Parent Motivational Climate, Sport Enrollment Motives, and Young Athlete Commitment and Enjoyment in Year-Round Swimming

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(5): 358-372, 2022. Parents are known to influence the athlete sport experience through motivational climates. Athletes’ perception of motivational climates and their own motives for sport participation influence enjoyment and long-term sport commitment. It is unknown, however, the extent parent motives for initially enrolling their child in a year-round sports program associate with children’s sport participation enjoyment and commitment. The purposes of this study were to (a) determine parent motives for enrolling their child (5-8 years) in year-round swimming and (b) explore the relationships of parent motives and motivational climates with child enjoyment and commitment. Parents (n = 40) completed questionnaires on enrollment motives and motivational climate, while children (n = 40) answered questions on enjoyment and commitment. Of the seven motives measured, parents enrolled children in swimming primarily for fitness benefits (M = 4.5, SD = .45) followed by skill mastery (M = 4.31, SD = .48) and fun (M = 4.10, SD = .51) reasons. Findings revealed the fitness motive was moderately, negatively correlated with the success-without-effort facet of a performance climate (r = -.50, p \u3c .01). The fun motive was moderately, positively associated with commitment (r = .43, p \u3c .01). Parent motives for enrolling their child in sport may impact the young child sport experience and long-term sport continuation via motivational climates, enjoyment, and commitment

Spanish version of Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) for the measurement of burnout in soccer players

El Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) es un cuestionario de 15 ítems que mide tres componentes del burnout en deportistas: agotamiento físico/emocional, reducida sensación de logro y devaluación de la práctica deportiva. En una investigación preliminar, el ABQ fue traducido al castellano y aplicado a una muestra de 140 jóvenes futbolistas varones. Basándonos en las conclusiones obtenidas en dicho trabajo, en el presente estudio se incluyeron enunciados alternativos para aquellos ítems cuyo funcionamiento no fue satisfactorio. Se aplicó una versión de 21 ítems a 326 futbolistas de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 23 años. Mediante análisis de ítems y análisis factorial, el cuestionario fue reducido a 15 ítems. El ajuste de la estructura tridimensional hipotetizada se comprobó mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, obteniéndose índices de ajuste aceptables con valores de ,97 para CFI; ,96 para NNFI; ,93 para GFI; ,059 para RMSEA y ,061 para RMRThe Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) is a 15-item questionnaire that comprises three subscales: emotional/physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation. In a preliminary work, the ABQ was translated into Spanish and administered to 140 male soccer players. In the present study, we include alternative statements for weaker items. A 21-item version was administered to a sample of 326 soccer players of both sexes aged 14-23 years old. Using item and factor analyses, the questionnaire was shortened to 15 items. Then, the data was submitted to confirmatory factor analysis to corroborate the usual three-factor structure. Overall fit of the model was acceptable with a value of .97 for CFI, .96 for NNFI, .93 for GFI, .059 RMSEA, and .061 for RMREsta investigación ha sido realizada con el apoyo económico del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER (SEJ2007-67278/PSIC)S

Adaptación del ABQ para la evaluación del burnout en deportistas colombianos

El Athlete Burnout Questionnaire es el instrumento más ampliamente utilizado para la medida del burnout en deportistas. Fue desarrollado por Raedeke y Smith (2001, 2009) para la evaluación de las tres subescalas que componen el síndrome: agotamiento físico/emocional, reducida sensación de logro y devaluación de la práctica deportiva. La finalidad de este estudio fue validar la versión española del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) en el contexto deportivo colombiano. Esta versión había mostrado buenas propiedades psicométricas en un estudio anterior (Arce, De Francisco, Andrade, Arce y Raedeke, 2010) por lo que se consideró adecuada para el presente trabajo. El instrumento se aplicó a 493 deportistas colombianos de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 29 años, como en la adaptación española. Análisis confirmatorios sucesivos lograron replicar la versión española del ABQ. Los índices de ajuste global del modelo mostraron un buen ajuste: el valor del cociente entre el estadístico chi-cuadrado (176.46) y sus grados de libertad (85) fue de 2.07, GFI y CFI alcanzaron un valor de .95 y NNFI mostró un valor de .94. Los valores de RMSEA y SRMR fueron de .05. Además las cargas factoriales fueron todas significativas. Con respecto a la fiabilidad del cuestionario medida mediante el Alpha de Cronbach, mostró valores entre .55 y .75. De cara al futuro, sería de interés realizar un estudio comparativo entre las características psicométricas del cuestionario con datos recogidos en una muestra colombiana y en una muestra españolaThe Athlete Burnout Questionnaire is the instrument more widely used for the measurement of burnout in athletes. It was developed by Raedeke and Smith (2001, 2009) for the evaluation of the three subscales that compose the syndrome: emotional/ physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation of the sport practice. The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) in sports Colombian context. This version was showed good psychometric properties in preview study (Arce, De Francisco, Andrade, Arce and Raedeke, 2010). So, it was considered appropriate for this present work. The instrument was applied to a sample of 493 Colombian athletes of both sexes aged 13-29 years old. Successive confirmatory factory analysis successfully replicated the Spanish version of the ABQ. The model’s global fit indices were good: the value of the quotient between the statistical chisquare (176.46) and its degrees of freedom (85) was of 2.07, GFI and CFI reached a value of .95 and NNFI showed a value of .94. The values of RMSEA and SRMR were of .05. All factorial loads were significant. The reliability of the questionnaire measured with Alpha of Cronbach, showed values between .55 and .75. With regard to future studies, it would be interesting a comparative study between the psychometric characteristics of the data collected in a Colombian sample and a Spanish sampleO Athlete Burnout Questionnaire é o instrumento usado mais extensamente para a medida do burnout nos desportistas. Foi desenvolvido por Raedeke e por Smith (2001, 2009) para a avaliação das três subescalas que compõem a síndrome: esgotamento físico/ emocional, reduzido à sensação do lucro e à desvalorização da prática do esporte. A finalidade deste estudo era validar a versão espanhola do questionário do Burnout do atleta (ABQ) no contexto colombiano do esporte. Esta versão tinha mostrado propriedades boas dos psicométricas em um estúdio prévio (Arce, De Francisco, Andrade, Arce y Raedeke, 2010), razão porque se considerou apropriado para o trabalho atual. O instrumento foi aplicado a 493 desportistas colombianos de ambos os sexos com idades entre os 13 e 29 anos, como na adaptação espanhola. As análises de confirmação sucessivas controlaram falar para trás a versão espanhola do ABQ. Os índices do ajuste global do modelo mostraram um ajuste bom: o valor do quociente entre o chi quadrado estatístico (176.46) e seus graus de liberdade (85) era de 2.07, de GFI e de CFI alcançou um valor de .95 e NNFI mostrou um valor de .94. Os valores de RMSEA e de SRMR eram de .05. Ademais as cargas fatoriais eram tudo significativas. Com respeito à confiabilidade do questionário mediu por meio do alfa de Cronbach, mostrou valores no meio .55 e .75. Enfrentando o futuro, seria de o interesse fazer um estudo comparativo entre as características dos psicométricas do questionário com dados recolhidos em uma amostra colombiana e em uma amostra espanholaS

Dieting practices, weight perceptions, and body composition: A comparison of normal weight, overweight, and obese college females

BACKGROUND: Of concern to health educators is the suggestion that college females practice diet and health behaviors that contradict the 2005 dietary guidelines for Americans. In this regard, there remain gaps in the research related to dieting among college females. Namely, do normal weight individuals diet differently from those who are overweight or obese, and are there dieting practices used by females that can be adapted to promote a healthy body weight? Since it is well recognized that females diet, this study seeks to determine the dieting practices used among normal, overweight, and obese college females (do they diet differently) and identify dieting practices that could be pursued to help these females more appropriately achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. METHODS: A total of 185 female college students aged 18 to 24 years participated in this study. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and skinfold thickness were measured to assess body composition. Surveys included a dieting practices questionnaire and a 30-day physical activity recall. Participants were classified according to body mass index (BMI) as normal weight (n = 113), overweight (n = 35), or obese (n = 21). Data were analyzed using JMP IN® software. Descriptive statistics included means, standard deviations, and frequency. Subsequent data analysis involved Pearson X(2 )and one-way analysis of variance with comparison for all pairs that were significantly different using Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test. RESULTS: Outcomes of this study indicate the majority of participants (83%) used dieting for weight loss and believed they would be 2% to 6% greater than current weight if they did not diet; normal weight, overweight, and obese groups perceived attractive weight to be 94%, 85%, and 74%, respectively, of current weight; 80% of participants reported using physical activity to control weight, although only 19% exercised at a level that would promote weight loss; only two of 15 dieting behaviors assessed differed in terms of prevalence of use among groups, which were consciously eating less than you want (44% normal weight, 57% overweight, 81% obese) and using artificial sweeteners (31% normal weight and overweight, 5% obese); and the most prevalent explicit maladaptive weight loss behavior was smoking cigarettes (used by 9% of participants) and most unhealthy was skipping breakfast (32%). CONCLUSION: Collectively, results indicate female college students, regardless of weight status, would benefit from open discussions with health educators regarding healthy and effective dieting practices to achieve/maintain a healthy body weight. The results are subject to replication among high school, middle-aged, and older females

High-intensity exercise to promote accelerated improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (HI-PACE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: African Americans have a disproportionate prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with Caucasians. Recent evidence indicates that low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level, an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, is also more prevalent in African Americans than Caucasians. Numerous studies in Caucasian populations suggest that vigorous exercise intensity may promote greater improvements in CRF and other type 2 diabetes risk factors (e.g., reduction of glucose/insulin levels, pulse wave velocity, and body fat) than moderate intensity. However, current evidence comparing health benefits of different aerobic exercise intensities on type 2 diabetes risk factors in African Americans is negligible. This is clinically important as African Americans have a greater risk for type 2 diabetes and are less likely to meet public health recommendations for physical activity than Caucasians. The purpose of the HI-PACE (High-Intensity exercise to Promote Accelerated improvements in CardiorEspiratory fitness) study is to evaluate whether high-intensity aerobic exercise elicits greater improvements in CRF, insulin action, and arterial stiffness than moderate-intensity exercise in African Americans. Methods/Design: A randomized controlled trial will be performed on overweight and obese (body mass index of 25–45 kg/m2) African Americans (35–65 years) (n = 60). Participants will be randomly assigned to moderate-intensity (MOD-INT) or high-intensity (HIGH-INT) aerobic exercise training or a non-exercise control group (CON) for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise will be performed at a heart rate associated with 45–55% and 70–80% of VO2 max in the MOD-INT and HIGH-INT groups, respectively, for an exercise dose of 600 metabolic equivalents of task (MET)-minutes per week (consistent with public health recommendations). The primary outcome is change in CRF. Secondary outcomes include change in insulin sensitivity (measured via an intravenous glucose tolerance test), skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (via near-infrared spectroscopy), skeletal muscle measurements (i.e., citrate synthase, COX IV, GLUT-4, CPT-1, and PGC1-α), arterial stiffness (via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity), body fat, C-reactive protein, and psychological outcomes (quality of life/exercise enjoyment). Discussion: The anticipated results of the HI-PACE study will provide vital information on the health effects of high-intensity exercise in African Americans. This study will advance health disparity research and has the potential to influence future public health guidelines for physical activity

Sediment source fingerprinting: benchmarking recent outputs, remaining challenges and emerging themes

Abstract: Purpose: This review of sediment source fingerprinting assesses the current state-of-the-art, remaining challenges and emerging themes. It combines inputs from international scientists either with track records in the approach or with expertise relevant to progressing the science. Methods: Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to review published papers spanning the period 2013–2019, inclusive, to confirm publication trends in quantities of papers by study area country and the types of tracers used. The most recent (2018–2019, inclusive) papers were also benchmarked using a methodological decision-tree published in 2017. Scope: Areas requiring further research and international consensus on methodological detail are reviewed, and these comprise spatial variability in tracers and corresponding sampling implications for end-members, temporal variability in tracers and sampling implications for end-members and target sediment, tracer conservation and knowledge-based pre-selection, the physico-chemical basis for source discrimination and dissemination of fingerprinting results to stakeholders. Emerging themes are also discussed: novel tracers, concentration-dependence for biomarkers, combining sediment fingerprinting and age-dating, applications to sediment-bound pollutants, incorporation of supportive spatial information to augment discrimination and modelling, aeolian sediment source fingerprinting, integration with process-based models and development of open-access software tools for data processing. Conclusions: The popularity of sediment source fingerprinting continues on an upward trend globally, but with this growth comes issues surrounding lack of standardisation and procedural diversity. Nonetheless, the last 2 years have also evidenced growing uptake of critical requirements for robust applications and this review is intended to signpost investigators, both old and new, towards these benchmarks and remaining research challenges for, and emerging options for different applications of, the fingerprinting approach

The psychology of passion: A meta-analytical review of a decade of research on intrapersonal outcomes

It is just over a decade since Vallerand et al. (J Personal Soc Psychol 85:756–767, 2003) introduced the dualistic model of passion. In this study, we conduct a meta-analytical review of relationships between Vallerand et al’s two passions (viz. harmonious and obsessive), and intrapersonal outcomes, and test the moderating role of age, gender, domain, and culture. A systematic literature search yielded 94 studies, within which 27 criterion variables were reported. These criterion variables derived from four research areas within the intrapersonal sphere: (a) well-/ill-being, (b) motivation factors, (c) cognitive outcomes and, (d) behaviour and performance. From these areas we retrieved 1308 independent effect sizes and analysed them using random-effects models. Results showed harmonious passion positively corresponded with positive intrapersonal outcomes (e.g., positive affect, flow, performance). Obsessive passion, conversely, showed positive associations with positive and negative