Prevalencia y caracterizaci?n molecular de Salmonella spp, en granjas av?colas de postura comercial en el departamento del Tolima

99 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoLa Salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades trasmitida por alimentos que afecta con mayor frecuencia a humanos y causa grandes p?rdidas econ?micas en la industria av?cola. Con el objeto de estimar la prevalencia y caracterizar los aislamientos de Salmonella spp., se llev? a cabo un estudio epidemiol?gico de corte transversal en granjas de gallinas ponedoras comerciales localizadas en el departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Para este estudio se muestrearon 15 granjas, en las cuales se tomaron 589 muestras para cultivo microbiol?gico de Salmonella spp, caracterizaci?n bioqu?mica, serotipificaci?n y electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE). Se analizaron diferentes variables a nivel de granja para determinar los potenciales factores de riesgo. La prevalencia de Salmonella spp., fue de 33.33% (95%, CI=14 - 53%) en granja, y se aislaron 14 cepas de las 589 muestras analizadas, provenientes de cascara de huevo, alimento y zapatones. El an?lisis de serotipificaci?n permiti? identificar los serotipos S. Enteritidis (n=6) y S. Shannon (n=8). Las variables, producci?n propia de alimento balanceado (OR=24), el almacenamiento del huevo en el galp?n (OR=11.25), la presentaci?n del alimento (OR=7.64) y la estructura del galp?n en guadua (OR=5.24), se asociaron significativamente (p<0.05) con la presencia de Salmonella spp., y constituyen potenciales factores de riesgo para la contaminaci?n de este microorganismo en granja. La t?cnica de electroforesis en campo pulsado mostr? tres diferentes patrones de macro restricci?n con XbaI, correspondientes a dos serovares S. Shannon y S. Enteritidis. Estos resultados indican que la Salmonella spp, puede ser aislada de varias fuentes en granjas de ponedoras comerciales, en la cual la superficie del huevo necesita una atenci?n especial para evitar la contaminaci?n en humanos.ABSTRACT. Salmonellosis is the most frequent foodborne disease causing human disease and severe economic losses in the poultry industry. A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp, in laying hens farms located at the Tolima region, Colombia. Fifteen egg-laying hen farms were sampled and a total of 589 samples were cultured for Salmonella spp., isolation. The prevalence of Salmonella spp., was 33.33% (95%, CI=14 - 53%) at the farm level. A total of fourteen isolates were recovered from the egg? shells (57.15%, n=8), followed by feed samples (28.57%, n=4) and environmental (14.29%, n=2) samples. Farm?s practices were significantly (p<0.05) associated with Salmonella spp., and variables such as the own feed mill (OR=24), egg stored on hen houses (OR=11.25), feed form (OR=7.64), and facility?s structure in bamboo (OR=5.24) were identified as potential risk factors for Salmonella contamination. S. Enteritidis (n=6) and S. Shannon (n=8) showed three different XbaI macrorestriction patterns by PFGE. The results indicate that Salmonella spp, could be recovered from various sources in laying-hen farms and egg shell contamination needs special attention to impede it transmission to humans.INTRODUCCION 6 1. REVISION DEL TEMA 14 1.1 SALMONELLA 14 1.2 CARACTER?STICAS DEL G?NERO SALMONELLA 15 1.2.1 Caracter?sticas fenot?picas y bioqu?micas 15 1.2.2 Taxonom?a 16 1.3 DETECCI?N E IDENTIFICACI?N DE SALMONELLA SPP 18 1.3.1 Tipos de muestra para la detecci?n de Salmonella spp., en avicultura 18 1.3.2 Aislamiento bacteriol?gico e identificaci?n 21 1.4 SALMONELLA EN HUMANOS: RELACI?N CON AVES Y PRODUCTOS AV?COLAS 26 1.5 SALMONELLA EN AVES COMERCIALES 30 1.5.1 Patogenia 34 1.5.2 Salmonella en aves del Mundo 37 1.5.3 Salmonella en granjas av?colas en Colombia 40 1.6 FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA SALMONELLA 41 1.7 FACTORES DE RIESGO EN GRANJAS DE POLLOS DE ENGORDE 41 1.8 FACTORES DE RIESGO EN GRANJAS DE GALLINAS PONEDORAS 43 2. ESTUDIO DE CASO: CARACTERIZACI?N DE SALMONELLA EN GRANJAS DE GALLINAS DE POSTURA COMERCIAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL TOLIMA 46 2.1. ANTECEDENTES 50 2.2 MATERIALES Y M?TODOS 51 2.2.1 Poblaci?n de estudio 51 2.2.2 Estudio y an?lisis estad?stico 52 2.2.3 Toma de muestras 52 2.3 AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACI?N DE SALMONELLA 53 2.3.1 Serotipificaci?n de Salmonella 54 2.4 AN?LISIS DE LAS VARIABLES EPIDEMIOL?GICAS 55 2.5 PRUEBA PILOTO 57 2.5.1 An?lisis de datos 58 2.5.2 Caracterizaci?n molecular 58 2.6 RESULTADOS 59 2.6.1 Salmonella spp., en granjas de postura comercial 59 3. FACTORES DE RIESGO DE SALMONELLA SPP., EN GRANJAS AV?COLAS DE POSTURA COMERCIAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL TOLIMA.60 3.1 AN?LISIS DE ELECTROFORESIS EN CAMPO PULSADO 61 3.2 DISCUSI?N 64 3.2 DISCUSI?N 64 3.3 CONCLUSIONES 69 4. CONCLUSI?NES GENERALES 71 RECOMENDACIONES 72 REFERENCIAS 73 ANEXOS 9

Factores sociales y familiares que inciden en el uso del tiempo libre de los estudiantes de b?sica primaria de la instituci?n educativa Jorge Eliecer Gait?n

103 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl presente trabajo de investigaci?n tiene como prop?sito dar respuesta a la pregunta ?Son los factores familiares y sociales determinantes en el uso del tiempo libre de los ni?os de la b?sica primaria de la Instituci?n Educativa Jorge Eliecer Gait?n de la ciudad de Ibagu?? El estudio se describe como una investigaci?n de tipo cualitativo y de car?cter descriptivo, el instrumento empleado para obtener la informaci?n es el cuestionario, el cual fue aplicado a padres y/o acudientes, docentes y estudiantes de los cinco grados de b?sica primaria de la Instituci?n, los resultados permiten establecer que dentro de los factores sociales y familiares que condicionan el uso del tiempo libre se encuentra el nivel social de los padres, el nivel acad?mico b?sico de los mismos, factores tales como familias desintegradas y/o disfuncionales, el desconocimiento frente a la relaci?n entre tiempo libre y rendimiento acad?mico, la poca orientaci?n que reciben los ni?os frente a c?mo usar provechosamente su tiempo libre; en consecuencia se presentan recomendaciones a la gesti?n directiva y acad?mica para la posible construcci?n de proyectos que favorezcan el aspecto acad?mico y disciplinario de los estudiantes de la instituci?n. Palabras claves: Tiempo libre, ocio, factores sociales y familiares.The purpose of this research is to answer the following question: Are the family and social factors determining the use of children's free time in the primary school of the Educational Institution Jorge Eliecer Gait?n in the city of Ibagu?? The study is described as qualitative and descriptive research. The instrument used to obtain the information is a questionnaire, which was applied to parents and / or caregivers, teachers and students of the five primary grades of the Institution, the results allow to establish that within the social and family factors that condition the Use of free time is the social level of the parents, the basic academic level of the same, factors such as disintegrated and / or dysfunctional families, ignorance of the relationship between free time and academic performance, Children to how to use their free time. Consequently, recommendations are presented to the management and academic management for the possible construction of projects that favor the academic and disciplinary aspects of the students of the institution. Keywords: Free time, leisure, social and family factors

Sistematizaci?n de experiencias y su aporte a la pr?ctica pedag?gica

56 p. Recurso Electr?nicoNuestro prop?sito en el presente trabajo es recalcar la importancia de la sistematizaci?n de experiencia en el ?mbito pedag?gico, para lo cual nos enfocaremos en analizar diferentes teor?as referentes al tema, esto con el fin de explicar cuan profundo y complejo es este proceso y c?mo su realizaci?n nos genera grandes aportes en un campo como la ense?anza. Para nuestro trabajo utilizaremos los aportes realizados por autores como: Marco Ra?l Mej?a, Oscar Jara Holliday, Ana Bickel, Antoni Verger Planells, Herman Van de Velde, Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza, Alexander Arbey S?nchez Upegui, Mar?a Mercedes Barnechea Garc?a, Luz Dary Ruiz Botero. Analizaremos la convergencia que tienen estos autores respecto a 3 categor?as (Concepto, Estrategias de sistematizaci?n y Herramientas de sistematizaci?n) pudiendo as? establecer un conceso entre dichos te?ricos lo que nos permitir? plantear una nueva mirada a ?ste tipo de procesos.Our purpose in the present work is to emphasize the importance of the systematization of experience in the pedagogical field, for which we will focus on analyzing different theories referring to the theme, in order to explain how deep and complex this process is and how its realization generates great contributions in a field such as teaching. For our work we will use the contributions made by authors such as Marco Ra?l Mej?a, Oscar Jara Holliday, Ana Bickel, Antoni Verger Planells, Herman Van de Velde, Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza, Alexander Arbey S?nchez Upegui, Mar?a Mercedes Barnechea Garc?a, Luz Dary Ruiz Botero . We will analyze the convergence that these authors have with respect to 3 categories (Concept, Strategies of systematization and Tools of systematization), thus establishing a concession between these theorists which will allow us to propose a new look at this type of processes. Keywords: Systematization of experiences, pedagogy, process analysis, teaching, systematization, strategies, systematization tools

TP53, ATRX alterations, and low tumor mutation load feature IDH-wildtype giant cell glioblastoma despite exceptional ultra-mutated tumors

Background: Giant cell glioblastoma (gcGBM) is a rare morphological variant of IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) GBM that occurs in young adults and have a slightly better prognosis than "classic" IDHwt GBM. Methods: We studied 36 GBMs, 14 with a histopathological diagnosis of gcGBM and 22 with a giant cell component. We analyzed the genetic profile of the most frequently mutated genes in gliomas and assessed the tumor mutation load (TML) by gene-targeted next-generation sequencing. We validated our findings using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Results: p53 was altered by gene mutation or protein overexpression in all cases, while driver IDH1, IDH2, BRAF, or H3F3A mutations were infrequent or absent. Compared to IDHwt GBMs, gcGBMs had a significant higher frequency of TP53, ATRX, RB1, and NF1 mutations, while lower frequency of EGFR amplification, CDKN2A deletion, and TERT promoter mutation. Almost all tumors had low TML values. The high TML observed in only 2 tumors was consistent with POLE and MSH2 mutations. In the histopathological review of TCGA IDHwt, TP53-mutant tumors identified giant cells in 37% of the cases. Considering our series and that of the TCGA, patients with TP53-mutant gcGBMs had better overall survival than those with TP53wt GBMs (log-rank test, P < .002). Conclusions: gcGBMs have molecular features that contrast to "classic" IDHwt GBMs: unusually frequent ATRX mutations and few EGFR amplifications and CDKN2A deletions, especially in tumors with a high number of giant cells. TML is frequently low, although exceptional high TML suggests a potential for immune checkpoint therapy in some cases, which may be relevant for personalized medicine

Increased Th17-Related Cytokine Serum Levels in Patients With Multiple Polyps of Unexplained Origin

OBJECTIVES: Most patients with multiple colonic polyps do not have a known genetic or hereditary origin. Our aim was to analyze the presence of inflammatory cytokines and levels of glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with multiple colonic polyps. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with 10 or more adenomatous or serrated polyps and 53 control people with normal colonoscopy were included. Smoking habits were registered, and glucose, CRP, and basal insulin in the serum/blood were measured. Quantification of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-17A, and IL-23 cytokine levels in the serum was performed by a high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Smoking and diabetes were more prevalent in those with colonic polyps than in the control people (67% vs 16%, P = 0.001; 11% vs 2%, P = 0.048). In addition, the cytokine serum levels were higher, i.e., IL-2 (P = 0.001), IL-4 (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.001), IL-17A (P = 0.001), IL-23 (P = 0.014), and CRP (P = 0.003). Adjusting for sex, smoking, and diabetes in a multivariate analysis, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-23 remained independently elevated in cases with multiple polyps. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that immune responses mediated by Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple colonic polyps

Tissue and serum markers of inflammation during the follow-up of patients with giant-cell arteritis—a prospective longitudinal study

Objective. To evaluate the association between inflammatory markers and relapse in GCA patients longitudinally assessed in a clinical trial of infliximab and glucocorticosteroids

Baseline characteristics of an incident haemodialysis population in Spain: results from ANSWER—a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background. The ANSWER study aims to identify risk factors leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a Spanish incident haemodialysis population. This paper summarizes the baseline characteristics of this population

Anti-tumour necrosis factor discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission: study protocol of a prospective, multicentre, randomized clinical trial

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who achieve remission with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs may have treatment withdrawn due to safety concerns and cost considerations, but there is a lack of prospective, controlled data investigating this strategy. The primary study aim is to compare the rates of clinical remission at 1?year in patients who discontinue anti-TNF treatment versus those who continue treatment. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis who have achieved clinical remission for ?6?months with an anti-TNF treatment and an immunosuppressant. Patients are being randomized 1:1 to discontinue anti-TNF therapy or continue therapy. Randomization stratifies patients by the type of inflammatory bowel disease and drug (infliximab versus adalimumab) at study inclusion. The primary endpoint of the study is sustained clinical remission at 1?year. Other endpoints include endoscopic and radiological activity, patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, work productivity), safety and predictive factors for relapse. The required sample size is 194 patients. In addition to the main analysis (discontinuation versus continuation), subanalyses will include stratification by type of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous treatment. Biological samples will be obtained to identify factors predictive of relapse after treatment withdrawal. Results: Enrolment began in 2016, and the study is expected to end in 2020. Conclusions: This study will contribute prospective, controlled data on outcomes and predictors of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after withdrawal of anti-TNF agents following achievement of clinical remission. Clinical trial reference number: EudraCT 2015-001410-1