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Bacteria in water

Citation: Rogers, Jessie Loyde. Bacteria in water. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1904.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: Bacteriology is practically a new science and is one of utmost importance to each and every one of us, for our health alone. The science is only about twenty-five years old and at present is commanding the attention of the world in general. Bacteria, or worms, as they were then called were discovered several generations previous, but were not recognized then as now as forming a group by themselves. Instead, they were associated with a group of organisms including yeasts, molds, and microscopic animals. The science of bacteriology applies itself to almost every occupation and profession and for these reasons alone we should make a diligent and careful study of bacteria. We constantly come in contact with multitudes of these minute organisms and find them everywhere in external nature; in the soil, water, air, in the dust of the air and in out foods, and in the depths of the ocean, also on the skin of our bodies, in the mouth, respiratory passages and alimentary tract. They are less abundant, however, in mid ocean and at high altitudes. Very few are found at a depth of several feet in the ground. The economic considerations of bacteria in water is one of vita] importance. The health of a community depends largely on its water supply. If the water is contaminated by pathogenic bacteria disease and death are the results. While if the water is bacteriologically pure there are fewer diseases and less deaths from fevers etc. There are on record, numerous cases of outbreaks of typhoid fever and the causes have been traced to the contaminated water supply of the community. The typhoid bacillus is very frequently found in water and in the soil and as a result it may be carried to the source of the water used

Making Meaning: A Critical Literature Review of Young Adults’ Post-Katrina Volunteer Experiences

Hurricane Katrina dealt a devastating blow to the soul of America which resulted in a collective response of young adult volunteers. Understanding the experiences of these crisis volunteers can provide meaningful insight and underscore the importance of investigating human resilience, civic operations, and self-perceptions for life-long learning curricula

Regional Maritime Security in East Asia

Increasingly, it appears that the status quo of the East Asian maritime region is encountering subtle shifts which are eroding the stability of its condition. Regional states are registering higher levels of strategic anxiety, while increasing evidence suggests tit-for-tat behaviour is on the rise. More coercive activity appears to be replacing the commitment to engagement and peaceable diplomacy. Specific controversies within the East China and South China Seas exemplify the risk to the status quo. Recent patterns of military modernisation materially indicate the fears of regional states with respect to these shifting dynamics. Against this backdrop of the erosion of the maritime stability, this expert workshop aims to: ask whether the current slide in relations may be arrested and, if so, what are the most desirable approaches to discourage the deterioration in behaviour. In the consideration of more cooperative behaviour the workshop deliberates on; the current environment, the conditions under which more successful diplomacy could be enacted, the level of leadership and institutional capacity required, the value of bottom up approaches to maritime security, and the nature of effective policy responses

Is wisdom a mediatrix in Sirach? : a study of the wisdom poems

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 1999.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The figure of Woman Wisdom appears in several key poems in Sirach, namely Sir 1:1-10,1:11-30,4:11-19,6:18-37,14:20-15:10,24:1-34 and 51:13-30. Woman Wisdom is a metaphor that employs feminine imagery to speak of the tradition as taught by the sages and contained within the sacred writings of Judaism. Ben Sira uses it to show that the Jewish tradition is the pathway to genuine piety. The metaphor functions to reinforce the implicit claim of conservative scribal circles to be the legitimate interpreters of the tradition. The personification of wisdom is the basic trope underlying the presentations of Wisdom. This feminine personification is then filled out with a number of metaphors, rendering Woman Wisdom an easily recognisable entity in the text despite the wide range of imagery applied to her. The wisdom personified includes both the content of the Jewish tradition and the disposition to live in conformity with that tradition, summed up in the fear of the Lord. This tradition is seen as the distillation of universal wisdom. The gender of Woman Wisdom is rhetorically important in those poems where wisdom is presented as a desirable goal to be passionately and zealously sought. But Ben Sira does not exploit the metaphor 'wisdom as woman' as a conceptual tool for reflection on wisdom in and of itself or in its relationship to God. In Sir 24 the feminine dimension of the Wisdom figure recedes; Wisdom is personified as an angelic figure and her gender becomes simply a fact of grammar. The metaphor 'wisdom as angel' may be an attempt to picture wisdom in the closest possible association with the Lord and in the most exalted position possible without compromising monotheism. Angels are also portrayed as mediators in Second Temple writings. The movement and action of Wisdom, God and human beings relative to each other in the Wisdom poems provides hints that the Jewish tradition plays a vital role in the relationship between God and humanity. God relates to human beings by revealing to them wisdom, which finds its most perfect expression in the Jewish written tradition. How a person relates to this tradition will determine how God relates to that person. Conversely, it is impossible to find wisdom if one does not have the correct attitude toward God and if one does not live according to the tradition. Since all wisdom is from God, there is no wisdom outside of what God gives, and the wisdom God has given is embodied in the traditions of Israel.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrou Wysheid fuksioneer prominent in Sir 1:1-10, 4:11-19, 6:18-37, 14:20-15:10, 24:1-34 en 51:13-30. Sy is 'n literere figuur wat vroulike beeldspraak gebruik om van die tradisie wat in die heilige geskrifte van die ludaiisme voorkom, te praat. Dit stel daardie tradisie voor as deurweg na opregte pieteit. Ben Sira wend hierdie figuur aan om die aanspraak vanuit konserwatiewe skrywersskole te onderskraag dat huIle die legitieme interprete is van hierdie tradisie. Personifikasie is die basiese stylfiguur wat ten grondslag le van die voorsteIlings van wysheid en die vroulike personifikasie word met 'n hele aantal metafore ingeklee. luis daarom is die figuur van wysheid 'n maklik identifiseerbare entiteit in die teks afgesien van die wye reeks van beelde wat op haar van toepassing gemaak word. Die wysheid wat gepersonifieer word, omvat beide die inhoud van die loodse tradisie en die wil om volgens daardie tradisie te lewe; dit word opgesom in die vrees van die Here. Hierdie tradisie word beskou as die distillasie van universele wysheid. Die geslag van vrou wysheid is retories belangrik in daardie teksgedeeltes waar wysheid voorgestel word as 'n begeerlike doelwit wat ywerig en vuriglik nagestreef moet word. Desnietemin benut Ben Sira die metafoor "wysheid as vrou" nie vir die doeleindes om oor wysheid an sich, of in haar verhouding tot God te besinnie. In Sir 24 verskuif die vroulike dimensie van hierdie figuur op die agtergrond en word wysheid personifieer as 'n engelagtige figuur; haar geslag word gewoon 'n grammatikale gegewe. Die metafoor "wysheid as engel" open die moontlikheid dat wysheid voorgestel kan word in die mees inti em moontlike relasie met die Here en terselfdertyd in die mees verhewe posisie in 'n monotei"stiese sisteem. Engele funksioneer ook as middelaars in die geskrifte van die tussentestamentere tydperk. Die beweging en optrede van wysheid, God en die mens relatief tot mekaar in die wysheidspsalms suggereer dat die loodse tradisie 'n kardinale rol vervul in die verhouding tussen God en die mens. God· maak met mense kontak deur aan hulle wysheid te openbaar wat haar mees perfekte uitdrukking vind in die geskrewe loodse tradisie. 'n Persoon se verhouding tot daardie tradisie bepaal God se verhouding tot daardie persoon. Omgekeerd is dit onmoontlik om wysheid te vind as iemand nie die korrekte instelling tot God het nie en as iemand nie volgens die tradisie leef nie. Aangesien aIle wysheid van God afkomstig is, is daar geen wysheid buite dit wat God gee nie, en die wysheid wat God skenk, word omvat in die tradisies van Israel

Inhibition of Liver Cytochrome P450 Isoforms 1A1 and 1A2 by Brazilian Acai Berry Extracts

Undergraduate Basi

Health Diplomacy the Adaptation of Global Health Interventions to Local Needs in sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand: Evaluating Findings from Project Accept (HPTN 043).

Study-based global health interventions, especially those that are conducted on an international or multi-site basis, frequently require site-specific adaptations in order to (1) respond to socio-cultural differences in risk determinants, (2) to make interventions more relevant to target population needs, and (3) in recognition of 'global health diplomacy' issues. We report on the adaptations development, approval and implementation process from the Project Accept voluntary counseling and testing, community mobilization and post-test support services intervention. We reviewed all relevant documentation collected during the study intervention period (e.g. monthly progress reports; bi-annual steering committee presentations) and conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with project directors and between 12 and 23 field staff at each study site in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Thailand and Tanzania during 2009. Respondents were asked to describe (1) the adaptations development and approval process and (2) the most successful site-specific adaptations from the perspective of facilitating intervention implementation. Across sites, proposed adaptations were identified by field staff and submitted to project directors for review on a formally planned basis. The cross-site intervention sub-committee then ensured fidelity to the study protocol before approval. Successfully-implemented adaptations included: intervention delivery adaptations (e.g. development of tailored counseling messages for immigrant labour groups in South Africa) political, environmental and infrastructural adaptations (e.g. use of local community centers as VCT venues in Zimbabwe); religious adaptations (e.g. dividing clients by gender in Muslim areas of Tanzania); economic adaptations (e.g. co-provision of income generating skills classes in Zimbabwe); epidemiological adaptations (e.g. provision of 'youth-friendly' services in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Tanzania), and social adaptations (e.g. modification of terminology to local dialects in Thailand: and adjustment of service delivery schedules to suit seasonal and daily work schedules across sites). Adaptation selection, development and approval during multi-site global health research studies should be a planned process that maintains fidelity to the study protocol. The successful implementation of appropriate site-specific adaptations may have important implications for intervention implementation, from both a service uptake and a global health diplomacy perspective

A Spitzer Transmission Spectrum for the Exoplanet GJ 436b, Evidence for Stellar Variability, and Constraints on Dayside Flux Variations

In this paper we describe a uniform analysis of eight transits and eleven secondary eclipses of the extrasolar planet GJ 436b obtained in the 3.6, 4.5, and 8.0 micron bands using the IRAC instrument on the Spitzer Space Telescope between UT 2007 June 29 and UT 2009 Feb 4. We find that the best-fit transit depths for visits in the same bandpass can vary by as much as 8% of the total (4.7 sigma significance) from one epoch to the next. Although we cannot entirely rule out residual detector effects or a time-varying, high-altitude cloud layer in the planet's atmosphere as the cause of these variations, we consider the occultation of active regions on the star in a subset of the transit observations to be the most likely explanation. We reconcile the presence of magnetically active regions with the lack of significant visible or infrared flux variations from the star by proposing that the star's spin axis is tilted with respect to our line of sight, and that the planet's orbit is therefore likely to be misaligned. These observations serve to illustrate the challenges associated with transmission spectroscopy of planets orbiting late-type stars; we expect that other systems, such as GJ 1214, may display comparably variable transit depths. Our measured 8 micron secondary eclipse depths are consistent with a constant value, and we place a 1 sigma upper limit of 17% on changes in the planet's dayside flux in this band. Averaging over the eleven visits gives us an improved estimate of 0.0452% +/- 0.0027% for the secondary eclipse depth. We combine timing information from our observations with previously published data to produce a refined orbital ephemeris, and determine that the best-fit transit and eclipse times are consistent with a constant orbital period. [ABRIDGED]Comment: 26 pages, 18 figures, 7 tables in emulateapj format. Accepted for publication in Ap

Kepler-20: A Sun-like Star with Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets and Two Earth-size Candidates

We present the discovery of the Kepler-20 planetary system, which we initially identified through the detection of five distinct periodic transit signals in the Kepler light curve of the host star 2MASSJ19104752+4220194. We find a stellar effective temperature Teff=5455+-100K, a metallicity of [Fe/H]=0.01+-0.04, and a surface gravity of log(g)=4.4+-0.1. Combined with an estimate of the stellar density from the transit light curves we deduce a stellar mass of Mstar=0.912+-0.034 Msun and a stellar radius of Rstar=0.944^{+0.060}_{-0.095} Rsun. For three of the transit signals, our results strongly disfavor the possibility that these result from astrophysical false positives. We conclude that the planetary scenario is more likely than that of an astrophysical false positive by a factor of 2e5 (Kepler-20b), 1e5 (Kepler-20c), and 1.1e3 (Kepler-20d), sufficient to validate these objects as planetary companions. For Kepler-20c and Kepler-20d, the blend scenario is independently disfavored by the achromaticity of the transit: From Spitzer data gathered at 4.5um, we infer a ratio of the planetary to stellar radii of 0.075+-0.015 (Kepler-20c) and 0.065+-0.011 (Kepler-20d), consistent with each of the depths measured in the Kepler optical bandpass. We determine the orbital periods and physical radii of the three confirmed planets to be 3.70d and 1.91^{+0.12}_{-0.21} Rearth for Kepler-20b, 10.85 d and 3.07^{+0.20}_{-0.31} Rearth for Kepelr-20c, and 77.61 d and 2.75^{+0.17}_{-0.30} Rearth for Kepler-20d. From multi-epoch radial velocities, we determine the masses of Kepler-20b and Kepler-20c to be 8.7\+-2.2 Mearth and 16.1+-3.5 Mearth, respectively, and we place an upper limit on the mass of Kepler-20d of 20.1 Mearth (2 sigma).Comment: accepted by ApJ, 58 pages, 12 figures revised Jan 2012 to correct table 2 and clarify planet parameter extractio

Prenatal Hypoxia–Ischemia Induces Abnormalities in CA3 Microstructure, Potassium Chloride Co-Transporter 2 Expression and Inhibitory Tone

Infants who suffer perinatal brain injury, including those with encephalopathy of prematurity, are prone to chronic neurological deficits, including epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and behavioral problems, such as anxiety, inattention, and poor social interaction. These deficits, especially in combination, pose the greatest hindrance to these children becoming independent adults. Cerebral function depends on adequate development of essential inhibitory neural circuits and the appropriate amount of excitation and inhibition at specific stages of maturation. Early neuronal synaptic responses to γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) are initially excitatory. During the early postnatal period, GABAAR responses switch to inhibitory with the upregulation of potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2. With extrusion of chloride by KCC2, the Cl− reversal potential shifts and GABA and glycine responses become inhibitory. We hypothesized that prenatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury chronically impairs the developmental upregulation of KCC2 that is essential for cerebral circuit formation. Following late gestation hypoxia–ischemia (HI), diffusion tensor imaging in juvenile rats shows poor microstructural integrity in the hippocampal CA3 subfield, with reduced fractional anisotropy and elevated radial diffusivity. The loss of microstructure correlates with early reduced KCC2 expression on NeuN-positive pyramidal neurons, and decreased monomeric and oligomeric KCC2 protein expression in the CA3 subfield. Together with decreased inhibitory post-synaptic currents during a critical window of development, we document for the first time that prenatal transient systemic HI in rats impairs hippocampal CA3 inhibitory tone. Failure of timely development of inhibitory tone likely contributes to a lower seizure threshold and impaired cognitive function in children who suffer perinatal brain injury