A manual on adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome with special reference to American Indians.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a major concern in communities where women drink heavily. The abuse of alcohol represents in many ways the most devastating affliction of American Indians and Alaska Natives. This report is based on information gained from the FAS Follow-Up Study which involved assessments of 61 adolescents and adults who previously had been given a diagnosis of FAS or Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), and interviews with their families, school teachers, and social service personnel. The manual is directed toward those who are involved with giving care and providing services to FAS and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) adolescents and adults. This manual is intended to make available the latest information about FAS, especially that related to older children and adolescents

Seawater alkalinity determination by the pH method

The coefficient fH used in the seawater alkalinity method of Anderson and Robinson (1946), has been redetermined at 25°C. We have found that fH = 0.741 ±0,005 for salinities between 30‰ and 41‰…

A dynamic partial order model of electrolyte solutions

The purpose of this work was to develop a dynamic partial order model of II electrolyte solutions which avoids inconsistencies present in the Debye-1-Iuckel and 1n related theories. It is shown that our results are consistent with activity coefficient data in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The main features of our work are a partial long-range order which increase s with concentration due to the increase in the coulombic energy of interaction and decreases with temperature, a contribution from ionic fluctuations because it is shown that displacen,ent:s fro1n average positions lead to a symmetric increase in ene1·g, which is not cancelled out, and .a hydration correction for the effect of hydration upon the effective ionic concentrations. Ions a1·e given partial counter-ion character as a function of the degree of order so that the free energy of ionic interactions can be calculated rigorously, as if the lattice were perfect, without resort to cluster integrals in the case of single salt solutions

The effect of Mg-to-Ca ratio ratios in artificial seawater, at different ionic products, upon the induction time, and the mineralogy of calcium carbonate: a laboratory study

The effects of the Mg2+ ion concentration and the ionic products of carbonate upon the induction time for the onset of precipitation and the different mineralogies of calcium carbonates were studied. It was shown that Mg2+ ions delay the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate from supersaturated solutions (e.g. seawater) with respect to calcium carbonate mineral to such an extent that only biogenic removal of skeletal calcium carbonate is possible from the open ocean. Low concentrations of magnesium ions in solution favor calcite formation while aragonite is formed at high magnesium concentrations. The mole% of MgCO3 in magnesian calcite increases with the increase of (Mg2+) in solution and with the increase of (CO32−) in the presence of (Mg2+) in solution. Therefore, one would expect that high Mg-calcite is formed in wormed coastal regions, where high temperature and or the increase of photosynthesis activities tend to expel CO2 and increase supersaturation, and low-magnesian calcite is favored in meteoric-vadose environment where low concentration of magnesium ions or in burial environment where respiration and oxidation is high and decrease supersaturation

L’Intelligence Collective dans la Conception et le Déploiement d’une Unité d’Enseignement Transversale et Interdisciplinaire à Grande Échelle : l’UE CATI

L’Unité d’Enseignement (UE) CATI est basée sur l’apprentissage par projets, la transversalité et l’interdisciplinarité de sa conception jusqu’à sa valorisation. Expérimentées pour la première2fois en 2020-2021 pour les 1086 étudiants de 1ʳᵉ année de licence inscrits au sein de l’institut sciences et techniques de CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), la construction et la réalisation en apprentissage par projet d’une UE interdisciplinaire de cette envergure ont été rendues possibles par l’implication de plusieurs acteurs, en mobilisant les principes de l’intelligence collective.Dans cet article, nous indiquerons comment l’intégration des principes de l’intelligence collective à toutes les étapes a permis d’engager et de mettre en mouvement ces différents acteurs : la conception de l’UE par 15 enseignants issus de 8 départements disciplinaires, sa mise en oeuvre/animation par 44 étudiants-tuteurs, eux-mêmes accompagnés par deux services distincts de l’université, a permis au millier d’étudiants de 1ʳᵉ année organisés en 143 groupes autonomes, de travailler en apprentissage par projet, de produire dans les délais imposés des livrables ancrés dans des problématiques sociétales et territoriales

Oxygen utilization rate (OUR) underestimates ocean respiration: A model study

We use a simple 1-D model representing an isolated density surface in the ocean and 3-D global ocean biogeochemical models to evaluate the concept of computing the subsurface oceanic oxygen utilization rate (OUR) from the changes of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and water age. The distribution of AOU in the ocean is not only the imprint of respiration in the ocean's interior but is strongly influenced by transport processes and eventually loss at the ocean surface. Since AOU and water age are subject to advection and diffusive mixing, it is only when they are affected both in the same way that OUR represents the correct rate of oxygen consumption. This is the case only when advection prevails or with uniform respiration rates, when the proportions of AOU and age are not changed by transport. In experiments with the 1-D tube model, OUR underestimates respiration when maximum respiration rates occur near the outcrops of isopycnals and overestimates when maxima occur far from the outcrops. Given the distribution of respiration in the ocean, i.e., elevated rates near high-latitude outcrops of isopycnals and low rates below the oligotrophic gyres, underestimates are the rule. Integrating these effects globally in three coupled ocean biogeochemical and circulation models, we find that AOU-over-age based calculations underestimate true model respiration by a factor of 3. Most of this difference is observed in the upper 1000 m of the ocean with the discrepancies increasing toward the surface where OUR underestimates respiration by as much as factor of 4

Ionic Interactions in Biological and Physical Systems: a Variational Treatment

Chemistry is about chemical reactions. Chemistry is about electrons changing their configurations as atoms and molecules react. Chemistry studies reactions as if they occurred in ideal infinitely dilute solutions. But most reactions occur in nonideal solutions. Then everything (charged) interacts with everything else (charged) through the electric field, which is short and long range extending to boundaries of the system. Mathematics has recently been developed to deal with interacting systems of this sort. The variational theory of complex fluids has spawned the theory of liquid crystals. In my view, ionic solutions should be viewed as complex fluids. In both biology and electrochemistry ionic solutions are mixtures highly concentrated (~10M) where they are most important, near electrodes, nucleic acids, enzymes, and ion channels. Calcium is always involved in biological solutions because its concentration in a particular location is the signal that controls many biological functions. Such interacting systems are not simple fluids, and it is no wonder that analysis of interactions, such as the Hofmeister series, rooted in that tradition, has not succeeded as one would hope. We present a variational treatment of hard spheres in a frictional dielectric. The theory automatically extends to spatially nonuniform boundary conditions and the nonequilibrium systems and flows they produce. The theory is unavoidably self-consistent since differential equations are derived (not assumed) from models of (Helmholtz free) energy and dissipation of the electrolyte. The origin of the Hofmeister series is (in my view) an inverse problem that becomes well posed when enough data from disjoint experimental traditions are interpreted with a self-consistent theory.Comment: As prepared for Faraday Discussion, Pavel Jungwirth Organizer, 3 - 5 September 2012, Queens College Oxford, UK on Ion Specific Hofmeister Effects. Version 2 has significant typo corrections in eq. 1 and eq. 4, and has been reformatted to be easier to rea