometric electrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 131(2), 362-370. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.052Labrador, R. H., Masot, R., Alcañiz, M., Baigts, D., Soto, J., Martínez-Mañez, R., … Barat, J. M. (2010). Prediction of NaCl, nitrate and nitrite contents in minced meat by using a voltammetric electronic tongue and an impedimetric sensor. 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MEDIDAS PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD DE LOS POLINIZADORES SILVESTRES EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA

Los científicos y científicas abajo firmantes consideramos muy importante hacer llegar a instituciones, agricultores/as y a la sociedad en general, la necesidad urgente de implementar conjuntamente medidas y cambios que consigan frenar el declive de los polinizadores silvestres ocasionado por la actividad humana. Durante la última década, son múltiples los estudios que alertan de la creciente desaparición de los polinizadores por todo el mundo, en concreto de las abejas silvestres, (Biesmeijer et al. 2006; Potts et al. 2010; Burkle et al. 2013), y de las graves consecuencias que su déficit podría provocar sobre la biodiversidad global (Biesmeijer et al. 2006; Burkle et al. 2013; Lundgren et al. 2016) y sobre la producción agrícola (Aizen y Harder 2009; Garibaldi et al. 2013). No debemos olvidar que la península Ibérica es, por su condición mediterránea y su proximidad al continente africano, uno de los lugares con mayor diversidad de polinizadores de la Unión Europea y, en concreto, una de las zonas con mayor diversidad de abejas del mundo (Michener 2007; Nieto et al. 2014). Hasta el momento, el número de especies de abejas en España presentes en la zona íbero-balear es algo superior a 1.100, cifra a la que cabe añadir algunas especies exclusivas de Portugal más los nuevos hallazgos de los últimos años (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). Esta gran diversidad de abejas y polinizadores en general está asociada al gran número de especies de plantas con flor presentes en la península Ibérica, alrededor de las 7.000 especies (Aguado Martín et al. 2015). En cuanto al número de mariposas y polillas (lepidópteros) se estima que existen en la península Ibérica unas 5.000 especies (Stefanescu et al. 2018). Más difícil es estimar el número exacto de especies de escarabajos florícolas (coleópteros polinizadores), pero atendiendo a la riqueza de los principales géneros podemos estimar su número en más de 750 (Stefanescu et al. 2018). Somos conscientes de que, a pesar del desarrollo explosivo de los últimos 10 años de la investigación en ecología y gestión de la polinización de los cultivos por insectos silvestres, hoy en día son numerosas las lagunas de conocimiento básico y aplicado sobre el estado de conservación de los insectos polinizadores silvestres. Y es, bajo esta premisa, que presentamos este trabajo de revisión de la literatura científica sobre insectos polinizadores desde principios del siglo XX hasta ahora, cuyo resultado ha quedado plasmado en una lista, no exhaustiva, de los aspectos que consideramos fundamentales para el desarrollo y debate de esta relevante cuestió

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Casa reales de España : retratos de niños

v.1,

Casas Reales de España : retratos de niños.

Precede al título: Junta de Iconografía NacionalPrecede al tít. : Junta de Iconografía NacionalPortada con escudo real xilográficoPort. con esc. real xilLas h. de láminad son fotografías. : "A. Ciarán Yto."Las h. de lám. son fot. : "A. Ciarán Yto."Contiene: Vol. I. Felipe V y sus hijos / por F. J. Sánchez Cantón (IX, 50 p., [21] h. de lám.) -- vol. II. Los hijos de Carlos III / por Joaquín Ezquerra del Bayo (70 p., [21] h. de lám

Palabras y números

Guía elaborada por el Centro Aragonés de Recursos para la Educación Intercultural (CAREI) para dotar a los alumnos extranjeros de un vocabulario básico que les permita, con la mayor rapidez posible, su incorporación al aula ordinaria de matemáticas. El material permite ser usado a diferentes ritmos y niveles. Esta agrupado por temas, comenzando por la numeración que se trabaja con tres tipos distintos de formato de letra. La metodología de trabajo es entrega de material al inicio de la clase, recogida al final y entrega corregida por el profesor el día siguiente. Los bloques trabajados comprenden: la numeración, números y sistema métrico decimal, operaciones aritméticas, fracciones, términos geométricos, medida del tiempo, moneda, conceptos espaciales y un pequeño apartado de álgebra dedicado a las ecuaciones. Se ha hecho uso de elementos ya manejados en otros ámbitos de la educación: crucigramas, ejercicios de asociación, completar frases, y otros elementos de trabajo comunes y habituales en otras áreas o niveles.Gobierno de Aragón. Departamento de Educación, Cultura y DeporteAragónDirección General de Política Educativa; Avda. Gómez Laguna, 25, planta 2; 50009 Zaragoza; +34976715416; +34976715496;ES

Evaluation of the utilization of external radiotherapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer in Andalusia, Spain.

Journal Article;BACKGROUND Around 27,000 new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed every year in Spain and 5400 die from this disease. Radiotherapy (RT), alone or combined, has proven to be effective as initial treatment in patients with localized disease. Our objective was to evaluate the use of external beam RT (EBRT) in our region, comparing the indication rate and irradiation rate and examining variability in its application among hospitals. METHODS We conducted a review of RT guidelines and indication studies for prostate cancer (% expected irradiation). Data were gathered from all twelve public healthcare centers in Andalusia (Spain) on RT-treated prostate cancer patients during 2013 (% actual irradiation) and from nine of the centers on RT discharge reports. Information was classified according to type of hospital, tumor risk category and RT treatment (technique, dosage, volume, toxicity). RESULTS The estimated RT rate was 67 % (1289/1917), 43 % were aged > 70 years, 44.7 % had ECOG performance status of 0); 44.7 % had high-risk tumors; 57 % underwent RT associated with hormone therapy; 70 % of patients receiving RT were treated with 3D planning (30 % IGRT); and doses were 70-76 Gy in 70 % of cases and >76 Gy in 10.7 %. Acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were < grade 2 in 79 and 89 % of patients, respectively. An irradiation rate significantly below the mean for the study was found in four provinces. There was a significant difference among provinces in the distribution of risk groups. CONCLUSIONS Underutilization of EBRT was estimated to be around 30 % in prostate cancer patients, with an elevated variability in irradiation rates among hospitals related to differences in available technology and in the distribution of patients with different risk levels. These data should be a matter of concern to regional health managers, given the negative and measurable impact on the survival of patients.Ye