Study of Apollo water impact. Volume 8 - Unsymmetric shells of revolution analysis Final report

Numerical analysis of static, and dynamic shell response to water impact load

The Use of Muscle Relaxants After Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy

Paweł Radkowski,1– 3 Michał Jacewicz,2 Iwona Podlińska,2 Maria Derkaczew2 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland; 2Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland; 3Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital zum Heiligen Geist in Fritzlar, Fritzlar, GermanyCorrespondence: Maria Derkaczew, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, Email [email protected]: Patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy while being operated can suffer from different systemic problems, which may complicate the anesthetic management. Some interactions between muscle relaxants and chemotherapeutics can occur.Aim: This article aims to present the use of muscle relaxants in cancer patients who have undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Material and Methods: Our work is based on the available literature and the authors’ experience.Conclusion: Based on our observations and a thorough examination of the medical literature, it is advisable to exercise significant caution when employing muscle relaxants in individuals undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. All muscle relaxants can behave differently after chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and for this reason, practitioners should familiarize themselves with the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of their chosen muscle relaxant.Keywords: muscle relaxant, chemotherapy, radiotherap

On the Interplay between Data Overlay and Real-World Context using See-through Displays

The recent availability of affordable see-through wearable displays has fostered the development of several new interfaces and applications. Some of them take the augmented reality path, by seeking the blending of physical objects with overlaid 3D models or textual information. Some, on the other hand, are much simpler and follow a rather basic paradigm where the spatial integration between real world and data overlay is dropped. This is the case, for instance, with most applications based on Google Glass hardware, where textual data and images partially share the field of view of the user, but are not pinpointed to physical features. This is a rather important difference, since it marks the shift from a cooperative see-through mode, that characterizes proper augmented reality, to a competitive overlay, where the user attention is actually contended between real objects and displayed data. To this end, the user focus must continuously shift from one context to the other, possibly leading to both reduced productivity and usage strain. With this paper we are addressing exactly this issue. Specifically, we are assessing the role of different properties of the overlay, including the level of occlusion, the depth of the data layer, the position of the view frustum and the impact of stereo vision. Such study has been implemented by mean of a real-world evaluation which has been performed using a general purpose see-through device in a practical application scenario.The recent availability of affordable see-through wearable displays has fostered the development of several new interfaces and applications. Some of them take the augmented reality path, by seeking the blending of physical objects with overlaid 3D models or textual information. Some, on the other hand, are much simpler and follow a rather basic paradigm where the spatial integration between real world and data overlay is dropped. This is the case, for instance, with most applications based on Google Glass hardware, where textual data and images partially share the field of view of the user, but are not pinpointed to physical features. This is a rather important difference, since it marks the shift from a cooperative see-through mode, that characterizes proper augmented reality, to a competitive overlay, where the user attention is actually contended between real objects and displayed data. To this end, the user focus must continuously shift from one context to the other, possibly leading to both reduced productivity and usage strain. With this paper we are addressing exactly this issue. Specifically, we are assessing the role of different properties of the overlay, including the level of occlusion, the depth of the data layer, the position of the view frustum and the impact of stereo vision. Such study has been implemented by mean of a real-world evaluation which has been performed using a general purpose see-through device in a practical application scenario

Thermal conductivity and thermal boundary resistance of nanostructures

International audienceWe present a fabrication process of low-cost superlattices and simulations related with the heat dissipation on them. The influence of the interfacial roughness on the thermal conductivity of semiconductor/semiconductor superlattices was studied by equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and on the Kapitza resistance of superlattice's interfaces by equilibrium molecular dynamics. The non-equilibrium method was the tool used for the prediction of the Kapitza resistance for a binary semiconductor/metal system. Physical explanations are provided for rationalizing the simulation results

Differential immunodominance hierarchy OF CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-B*27:05 AND B*27:02-mediated control of HIV-1 infection

The well-characterized association between HLA-B*27:05 and protection against HIV disease progression has been linked to immunodominant HLA-B*27:05-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses toward the conserved Gag KK10 (residues 263 to 272) and polymerase (Pol) KY9 (residues 901 to 909) epitopes. We studied the impact of the 3 amino acid differences between HLA-B*27:05 and the closely related HLA-B*27:02 on the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response hierarchy and on immune control of HIV. Genetic epidemiological data indicate that both HLA-B*27:02 and HLA-B*27:05 are associated with slower disease progression and lower viral loads. The effect of HLA-B*27:02 appeared to be consistently stronger than that of HLA-B*27:05. In contrast to HLA-B*27:05, the immunodominant HIV-specific HLA-B*27:02-restricted CD8+ T-cell response is to a Nef epitope (residues 142 to 150 [VW9]), with Pol KY9 subdominant and Gag KK10 further subdominant. This selection was driven by structural differences in the F pocket, mediated by a polymorphism between these two HLA alleles at position 81. Analysis of autologous virus sequences showed that in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, all three of these CD8+ T-cell responses impose selection pressure on the virus, whereas in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, there is no Nef VW9-mediated selection pressure. These studies demonstrate that HLA-B*27:02 mediates protection against HIV disease progression that is at least as strong as or stronger than that mediated by HLA-B*27:05. In combination with the protective Gag KK10 and Pol KY9 CD8+ T-cell responses that dominate HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, a Nef VW9-specific response is additionally present and immunodominant in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, mediated through a polymorphism at residue 81 in the F pocket, that contributes to selection pressure against HIV

Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Induces Neuroimmune Activation and Potentiates Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Neurotoxicity

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomes and proteins are present in human brain tissues although the impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on neuropathogenesis remains unclear. Herein, we investigate HCV infectivity and effects on neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in conjunction with HIV infection. METHODOLOGY: Human microglia, astrocyte and neuron cultures were infected with cell culture-derived HCV or exposed to HCV core protein with or without HIV-1 infection or HIV-1 Viral Protein R (Vpr) exposure. Host immune gene expression and cell viability were measured. Patch-clamp studies of human neurons were performed in the presence or absence of HCV core protein. Neurobehavioral performance and neuropathology were examined in HIV-1 Vpr-transgenic mice in which stereotaxic intrastriatal implants of HCV core protein were performed. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: HCV-encoded RNA as well as HCV core and non-structural 3 (NS3) proteins were detectable in human microglia and astrocytes infected with HCV. HCV core protein exposure induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in microglia (p<0.05) but not in astrocytes while increased chemokine (e.g. CXCL10 and interleukin-8) expression was observed in both microglia and astrocytes (p<0.05). HCV core protein modulated neuronal membrane currents and reduced both β-III-tubulin and lipidated LC3-II expression (p<0.05). Neurons exposed to supernatants from HCV core-activated microglia exhibited reduced β-III-tubulin expression (p<0.05). HCV core protein neurotoxicity and interleukin-6 induction were potentiated by HIV-1 Vpr protein (p<0.05). HIV-1 Vpr transgenic mice implanted with HCV core protein showed gliosis, reduced neuronal counts together with diminished LC3 immunoreactivity. HCV core-implanted animals displayed neurobehavioral deficits at days 7 and 14 post-implantation (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HCV core protein exposure caused neuronal injury through suppression of neuronal autophagy in addition to neuroimmune activation. The additive neurotoxic effects of HCV- and HIV-encoded proteins highlight extrahepatic mechanisms by which HCV infection worsens the disease course of HIV infection

Human cell types important for Hepatitis C Virus replication in vivo and in vitro. Old assertions and current evidence

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a single stranded RNA virus which produces negative strand RNA as a replicative intermediate. We analyzed 75 RT-PCR studies that tested for negative strand HCV RNA in liver and other human tissues. 85% of the studies that investigated extrahepatic replication of HCV found one or more samples positive for replicative RNA. Studies using in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and quasispecies analysis also demonstrated the presence of replicating HCV in various extrahepatic human tissues, and provide evidence that HCV replicates in macrophages, B cells, T cells, and other extrahepatic tissues. We also analyzed both short term and long term in vitro systems used to culture HCV. These systems vary in their purposes and methods, but long term culturing of HCV in B cells, T cells, and other cell types has been used to analyze replication. It is therefore now possible to study HIV-HCV co-infections and HCV replication in vitro

The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae

In 1967, it was reported that experimental inoculation of serum from a surgeon (G.B.) with acute hepatitis into tamarins resulted in hepatitis. In 1995, two new members of the family Flaviviridae, named GBV-A and GBV-B, were identified in tamarins that developed hepatitis following inoculation with the 11th GB passage. Neither virus infects humans, and a number of GBV-A variants were identified in wild New World monkeys that were captured. Subsequently, a related human virus was identified [named GBV-C or hepatitis G virus (HGV)], and recently a more distantly related virus (named GBV-D) was discovered in bats. Only GBV-B, a second species within the genus Hepacivirus (type species hepatitis C virus), has been shown to cause hepatitis; it causes acute hepatitis in experimentally infected tamarins. The other GB viruses have however not been assigned to a genus within the family Flaviviridae. Based on phylogenetic relationships, genome organization and pathogenic features of the GB viruses, we propose to classify GBV-A-like viruses, GBV-C and GBV-D as members of a fourth genus in the family Flaviviridae, named Pegivirus (pe, persistent; g, GB or G). We also propose renaming ‘GB’ viruses within the tentative genus Pegivirus to reflect their host origin

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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