Projektbericht (Mediumfassung)

Der Mediumbericht fasst die einzelnen Teile des Berichts in der Langfassung zusammen. Zunächst wird anhand von statistischen Zahlen und Fakten nachgewiesen, dass das männliche Ernährermodell noch immer sehr prägend für die Existenzsicherung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland ist. Dies wird darauf zurückgeführt, dass im bundesdeutschen Recht diverse Schnittstellen des ehelichen Unterhaltsrechts mit dem Arbeits-, Sozial- und Steuerrecht existieren, die das Ernährermodell voraussetzen, faktisch auch auf Unverheiratete ausdehnen und gleichzeitig perpetuieren. Da aber auch der Gleichberechtigungsgrundsatz für Frauen und Männer gilt und ein Staatsziel sogar die "tatsächliche Durchsetzung der Gleichberechtigung" fordert, sind normative Wertungswidersprüche entstanden, die nach einer Reform der Schnittstellen und der Gesamtkonzeption der Berücksichtigung von Unterhalt und finanzieller Paarsolidarität in verschiedenen Regelungsbereichen verlangen. Anschließend an die Darstellung und Kritik der Schnittstellenregelungen wird am Beispiel der Anrechnung von Partnereinkommen und -vermögen gemäß SGB II ("Hartz IV") die subjektive Seite der sozialrechtlichen Einstandspflicht beleuchtet, indem Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Betroffenen referiert werden. Ein abschließendes Kapitel resümiert den Reformbedarf und skizziert die nötigen politischen Entwicklungen und Maßnahmen zur Überwindung der noch immer starken Stellung des männlichen Ernährermodells in Deutschland.200

Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Reaction Kinetics of an Oxygen Scavenger Based on Gallic Acid

Gallic acid (GA) is a potential oxygen scavenger for food packaging applications. In this study we investigated the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the reaction kinetics of an oxygen scavenger consisting of GA and sodium carbonate. The reaction was described by a second-order kinetic law and the reaction rate coefficient k as well as the scavenger capacity n were determined from experimental data using a multiple-run downhill simplex method. Both the rate coefficient and the scavenger capacity increased significantly with higher temperatures. At 21°C it was shown that both the rate coefficient and the scavenger capacity increased significantly with higher RH. However, below 54% RH, there was no detectable reaction. For optimum scavenger performance we therefore recommend GA-based scavengers for packaging of food products with a high water activity stored at room temperature. Prior to application, the packaging materials with GA-based scavengers can be stored at 21°C and 54% RH without losing their scavenger activity. The results of this study provide the basis for the functional design of active packaging systems with GA-based oxygen scavengers

Cortical thickness and resting-state cardiac function across the lifespan: a cross-sectional pooled mega analysis

Understanding the association between autonomic nervous system [ANS] function and brain morphology across the lifespan provides important insights into neurovisceral mechanisms underlying health and disease. Resting state ANS activity, indexed by measures of heart rate [HR] and its variability [HRV] has been associated with brain morphology, particularly cortical thickness [CT]. While findings have been mixed regarding the anatomical distribution and direction of the associations, these inconsistencies may be due to sex and age differences in HR/HRV and CT. Previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes, which impede the assessment of sex differences and aging effects on the association between ANS function and CT. To overcome these limitations, 20 groups worldwide contributed data collected under similar protocols of CT assessment and HR/HRV recording to be pooled in a mega-analysis (N = 1,218 (50.5% female), mean age 36.7 years (range: 12-87)). Findings suggest a decline in HRV as well as CT with increasing age. CT, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex, explained additional variance in HRV, beyond the effects of aging. This pattern of results may suggest that the decline in HRV with increasing age is related to a decline in orbitofrontal CT. These effects were independent of sex and specific to HRV; with no significant association between CT and HR. Greater CT across the adult lifespan may be vital for the maintenance of healthy cardiac regulation via the ANS – or greater cardiac vagal activity as indirectly reflected in HRV may slow brain atrophy. Findings reveal an important association between cortical thickness and cardiac parasympathetic activity with implications for healthy aging and longevity that should be studied further in longitudinal research

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the reaction kinetics of an oxygen scavenger based on gallic acid

Gallic acid (GA) is a potential oxygen scavenger for food packaging applications. In this study we investigated the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the reaction kinetics of an oxygen scavenger consisting of GA and sodium carbonate. The reaction was described by a second-order kinetic law and the reaction rate coefficient k as well as the scavenger capacity n were determined from experimental data using a multiple-run downhill simplex method. Both the rate coefficient and the scavenger capacity increased significantly with higher temperatures. At 21°C it was shown that both the rate coefficient and the scavenger capacity increased significantly with higher RH. However, below 54% RH, there was no detectable reaction. For optimum scavenger performance we therefore recommend GA-based scavengers for packaging of food products with a high water activity stored at room temperature. Prior to application, the packaging materials with GA-based scavengers can be stored at 21°C and 54% RH without losing their scavenger activity. The results of this study provide the basis for the functional design of active packaging systems with GA-based oxygen scavengers

Hygroexpansion and surface roughness cause defects and increase the electrical resistivity of physical vapor deposited aluminum coatings on paper

Aluminum coatings, which are applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD), have to be virtually defect-free in barrier applications for the packaging industry. When aluminum is applied to paper, hygroexpansion and substrate roughness can impair the aluminum coating. Neither effect is easy to detect by microscopy, but both can manifest as an increase in electrical resistance. Here, we quantified the effect of substrate paper hygroexpansion and surface roughness on the effective resistivity ρEFF of aluminum coatings. The sheet resistance of aluminum coated onto four different rough paper surfaces was measured via eddy currents at different relative humidity (0%–95%). The mass of aluminum per unit area was determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). We calculated ρEFF based on the measured resistance and aluminum mass per unit area, combined with a value for aluminum density from the literature. The substrate roughness was proportional to ρEFF. Relative humidity correlated with the moisture content of the paper substrate according to the Guggenheim, Anderson, and De Boer (GAB) equation, whereas the moisture content showed a linear correlation with hygroexpansion. At relative humidity of up to 50%, hygroexpansion was linearly correlated with the increase in ρEFF, which is related to the mechanical straining and deformation of aluminum. At higher humidity, aluminum started to crack first on rough substrates and later on smooth substrates. The increase in ρEFF was larger on rough substrates. The findings highlight the need for information about substrate roughness, humidity, and hygroexpansion when eddy current measurement results are compared, and will help to ensure that aluminum coatings, applied by PVD, are defect-free

Comparison of thickness determination methods for physical-vapor-deposited aluminum coatings in packaging applications

Methods used to determine the aluminum coating thickness on polymer films may not measure the geometrical thickness directly but may instead measure the mass or other properties, thus leading to different thickness values. Common methods include the determination of evaporation rates using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and the quantitative analysis of dissolved aluminum ions by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which provide mass thickness values. Alternatively, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and interference (INT) across the step of a partially removed aluminum layer yield geometrical values, and optical density (OD) and electrical resistance (ER) measure other properties. We compared the ability of these methods to determine the thickness of aluminum coatings applied to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and paper by physical vapor deposition. We measured ER using four-point probes, five-point probes, and eddy currents. ER and OD achieved high precision but low accuracy, showing that the resistivity and absorption coefficients of thin aluminum layers can deviate from bulk constants. When the constant values were adjusted, both methods achieved higher accuracy. ICP-MS and QCM values were similar, when a geometrical model was applied, and in comparison AFM and INT showed low precision but high accuracy. When the aluminum was applied to paper instead of PET, only ICP-MS generated reliable results. In summary, the values derived using these different methods are only in agreement when method-specific constants such as absorption coefficients and resistivity are suitably modified

A functional connectome phenotyping dataset including cognitive state and personality measures

International audienceThe dataset enables exploration of higher-order cognitive faculties, self-generated mental experience, and personality features in relation to the intrinsic functional architecture of the brain. We provide multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and a broad set of state and trait phenotypic assessments: mindwandering, personality traits, and cognitive abilities. Specifically, 194 healthy participants (between 20 and 75 years of age) filled out 31 questionnaires, performed 7 tasks, and reported 4 probes of in-scanner mindwandering. The scanning session included four 15.5-min resting-state functional MRI runs using a multiband EPI sequence and a hig h-resolution structural scan using a 3D MP2RAGE sequence. This dataset constitutes one part of the MPI-Leipzig Mind-Brain-Body database