Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Multiple Scenario Generation of Subsurface Models:Consistent Integration of Information from Geophysical and Geological Data throuh Combination of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Theory and Geostatistics

Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming \u3c4 neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in 3c 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an E\u3bd-2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 7 1017 eV -2.5 7 1019 eV is E2 dN\u3bd/dE\u3bd < 4.4 7 10-9 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays

Congruência temática entre cidadãos e representantes na América Latina: uma perspectiva multidimensional

This paper proposes a methodological contribution to the empirical study of political representation. It explores the level of issue congruence between citizens and legislators from 15 Latin American countries. The goal is find out the degree of agreement between the attitudes of these two groups with respect to the intervention of the State in six aspects of the public sphere. For this purpose, two multivariate statistical methods were used: multidimensional scaling and Procrustes analysis. Through the first it was possible to know how these issues are structured for representatives and citizens; the second one provided an assessment of the degree of similarity between these structures. The contribution of the study is to consider the multidimensionality of issue congruence and the use of appropriate statistical tools to analyze it.Este trabajo propone una contribución metodológica al estudio empírico de la representación política. En él se explora el nivel de congruencia temática entre los ciudadanos y los diputados de 15 países latinoamericanos. El objetivo es conocer en qué medida concuerdan las opiniones de estos dos grupos con respecto a la intervención del Estado en seis aspectos del ámbito público. Para dicho propósito se utilizaron dos métodos de estadística multivariante: el escalamiento multidensional y el análisis Procrustes. Por medio del primero fue posible saber cómo están estructurados estos temas para representantes y representados; a partir del segundo se midió el grado de semejanza entre dichas estructuras. La contribución del estudio es considerar la estructura multidimensional de la congruencia temática y usar herramientas estadísticas adecuadas para analizarla.Este trabalho propõe uma contribuição metodológica ao estudo emprírico da representação política. Nele, explora-se o nível de congruência temática entr os cidadãos e os deputados de 15 países latinoamericanos. O objetivo é conhecer em que medida as opiniões desses grupos convergem com a intervenção do Estado em seis aspectos do âmbito público. Para isto, utilizaram-se os métodos de estatística multivariada: escalas multidimensionais e análise Procrustes. Pelo primeiro, foi possível saber como estão estruturados estes temas para os representantes e representados; a partir do segundo, mediu-se o grau de semelhança entre as estruturas ditas. A contribuição do estudo é considerar a estrutura multidimensional da congruência temática e usar ferramentas estatísticas adequadas para analisá-la

Creación de un marco físico unificado para la caracterización avanzada de compuestos de caucho

Este trabajo permitió desarrollar un único marco teórico físico bajo el cual es posible caracterizar de forma cuantitativa todos los parámetros que conforman la estructura de red de los compuestos de caucho. Mediante la combinación de diferentes técnicas experimentales que arrojan resultados autoconsistentes se puede enriquecer la caracterización sin que por ello la metodología de análisis o los equipos necesarios para realizar los experimentos sean muy diferentes a los que se están utilizando actualmente en la industria del caucho. Esta teoría permite caracterizar la estructura molecular de compuestos simples, cargados y neumáticos al final de su vida útil, considerando en cada caso los diferentes efectos que intervienen en las variaciones de los parámetros moleculares.Los autores agradecen a la Revista de Plás- ticos Modernos la oportunidad de compartir el proyecto, al Grupo Elastómeros y al Minis- terio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-096636-J-I00), Ministerio de Cien- cia e Innovación (PID2020-119047RB-I00, PLEC2021-007793 y MAT2017-87204-R), CSIC (201860E045) y a la Convocatoria de Garantía Juvenil CAM2019 por la financiación. El grupo de Elastómeros pertenece a SUS- PLAST, plataforma interdisciplinar del CSIC

Metodologías de valorización de neumáticos al final de su vida útil

Los neumáticos al final de su vida útil (NFVU), son un elemento fundamental de la sociedad, debido a sus aplicaciones en diversos sectores industriales y de la vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, al ser piezas que se fabrican pensando en su durabilidad y exigencia en sus prestaciones, su manejo como desecho una vez que alcanzan el final de su vida es bastante complicado y diferente en comparación con otros polímeros. Los NFVU representan un riesgo ambiental y sanitario, pero, mediante diferentes métodos y técnicas de valorización se pueden reutilizar como neumáticos de segundo uso, recuperarse como materias primas de alto valor añadido para la fabricación de nuevas piezas, o bien transformarse en energía para alimentar procesos industriales. Es por ello que se requiere tener y ampliar el conocimiento de los diversos enfoques y estrategias para poder lograr un adecuado manejo de los NFVU, y ser capaces de recuperar lo que estos nos brindan, donde los modelos de gestión adoptados por cada país juegan un papel importante.End-of-life tires (ELT) are a fundamental part of society, due to their applications in various industrial sectors and day-to-day life. However, as they are manufactured with durability and performance requirements in mind, their management as waste once they reach the end of their life is quite complicated and different compared to other polymers. ELTs represent an environmental and sanitary risk, but through different valorization methods and techniques they can be reutilized as second-use tires, be recovered as raw materials with high added value for the manufacture of new parts or be transformed into energy to feed industrial processes. That is, therefore, it is necessary to have and extend the knowledge of the different approaches and strategies to be able to achieve an appropriate management of the ELTs and to be able to recover what they provide us, where the management models adopted by each country play an important roleAgradecimiento por la financiación al Minis- terio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-096636-J-I00), Ministerio de Cien- cia e Innovación (PID2020119047RB-I00 y PLEC2021-007793) y CSIC (201860E045). El grupo de Elastómeros pertenece a SUS- PLAST, plataforma interdisciplinar del CSIC. Se agradece al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT-México) por la beca posdoctoral otorgada a ZZR para el desarrollo de los proyecto