The Influence of Government Effectiveness and Corruption on the High Levels of Homicide in Latin America

“Most research that has examined the international variation in homicide levels has focused on structural variables, with the suggestion that socio-economic development operates as a cure for violence. In Latin America, development has occurred, but high homicide levels remain, suggesting the involvement of other influencing factors. We posit that government effectiveness and corruption control may contribute to explaining the variation in homicide levels, and in particular in the Latin America region. Our results show that social and economic structural variables are useful but are not conclusive in explaining the variation in homicide levels and that the relationship between homicide, government effectiveness, and corruption control was significant and highly pronounced for countries in the Latin American region. The findings highlight the importance of supporting institutions in improving their effectiveness in Latin America so that reductions in homicide (and improvements in citizen security in general) can be achieved

Estilos de personalidad y estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas

Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo correlacional, con el objetivo de establecer la relación entre estilos de personalidad y estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de 49 personasconsumidoras de sustancias psicoactivas,vinculadas a un proceso de rehabilitación en la fundación Génesis, para ello, se aplicaron el Cuestionario "Big Five", y la escala de Estrategias de Coping Modificada, propuestas por Lazarus y Folkman.Los resultados indican que existe relación positiva entre las dimensiones de personalidad:afabilidad y tesón con la estrategia de afrontamiento de solución de problemastambién se encuentra que tesón, afabilidad, estabilidad emocionaly apertura mental se correlaciona negativamente con reacción agresiva. Por lo encontrado, se concluye que los factores de personalidad se relacionan con las estrategias de afrontamiento, es por esto, que se espera generar la creación de nuevas investigaciones, que contribuyan a nuevos programas de intervenciónA correlational descriptive investigation was carried out, with the objective of establishing the relationship between personality styles and coping strategies in a sample of 49 people who consume psychoactive substances, linked to a rehabilitation process at the Genesis Foundation, for this purpose, they were applied the "Big Five" Questionnaire, and the scale of Modified Coping Strategies, proposed by Lazarus and Folkman. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between personality dimensions: affability and determination with the problem-solving coping strategy. tenacity, affability, emotional stability and mental openness correlates negatively with aggressive reaction. Based on what has been found, it is concluded that personality factors are related to coping strategies, which is why it is expected to generate the creation of new research that contributes to new intervention program

Protocolo de Primeros Auxilios en pacientes hospitalizados de la ciudad de Villavicencio

Esta propuesta de investigación tiene como objetivo crear un protocolo de intervención en primeros auxilios psicológicos a pacientes en estado de hospitalización, con el fin de servir como herramienta a los centros de salud para la humanización del servicio.1. Introducción. -- 2. Planteamiento del problema. -- 3. Pregunta problema. -- 4. Justificación. -- 5. Objetivos. -- 5.1. Objetivo general. -- 5.2. Objetivo especifico. -- 6. Marco referencial. -- 6.1. Marco conceptual. -- 6.1.1. Primeros auxilios psicológicos. -- 6.1.2. Salud. -- 6.1.3. Psicología de la salud. -- 6.1.4. Paciente hospitalizado. -- 6.1.5. Calidad de vida. -- 6.1.6. Crisis. -- 6.1.7. Emociones. -- 6.1.8. Resiliencia. -- 6.1.9. Ansiedad. -- 6.2. Marco teórico. -- 6.2.1. Teorías de la emoción. -- 6.2.1.1. Teoría Multidimensional de la respuesta Emocional. -- 6.2.2. Teoría de la motivación. -- 6.3. Marco empírico. -- 6.4. Marco Legal. -- 6.4.1. Constitución Política de Colombia. -- 6.4.2. Ley 1616 de 2013 - Salud Mental. -- 6.4.3. Ley 1751 de 2015. -- 6.4.4. Ley 3/2001 de 28 de mayo. -- 7. Metodología. -- 7.1. Enfoque. -- 7.2. Diseño de investigación. -- 7.3. Población. -- 7.4. Muestra. -- 7.5. Criterios de inclusión. -- 7.6. Instrumentos. -- 7.7. Procedimiento. -- 8. Consideraciones Éticas. -- 9. Referencias

Propuesta de plan estratégico para el fortalecimiento de la gobernanza organizacional como materia fundamental de la norma ISO 26000 en la responsabilidad social empresarial de Bam SAS

La Responsabilidad Social actualmente es un factor vital para el desarrollo de las organizaciones debido a que contempla el factor ético y de responsabilidad con el entorno para la ejecución de la actividad económica; las empresas son responsables de generar acciones para el bienestar de sus colaboradores, la sociedad y el ambiente. La norma ISO 26000 es una guía para la implementación de la responsabilidad social y establece las materias fundamentales que se deben fortalecer partiendo de un diagnóstico para crear un plan estratégico que garantice el cumplimiento de objetivos de responsabilidad social. Así, se expondrá un estudio sobre la empresa BAM SAS para construir un diagnóstico que permita analizar la implementación actual de las materias fundamentales de la ISO 26000 y se creará un plan estratégico para fortalecer la responsabilidad social de la empresa.Social Responsibility is currently a vital factor for the development of organizations because it contemplates the ethical factor and responsibility with the environment for the execution of economic activity; companies are responsible for generating actions for the well-being of their employees, society, and the environment. ISO 26000 is a guide for the implementation of social responsibility, and it establishes the fundamental subjects that must be strengthened based on a diagnosis to create a strategic plan that guarantees the fulfillment of social responsibility objectives. Thus, a study on the company BAM SAS will be presented to build a diagnosis that allows analyzing the current implementation of the fundamental subjects of ISO 26000 a strategic plan will be created to strengthen corporate social responsibility. Keywords: diagnosis, fundamental subjects, ISO 26000, strategic plan, social responsibilit

Family centered decision making in advanced chronic kidney disease. From individual autonomy to family or community autonomy

El aumento de la tasa de incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica plantea desafíos y dilemas éticos que tanto pacientes como familiares y profesionales de salud deben enfrentar diariamente. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una reflexión sobre la manera como, para la toma decisiones, los pacientes recurren a terceros como partícipes, lo que requeriría un abordaje desde la autonomía solidaria. Se presenta el análisis de doce entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas a pacientes de 60 años o más, de distintos programas de la Unidad de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Colombia, entre 20172018. En este artículo se propone la necesidad de toma de decisiones centradas en la familia de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas, antes de que su estado sea avanzado y los estados de inconsciencia impidan su autodeterminación, considerando la determinación social de la autonomía.Q4Q4The increase in the incidence and prevalence rate of Chronic Kidney Disease poses challenges and ethical dilemmas that patients, family members and health professionals must face daily. The objective of this article is to present a reflection on the way in which patients make recourse to third parties as participants in their decision-making, which would require an approach based on solidarity autonomy. The analysis of twelve semi-structured interviews conducted with patients 60 years of age and older, from different programs of the Nephrology Unit of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in the period 2017-2018 Colombia, is presented. This article proposes the need for family-centered decision making of patients with chronic diseases, before their state is advanced and states of unconsciousness prevent their self-determination, considering the social determination of autonomy.Revista Internacional - Indexad

Barriers of mental health treatment utilization among first-year college students: First cross-national results from the WHO World Mental Health International College Student Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Although mental disorders and suicidal thoughts-behaviors (suicidal thoughts and behaviors) are common among university students, the majority of students with these problems remain untreated. It is unclear what the barriers are to these students seeking treatment. AIMS: The aim of this study is to examine the barriers to future help-seeking and the associations of clinical characteristics with these barriers in a cross-national sample of first-year college students. METHOD: As part of the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative, web-based self-report surveys were obtained from 13,984 first-year students in eight countries across the world. Clinical characteristics examined included screens for common mental disorders and reports about suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Multivariate regression models adjusted for socio-demographic, college-, and treatment-related variables were used to examine correlates of help-seeking intention and barriers to seeking treatment. RESULTS: Only 24.6% of students reported that they would definitely seek treatment if they had a future emotional problem. The most commonly reported reasons not to seek treatment among students who failed to report that they would definitely seek help were the preference to handle the problem alone (56.4%) and wanting to talk with friends or relatives instead (48.0%). Preference to handle the problem alone and feeling too embarrassed were also associated with significantly reduced odds of having at least some intention to seek help among students who failed to report that they would definitely seek help. Having 12-month major depression, alcohol use disorder, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors were also associated with significantly reduced reported odds of the latter outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of first-year college students in the WMH-ICS surveys report that they would be hesitant to seek help in case of future emotional problems. Attitudinal barriers and not structural barriers were found to be the most important reported reasons for this hesitation. Experimental research is needed to determine whether intention to seek help and, more importantly, actual help-seeking behavior could be increased with the extent to which intervention strategies need to be tailored to particular student characteristics. Given that the preference to handle problems alone and stigma and appear to be critical, there could be value in determining if internet-based psychological treatments, which can be accessed privately and are often build as self-help approaches, would be more acceptable than other types of treatments to student who report hesitation about seeking treatment.status: publishe

WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders

Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources. The present study reports initial results from the first stage of the WHO World Mental Health International College Student project, in which a series of surveys in 19 colleges across 8 countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, Northern Ireland, South Africa, Spain, United States) were carried out with the aim of estimating prevalence and basic sociodemographic correlates of common mental disorders among first-year college students. Web-based self-report questionnaires administered to incoming first-year students (45.5% pooled response rate) screened for six common lifetime and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders: major depression, mania/hypomania, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcohol use disorder, and substance use disorder. We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder. Syndromes typically had onsets in early to middle adolescence and persisted into the year of the survey. Although relatively modest, the strongest correlates of screening positive were older age, female sex, unmarried-deceased parents, no religious affiliation, nonheterosexual identification and behavior, low secondary school ranking, and extrinsic motivation for college enrollment. The weakness of these associations means that the syndromes considered are widely distributed with respect to these variables in the student population. Although the extent to which cost-effective treatment would reduce these risks is unclear, the high level of need for mental health services implied by these results represents a major challenge to institutions of higher education and governments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).status: publishe

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

El estado de embriaguez y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas como causa justificada de finalización del contrato de trabajo

This investigation carries out an analysis between the existing conflicts in labor relations when it is necessary to apply just causes in the termination of an employment contract when these are motivated by the consumption of alcohol and psychoactive substances.Therefore, an emphasis is made on Colombian labor regulations and the alternatives that this gives for the justification of dismissals, therefore, the conclusions are issued taking into account the norm and the need for particularity in the case study.Esta investigación realiza un análisis entre los conflictos existentes en las relaciones laborales cuando sea necesaria la aplicación de justa causas en la terminación de un contrato de trabajo cuando estas son provocadas por el consumo de alcohol y sustancias psicoactivas. Por lo tanto, se hace un énfasis en la normatividad laboral colombiana y las alternativas que esta da para la justificación de despidos, por consiguiente, se emiten las conclusiones teniendo en cuenta la norma y la necesidad de la particularidad en el estudio casuístico.Capítulo I -- 7 Planteamiento del problema 8 –Objetivos 11 -- Objetivo general 11 --Objetivos específicos 11 –Justificación 12 –Delimitaciones 13 --Delimitación espacial o geográfica 13 --Delimitación temporal 12 -- Delimitación científica. 13 –Línea 14 – Sublíneas 14 -- Capitulo II 15 --Trabajo y contrato de trabajo 15 -- Estado del Arte 15 -- Artículo 23 -- Elementos esenciales 21 -- Finalizacion del contrato de trabajo unilateralmente y sin justa causa 22 -- El debido proceso en la terminación del contrato de trabajo. 23 -- Marco Jurídico 31 -- Marco Teórico 34 -- Artículo 59. Prohibiciones a los {empleadores} 38 -- Capitulo III 63 -- Efecto de las drogas y el consumo de alcohol en el comportamiento 63 -- Conclusiones. 76 -- Referencias Bibliográficas 82 --Abogado(a)Pregrad