Investitionsschutz durch internationale Schiedsgerichte

Dieses Papier setzt sich mit den wesentlichen Prägungen der Globalisierung auf die Entwicklung des Internationalen Investitionsrechts auseinander; es fragt, inwiefern der grenzüberschreitende Investitionsschutz durch internationale Schiedsgerichte die Rolle des Staates bei der Bereitstellung des öffentlichen Gutes ‚Rechtssicherheit‘ verändert hat und verdichtet die Schlussfolgerungen in 4 Thesen. Erstens läßt sich die Verbreitung der bilateralen Investitionsschutzverträge als Ausdruck des umfassenderen Trends begreifen, Verträge als grundlegendes völkerrechtliches ‚Gesetzgebungsinstrument’ zu nutzen („treatification“) und als einen weiteren Ausdruck der zunehmenden Verrechtlichung internationaler Beziehungen in der Globalisierung sehen. Indem moderne Investitionsschutzverträge Investoren materielle Rechte und komplementär formelle Durchsetzungsverfahren gewähren, tragen diese zweitens zu einer wesentlichen Veränderung im Völkerrecht bei: Dem Individuum bzw. der juristischen Person des Privatrechts werden durch völkerrechtlichen Vertrag unmittelbar Rechte zugewiesen und es wird damit zum partiellen Völkerrechtssubjekt aufgewertet. Drittens hat im Internationalen Investitionsrecht die Globalisierung die Rolle des Staates als Garanten für Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Rechtssicherheit verändert: Staaten setzen bei grenzüberschreitenden Investitionsstreitigkeiten Recht und Ordnung nicht mehr alleine durch, sie gewährleisten und garantieren jedoch die Herstellung des Rechtsfriedens durch die Vereinbarung von Investor-Staat-Schiedsverfahren. Viertens schließlich kann das moderne internationale Investitionsrecht in einem übergreifenden Sinn als eine Art ‚Rückkehr’ - oder anders gewendet - als Aufbruch zu einem umfassenderen und breiteren Verständnis des Völkerrechts begriffen werden

Investitionsschutz durch internationale Schiedsgerichte

Dieses Papier setzt sich mit den wesentlichen Prägungen der Globalisierung auf die Entwicklung des Internationalen Investitionsrechts auseinander; es fragt, inwiefern der grenzüberschreitende Investitionsschutz durch internationale Schiedsgerichte die Rolle des Staates bei der Bereitstellung des öffentlichen Gutes Rechtssicherheit verändert hat und verdichtet die Schlussfolgerungen in 4 Thesen. Erstens läßt sich die Verbreitung der bilateralen Investitionsschutzverträge als Ausdruck des umfassenderen Trends begreifen, Verträge als grundlegendes völkerrechtliches Gesetzgebungsinstrument’ zu nutzen (treatification) und als einen weiteren Ausdruck der zunehmenden Verrechtlichung internationaler Beziehungen in der Globalisierung sehen. Indem moderne Investitionsschutzverträge Investoren materielle Rechte und komplementär formelle Durchsetzungsverfahren gewähren, tragen diese zweitens zu einer wesentlichen Veränderung im Völkerrecht bei: Dem Individuum bzw. der juristischen Person des Privatrechts werden durch völkerrechtlichen Vertrag unmittelbar Rechte zugewiesen und es wird damit zum partiellen Völkerrechtssubjekt aufgewertet. Drittens hat im Internationalen Investitionsrecht die Globalisierung die Rolle des Staates als Garanten für Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Rechtssicherheit verändert: Staaten setzen bei grenzüberschreitenden Investitionsstreitigkeiten Recht und Ordnung nicht mehr alleine durch, sie gewährleisten und garantieren jedoch die Herstellung des Rechtsfriedens durch die Vereinbarung von Investor-Staat-Schiedsverfahren. Viertens schließlich kann das moderne internationale Investitionsrecht in einem übergreifenden Sinn als eine Art Rückkehr - oder anders gewendet - als Aufbruch zu einem umfassenderen und breiteren Verständnis des Völkerrechts begriffen werden. -- This paper presents an analysis of the most significant effects of globalization on the development of international investment law; it asks how the protection of cross-border investment by international arbitral tribunals has transformed the states’ role of providing the public good of legal certainty and summarizes the conclusions in four theses. First, the proliferation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) is an expression of the wider trend of treaties being used as basic international “legislative” instruments and represents a further movement towards the juridification of key relationships in the global economy. Second, insofar as modern bilateral investment treaties assure investors material rights along with associated formal enforcement procedures, they contribute to a fundamental change in international law—the individual or legal person in private law is assigned individual rights through a treaty in international law and thus upgraded to the status of a partial subject of international law. Third, in international investment law globalization has caused the states to transform their role as the guarantors of legal certainty: States no longer establish law and order on their own, but rather provide for and guarantee the establishment of law and order through the provision of investor-state dispute settlement procedures. Fourth and last, in a more comprehensive sense, modern international investment law can be viewed as a sort of “return” to or else potential dawning of a much more inclusive and broader notion of public international law.

Treatments and interventions for compulsive sexual behavior disorder with a focus on problematic pornography use: A preregistered systematic review

Background and aims: Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) which includes problematic pornography use (PPU) is a clinically relevant syndrome that has been included in the ICD-11 as impulse control disorder. The number of studies on treatments in CSBD and PPU increased in the last years. The current preregistered systematic review aimed for identifying treatment studies on CSBD and PPU as well as treatment effects on symptom severity and behavior enactment. Methods: The study was preregistered at Prospero International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42021252329). The literature search done in February 2022 at PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycInfo, included original research published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 to end 2021. The risk of bias was assessed with the CONSORT criteria. A quantitative synthesis based on effect sizes was done. Results: Overall 24 studies were identified. Four of these studies were randomized controlled trials. Treatment approaches included settings with cognitive behavior therapy components, psychotherapy methods, and psychopharmacological therapy. Receiving treatment seems to improve symptoms of CSBD and PPU. Especially, evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy is present. Discussion and conclusions: There is first evidence for the effectiveness of treatment approaches such as cognitive behavior therapy. However, strong conclusions on the specificity of treatments should be drawn with caution. More rigorous and systematic methodological approaches are needed for future studies. Results may be informative for future research and the development of specific treatment programs for CSBD and PPU

Genomic variation and strain-specific functional adaptation in the human gut microbiome during early life

The human gut microbiome matures towards the adult composition during the first years of life and is implicated in early immune development. Here, we investigate the effects of microbial genomic diversity on gut microbiome development using integrated early childhood data sets collected in the DIABIMMUNE study in Finland, Estonia and Russian Karelia. We show that gut microbial diversity is associated with household location and linear growth of children. Single nucleotide polymorphism- and metagenomic assembly-based strain tracking revealed large and highly dynamic microbial pangenomes, especially in the genus Bacteroides, in which we identified evidence of variability deriving from Bacteroides-targeting bacteriophages. Our analyses revealed functional consequences of strain diversity; only 10% of Finnish infants harboured Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, a subspecies specialized in human milk metabolism, whereas Russian infants commonly maintained a probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum strain in infancy. Groups of bacteria contributing to diverse, characterized metabolic pathways converged to highly subject-specific configurations over the first two years of life. This longitudinal study extends the current view of early gut microbial community assembly based on strain-level genomic variation.Peer reviewe

TO ERADICATION OF VOLTAGE SAG AND HARMONICS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING DVR WITH CAPACITOR COMPENSATION SCHEME

Power Quality (PQ) is that the most vital perspectives on transmission and distribution ranges. The availability of high-grade electric powered offerings wished for the customers illustrates this idea. The voltage sag and swell square degree the most not unusual PQ problems that in particular rise up in the distribution systems because of the truth that it's going to cause tool tripping, failure of stress systems, closure for home and business instrumentality. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) associated nonparallel has amazing dynamic talents and is a flexible solution for PQ troubles. Ultra-capacitors (UCAP) have quality developments like excessive strength and espresso electricity density important for the mitigation of voltage sag and swell. This paper offers AN extended DVR topology capable of handing over deep, prolonged mitigation for power terrific troubles. Within the planned DVR, UCAP is employed as strength storage because it offers immoderate electricity in a totally short c software language length of it gradual. The DVR is protected into Ultra capacitor via a bifacial DC-DC converter which facilitates in supplying a rigid dc-link voltage and conjointly enables in compensating transient voltage sag and voltage swell. PI Controller is hired in DVR for electricity exceptional improvement. The simulation model for the proposed device has been superior in MATLAB and therefore the performance over famous DVR is legitimate with the effects obtained

Identification of regulatory variants associated with genetic susceptibility to meningococcal disease.

Non-coding genetic variants play an important role in driving susceptibility to complex diseases but their characterization remains challenging. Here, we employed a novel approach to interrogate the genetic risk of such polymorphisms in a more systematic way by targeting specific regulatory regions relevant for the phenotype studied. We applied this method to meningococcal disease susceptibility, using the DNA binding pattern of RELA - a NF-kB subunit, master regulator of the response to infection - under bacterial stimuli in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. We designed a custom panel to cover these RELA binding sites and used it for targeted sequencing in cases and controls. Variant calling and association analysis were performed followed by validation of candidate polymorphisms by genotyping in three independent cohorts. We identified two new polymorphisms, rs4823231 and rs11913168, showing signs of association with meningococcal disease susceptibility. In addition, using our genomic data as well as publicly available resources, we found evidences for these SNPs to have potential regulatory effects on ATXN10 and LIF genes respectively. The variants and related candidate genes are relevant for infectious diseases and may have important contribution for meningococcal disease pathology. Finally, we described a novel genetic association approach that could be applied to other phenotypes

Datenreport 2008. Die Lage der Erziehungswissenschaft im Spiegel der Statistik

Anhand aktueller empirischer Untersuchungen - diesmal für den Zeitraum 1995 bis 2006 - wird dargestellt, wie sich Studiengänge und Studierendenzahlen verändert haben, sich der Arbeitsmarkt für die Absolventen und die Personalausstattung, z.B. im Hinblick auf die Frage der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter, entwickelt hat und wie sich die Forschungsleistungen [das Fachs Erziehungswissenschaft] darstellen. Im Anhang wird über das Inhaltsverzeichnis des Datenreports informiert. (DIPF/Orig./Mar.

Acid-Mediated Prevention of Aspartimide Formation in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Aspartimide formation is one of the major obstacles that impedes the solid phase synthesis of large peptides and proteins. Until now, no cost-effective strategy to suppress this side reaction has been developed. Here it is demonstrated that addition of small amounts of organic acids to the standard Fmoc cleavage agent piperidine efficiently prevents formation of aspartimide side products. This effect is shown to be virtually independent of the acid strength

New tools for old problems — comparing drone- and field-based assessments of a problematic plant species

Plant species that negatively affect their environment by encroachment require constant management and monitoring through field surveys. Drones have been suggested to support field surveyors allowing more accurate mapping with just-in-time aerial imagery. Furthermore, object-based image analysis tools could increase the accuracy of species maps. However, only few studies compare species distribution maps resulting from traditional field surveys and object-based image analysis using drone imagery. We acquired drone imagery for a saltmarsh area (18 ha) on the Hallig Nordstrandischmoor (Germany) with patches of Elymus athericus, a tall grass which encroaches higher parts of saltmarshes. A field survey was conducted afterwards using the drone orthoimagery as a baseline. We used object-based image analysis (OBIA) to segment CIR imagery into polygons which were classified into eight land cover classes. Finally, we compared polygons of the field-based and OBIA-based maps visually and for location, area, and overlap before and after post-processing. OBIA-based classification yielded good results (kappa = 0.937) and agreed in general with the field-based maps (field = 6.29 ha, drone = 6.22 ha with E. athericus dominance). Post-processing revealed 0.31 ha of misclassified polygons, which were often related to water runnels or shadows, leaving 5.91 ha of E. athericus cover. Overlap of both polygon maps was only 70% resulting from many small patches identified where E. athericus was absent. In sum, drones can greatly support field surveys in monitoring of plant species by allowing for accurate species maps and just-in-time captured very-high-resolution imagery