El control de legalidad del convenio colectivo

El control de legalidad del convenio, cuyo fundamento se encuentra en el Estado de Derecho y en el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva, ha ido evidenciando en su puesta en práctica los defectos consustanciales a un modelo de control, articulado sobre el llamado control abstracto, que puede llegar a ignorar el carácter contractual o si se quiere transaccional del convenio y los propios intereses colectivos a los que sirve el poder de regulación colectiva de las relaciones laborales (Art. 37.1 CE), y, de otra parte, las carencias vinculadas a un control aplicativo, articulado por la vía de procesos individuales a través de los que se puede lograr indirectamente afectar al convenio, a través de una vía procesal inadecuada, que no permite la defensa de todos los intereses legítimos afectados. El control judicial de la legalidad del convenio colectivo no puede ignorar el «cuerpo» de contrato, de pacto, de transacción, del convenio, no puede desconocer el equilibrio de intereses colectivos de trabajadores y empresarios que todo pacto implica. Además, este control debe realizarse partiendo de una interpretación del convenio, que lo configure como el principal instrumento de regulación de las relaciones laborales, y no en el marco de una interpretación del mismo que entiende delimitado legalmente su ámbito de actuación. El ámbito de actuación del convenio como principal instrumento de regulación de las relaciones laborales no viene definido por la Ley, sencillamente porque el poder normativo autónomo no es un poder delegado del poder legislativo sino originario y consustancial a un Estado Social, fundado sobre el pluralismo social y jurídico (Art. 37.1 CE, en relación con el Art. 1.10E y el Art. 7 CE)..

Relaciones colectivas en el deporte profesional femenino

Professional sportswomen have, in relation to their individual and collective labour rights, formal equality, which hides a situation of invisibility, segregation and professional discrimination. To date, neither the regulatory framework nor public policies have been able to pay attention to this situation. It has been the sporting successes of female athletes that have increased the interest, media coverage and economic value of the activity of sportswomen and, consequently, those that have opened the door to access their rights, through collective action. Collective bargaining and, sometimes, the exercise of the right to strike have effectively allowed sportswomen to gain access to employment contracts and decent wage and working conditions. This collective action by professional sportswomen is the subject of this work, and has led us to study women’s sports associations, the right to strike in sport and collective bargaining, especially the Collective Bargaining Agreement for Women’s Football 2019/2020 and its precedents. The aim has been, from a theoretical perspective, to advance in the legal debate towards equal opportunities for sportsmen and women and, from a practical perspective, to introduce the gender perspective into the labour rights of professional sportsmen and women.Las deportistas profesionales gozan, en relación con sus derechos laborales individuales y colectivos, de una igualdad formal, que oculta una situación de invisibilidad, segregación y discriminación profesional. Hasta la fecha, ni el marco normativo ni las políticas públicas han prestado atención a esta problemática. Han sido los éxitos deportivos de nuestras jugadoras los que han incrementado el interés, el seguimiento mediático y el valor económico de la actividad de las deportistas y, consiguientemente, los que han abierto la puerta de acceso a sus derechos, a través de la acción colectiva. La negociación colectiva y, en ocasiones, el ejercicio del derecho de huelga han sido, efectivamente, los que han permitido a las deportistas acceder a la contratación laboral y a unas condiciones salariales y de trabajo dignas. Esta acción colectiva de las deportistas profesionales es el objeto del presente trabajo, y nos ha llevado a estudiar el asociacionismo deportivo femenino, el derecho de huelga en el deporte y la negociación colectiva, especialmente el Convenio colectivo para el fútbol femenino 2019/2020 y sus precedentes. El objetivo ha sido tratar de avanzar, desde una perspectiva teórica, en el debate jurídico hacia la igualdad de oportunidades de las deportistas y, desde una perspectiva práctica, introducir la perspectiva de género en los derechos laborales de las personas deportistas profesionales

Prohibición de concurrencia y vigencia ultraactiva del convenio colectivo

The reform of collective bargaining, introduced by Royal Decree-Law 32/2021, of 28 December, in the area of the prohibition of concurrence and ultra-activity of collective agreements, determines a renewed interest in a classic interpretative question, the validity of this prohibition during the ultra-activity phase of a collective agreement. For this reason, the Supreme Court’s doctrine on the subject is analysed, not only the general criterion echoed in the STS of 5 October 2021, but also the doctrine of the impermeability of the bargaining unit during the ultraactivity of the collective agreement, for the purposes of proposing a jurisprudential doctrine, in accordance with the characteristics of the new legal model for the organisation of collective bargaining, following RDL 32/2021. The complexity and transcendence of the issue make it advisable to propose a judicial doctrine with nuances in its interpretation of articles 84.1 LET and 86.3 LET.La reforma de la negociación colectiva, introducida por el Real Decreto-Ley 32/2021, de 28 de diciembre, en el ámbito de la prohibición de concurrencia y de ultraactividad de los convenios colectivos, determina un renovado interés por una cuestión interpretativa clásica, la vigencia de esta prohibición durante la fase de ultraactividad de un convenio colectivo. Por ello, se analiza la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo sobre el tema, no sólo el criterio general del que se hace eco la STS de 5 de octubre de 2021, sino también la doctrina de la impermeabilización de la unidad negocial, durante la ultraactividad del convenio colectivo, a los efectos de proponer una doctrina jurisprudencial, de conformidad con los caracteres del nuevo modelo legal de ordenación de la negociación colectiva, tras el RDL 32/2021. La complejidad y transcendencia del tema aconsejan una doctrina judicial con matices en su interpretación de los artículos 84.1 LET y 86.3 LET

Nuevos tiempos para la negociación colectiva en el fútbol profesional: Comentario a la Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional 201/2018, de 26 de diciembre

La relación laboral de carácter especial de los deportistas profesionales se encuentra regulada por el Real Decreto 1006/1985, de 26 de junio (RDDP), que define al deportista profesional (art. 1.2) señalando, de conformidad con el artículo 2.2 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores (ET), que serán aplicables a esta relación laboral especial los derechos y deberes básicos previstos en los artículos 4 y 5 del ET (art. 7.5 RDDP). Más concretamente, el artículo 18.1 del RDDP establece que los deportistas profesionales tendrán los derechos colectivos reconocidos con carácter general en la legislación vigente, en la forma y condiciones que se pacten en los convenios, y el artículo 21 del RDDP aclara que, en lo no regulado por este real decreto, serán de aplicación el ET y las demás normas laborales de general aplicación, en cuanto no sean incompatibles con la naturaleza especial de la relación laboral de los deportistas profesionales

Mapping the entire functionally active endometrial microbiota

STUDY QUESTION Does endometrium harbour functionally active microorganisms and whether the microbial composition differs between proliferative and mid-secretory phases? SUMMARY ANSWER Endometrium harbours functionally alive microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, archaea and fungi whose composition and metabolic functions change along the menstrual cycle. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Resident microbes in the endometrium have been detected, where microbial dysfunction has been associated with reproductive health and disease. Nevertheless, the core microorganismal composition in healthy endometrium is not determined and whether the identified bacterial DNA sequences refer to alive/functionally active microbes is not clear. Furthermore, whether there are cyclical changes in the microbial composition remains an open issue. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data from 14 endometrial paired samples from healthy women, 7 samples from the mid-secretory phase and 7 samples from the consecutive proliferative phase were analysed for the microbial RNA sequences. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The raw RNAseq data were converted into FASTQ format using SRA Toolkit. The unmapped reads to human sequences were aligned to the reference database Kraken2 and visualised with Krona software. Menstrual phase taxonomic differences were performed by R package metagenomeSeq. The functional analysis of endometrial microbiota was obtained with HUMANn2 and the comparison between menstrual phases was conducted by one-way ANOVA. Human RNAseq analysis was performed using miARma-Seq and the functional enrichment analysis was carried out using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA; HumanCyc). The integration of metabolic pathways between host and microbes was investigated. The developed method of active microbiota mapping was validated in independent sample set. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE With the novel metatranscriptomic approach, we mapped the entire alive microbiota composing of >5300 microorganisms within the endometrium of healthy women. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and archaea were identified. The validation of three independent endometrial samples from different ethnicity confirmed the findings. Significant differences in the microbial abundances in the mid-secretory vs. proliferative phases were detected with possible metabolic activity in the host-microbiota crosstalk in receptive phase endometrium, specifically in the prostanoid biosynthesis pathway and L-tryptophan metabolism. LARGE SCALE DATA The raw RNAseq data used in the current study are available at GEO GSE86491 and at BioProject PRJNA379542. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION These pioneering results should be confirmed in a bigger sample size. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study confirms the presence of active microbes, bacteria, fungi, viruses and archaea in the healthy human endometrium with implications in receptive phase endometrial functions, meaning that microbial dysfunction could impair the metabolic pathways important for endometrial receptivity. The results of this study contribute to the better understanding of endometrial microbiota composition in healthy women and its possible role in endometrial functions. In addition, our novel methodological pipeline for analysing alive microbes with transcriptional and metabolic activities could serve to inspire new analysis approaches in reproductive medicine.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER): grants RYC-2016-21199 and ENDORE SAF2017-87526- R; FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento: MENDO (B-CTS-500-UGR18) and by the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacio ́n 2016 - Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) (SOMM17/6107/UGR). A.S.-L. and N.M.M. are funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PRE2018-0854409 and FPU19/01638). S.A. has received honoraria for lectures from Merck. The funder had no role in this study

Evolution of adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a spanish hospital during 2001, 2005 and 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Madrid, Spain) over the last 8 years and determine the variables associated with the complexity of treatment and suboptimal adherence. An observational, retrospective method was used to measure adherence during the first 6 months of HAART in 3 cohorts: 2001 cohort (n = 90), 2005 cohort (n = 98), and 2008 cohort (n = 110). The adherence rate was determined using 2 methods: Pharmacy Department dispensation records and virologic response data. The evolution of the complexity of treatment and its influence on the adherence rate was analyzed by logistic regression. Adherence to HAART increased progressively from 45.6 % in 2001 to 56.1 % in 2005 and 77.3 % in 2008. Statistically significant differences were only observed between cohorts in 2005 and 2008. The average daily pill burden was 7, 4, and 4.5 tablets, respectively. The percentage of patients on twice-daily regimens decreased from 93.3 % in 2001 to 63.6 % in 2008, with a parallel increase in once-daily regimens. The proportion of patients with dietary restrictions decreased from 24.4 % to 3.6 %. A statistically significant association was found between the number of medication units per day and adherence and between frequency of administration and adherence. Adherence to HAART has improved significantly in the last 8 years. While the complexity of the treatment was significantly reduced in 2005, the largest increase in adherence occurred in the last cohort, which shows the influence of factors other than treatment simplification.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Association of breast and gut microbiota dysbiosis and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control clinical study

We would like to thank M Luisa Puertas-Martin and Isabel Manzano-Jimenez, nurses at the Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, San Cecilio University Hospital (Granada), without whose enthusiasm the enrolment of participants in Granada would still be stalled. We are indebted to all the women taking part in the study.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03885648, 03/25/2019. Retrospectively registered.Background Breast cancer ranks first in women, and is the second cause of death in this gender. In addition to genetics, the environment contributes to the development of the disease, although the factors involved are not well known. Among the latter is the influence of microorganisms and, therefore, attention is recently being paid to the mammary microbiota. We hypothesize that the risk of breast cancer could be associated with the composition and functionality of the mammary/gut microbiota, and that exposure to environmental contaminants (endocrine disruptors, EDCs) might contribute to alter these microbiota. Methods We describe a case-control clinical study that will be performed in women between 25 and 70 years of age. Cases will be women diagnosed and surgically intervened of breast cancer (stages I and II). Women with antecedents of cancer or advanced tumor stage (metastasis), or who have received antibiotic treatment within a period of 3 months prior to recruitment, or any neoadjuvant therapy, will be excluded. Controls will be women surgically intervened of breast augmentation or reduction. Women with oncological, gynecological or endocrine history, and those who have received antibiotic treatment within a period of 3 months prior to recruitment will also be excluded. Blood, urine, breast tissue and stool samples will be collected. Data regarding anthropometric, sociodemographic, reproductive history, tumor features and dietary habits will be gathered. Metabolomic studies will be carried out in stool and breast tissue samples. Metagenomic studies will also be performed in stool and breast tissue samples to ascertain the viral, fungal, bacterial and archaea populations of the microbiota. Quantitation of estrogens, estrogen metabolites and EDCs in samples of serum, urine and breast tissue will also be performed. Discussion: This is the first time that the contribution of bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi together with their alteration by environmental contaminants to the risk of breast cancer will be evaluated in the same study. Results obtained could contribute to elucidate risk factors, improve the prognosis, as well as to propose novel intervention studies in this disease.This work is funded by grants PI-0538-2017 (Junta de Andalucía, Spain, to LF) and Biomedical Research Networking Center-CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) of the Institute of Health Carlos III -supported by European Regional Development Fund/FEDER (FIS-PI16/01812) (to MFF)

A genome-wide association study follow-up suggests a possible role for PPARG in systemic sclerosis susceptibility

Introduction: A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising a French cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) reported several non-HLA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing a nominal association in the discovery phase. We aimed to identify previously overlooked susceptibility variants by using a follow-up strategy.<p></p> Methods: Sixty-six non-HLA SNPs showing a P value <10-4 in the discovery phase of the French SSc GWAS were analyzed in the first step of this study, performing a meta-analysis that combined data from the two published SSc GWASs. A total of 2,921 SSc patients and 6,963 healthy controls were included in this first phase. Two SNPs, PPARG rs310746 and CHRNA9 rs6832151, were selected for genotyping in the replication cohort (1,068 SSc patients and 6,762 healthy controls) based on the results of the first step. Genotyping was performed by using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: We observed nominal associations for both PPARG rs310746 (PMH = 1.90 × 10-6, OR, 1.28) and CHRNA9 rs6832151 (PMH = 4.30 × 10-6, OR, 1.17) genetic variants with SSc in the first step of our study. In the replication phase, we observed a trend of association for PPARG rs310746 (P value = 0.066; OR, 1.17). The combined overall Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis of all the cohorts included in the present study revealed that PPARG rs310746 remained associated with SSc with a nominal non-genome-wide significant P value (PMH = 5.00 × 10-7; OR, 1.25). No evidence of association was observed for CHRNA9 rs6832151 either in the replication phase or in the overall pooled analysis.<p></p> Conclusion: Our results suggest a role of PPARG gene in the development of SSc