Analyse de cas comparative entre les consommateurs de pornographie juvénile et les consommateurs qui agressent sexuellement des enfants

Rapport de stage présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de M. Sc. en criminologie option stage et interventionDans les médias, les termes « agressions sexuelles sur des mineurs » et « pornographie juvénile » sont automatiquement associés à la pédophilie. Pour clarifier la terminologie, de nombreux chercheurs se sont attardés sur le sujet. Il en ressort que des gestes sexuels commis sur un enfant ne sont pas nécessairement des actes pédophiliques. Le présent rapport de stage s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux profils des consommateurs de pornographie juvénile et s’il y a des différences entre ces derniers et les consommateurs de pornographie juvénile qui commettent également des agressions sexuelles sur des mineurs. Pour ce faire, un état des connaissances a été réalisé dans les premiers chapitres. Un stage de 80 jours a également été fait au Centre d’Intervention en Délinquance Sexuelle (CIDS) de Laval. De plus, des entretiens semi-structurés auprès de six clients ont été effectués dans les bureaux du CIDS et de l’Établissement de détention de Montréal. Deux participants ont été accusés de possession de pornographie juvénile, deux autres participants ont été accusés de contacts sexuels sur des mineurs et les deux derniers participants ont les deux types d’accusations. Cette analyse de cas a permis de constater que seulement une partie des éléments avancés dans la littérature sont en concordance avec la réalité des délinquants sexuels. Les éléments qui concordent partiellement ou pas du tout ont également été mis de l’avant. À la lumière de ces résultats, des suggestions ont été apportées afin d’aider les milieux communautaires à intégrer les faits concluants des recherches à leur pratique professionnelle. De plus, ces suggestions pourront permettre aux chercheurs de tenir compte de la réalité des milieux en intervention et de l’inclure dans leurs futures recherches.In the medias, terms like « sexual aggressions against children » and « child pornography » are automatically associated to pedophilia. To clarify the terminology, many researchers have focused on this topic. In fact, sexual assaults committed on children doesn’t necessarily mean pedophilic acts. This internship report focuses more specifically on the profiles of the consumers of child pornography and whether there are differences between them and the consumers who also commit sexual assaults on minors. To do so, a state of knowledge was realized in the first chapters. An internship of 80 days was also accomplished at the Center for Intervention in Sexual Delinquency (CISD) in Laval. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews with six clients were conducted at the CISD and at the Établissement de détention de Montréal. Of these participants, two were charged with possession of child pornography, two were charged with sexual contact on minors and the last two had both types of charges. This analysis revealed that only a few facts advanced in the literature are consistent with the reality of sex offenders. The items that do not match or partially match were also put forward. Suggestions have also been made to help community-based organisms to integrate the conclusive facts of the research into their professional practice. Moreover, these suggestions could allow research to take into consideration the reality of the intervention environments and to include it in their future researches

La constitution américaine au service du Tea Party, ou, Comment utiliser les valeurs fondamentales de l'identité américaine comme moyen de discrédit

Dans le cadre du présent mémoire, nous chercherons à démontrer par quels moyens le Tea Party, mouvance ultraconservatrice américaine, utilise la Constitution et son caractère symbolique pour discréditer ses adversaires politiques aux yeux de la population. Notre hypothèse principale est que le mouvement s'appuie sur certains traits identitaires protégés par la Constitution ou découlant de son application, pour signifier qu'une atteinte à la Constitution est nécessairement équivalente à un préjudice commis envers l'identité américaine. Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons une approche culturelle de la politique américaine, qui met l'emphase sur l'apport des croyances, valeurs et mythes partagés par une population et qui ultimement justifient ses comportements politiques, pour déterminer les motivations derrière la rhétorique du mouvement. D'autre part, nous aborderons les critères de l'identité américaine qui seront recherchés dans les discours du mouvement, en mettant notamment de l'avant les notions de style national et d'exceptionnalisme américain, qui nous permettront de cerner les valeurs, perceptions et mythes qui s'inscrivent dans les postulats de l'approche culturelle. De plus, afin de déterminer l'importance qu'occupe la Constitution chez les Américains, justifiant du même coup son instrumentalisation par le Tea Party, nous soulèverons le phénomène de sacralisation de la Constitution selon lequel associer le texte constitutionnel à la Bible en fait un document au-dessus de toute critique. Finalement, nous nous pencherons sur l'étude de cas en soulevant trois stratégies discursives privilégiées par le mouvement et mettant en rapport la Constitution et certains traits de l'identité américaine, soit le culte des Pères fondateurs, l'usage du caractère sacré de la Constitution et l'antiaméricanisme, pour démontrer de manière concrète comment le Tea Party cherche à dénoncer les actions de ses adversaires en clamant haut et fort qu'ils ne respectent pas la Constitution.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Tea Party, Constitution américaine, Pères fondateurs, Originalisme, Approche culturelle de la politique américaine, Antiaméricanisme, Sacralisation de la Constitution, Style paranoïaqu

Medication use by middle-aged and older participants of an exercise study: results from the Brain in Motion study

BACKGROUND: Over the past 50 years, there has been an increase in the utilization of prescribed, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and natural health products. Although it is known that medication use is common among older persons, accurate data on the patterns of use, including the quantity and type of medications consumed in a generally healthy older population from a Canadian perspective are lacking. In this study, we study the pattern of medication use in a sedentary but otherwise healthy older persons use and determined if there was an association between medication use and aerobic fitness level. METHODS: All participants enrolled in the Brain in Motion study provided the name, formulation, dosage and frequency of any medications they were consuming at the time of their baseline assessment. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO(2)max) was determined on each participant. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy one participants (mean age 65.9 ± 6.5 years; range 55–92; 54.6% females) were enrolled. Most were taking one or more (1+) prescribed medication (n = 204, 75.3%), 1+ natural health product (n = 221, 81.5%) and/or 1+ over-the-counter (OTC) drug (n = 174, 64.2%). The most commonly used prescribed medications were HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) (n = 52, 19.2%). The most common natural health product was vitamin D (n = 201, 74.2%). For OTC drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (n = 82, 30.3%) were the most common. Females were more likely than males to take 1+ OTC medications, as well as supplements. Those over 65 years of age were more likely to consume prescription drugs than their counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). Subjects taking more than two prescribed or OTC medications were less physically fit as determined by their VO(2)max. The average daily Vitamin D intake was 1896.3 IU per participant. CONCLUSIONS: Medication use was common in otherwise healthy older individuals. Consumption was higher among females and those older than 65 years. Vitamin D intake was over two-fold higher than the recommended 800 IU/day for older persons, but within the tolerable upper intake of 4,000 IU/day. The appropriateness of the high rate of medication use in this generally healthy population deserves further investigation

Public Libraries and Democratization in Three Developing Countries: Exploring the Role of Social Capital

This article explores the role of social capital. The authors develop a theoretical framework intended to facilitate systematic investigation of the contributions public libraries may make to democratization

Editorial

Editorial for the June 2022 issue

The reliability of observational approaches for detecting interspecific parasite interactions:comparison with experimental results

Interactions among coinfecting parasites have the potential to alter host susceptibility to infection, the progression of disease and the efficacy of disease control measures. It is therefore essential to be able to accurately infer the occurrence and direction of such interactions from parasitological data. Due to logistical constraints, perturbation experiments are rarely undertaken to directly detect interactions, therefore a variety of approaches are commonly used to infer them from patterns of parasite association in observational data. However, the reliability of these various approaches is not known. We assess the ability of a range of standard analytical approaches to detect known interactions between infections of nematodes and intestinal coccidia (Eimeria) in natural small-mammal populations, as revealed by experimental perturbations. We show that correlation-based approaches are highly unreliable, often predicting strong and highly significant associations between nematodes and Eimeria in the opposite direction to the underlying interaction. The most reliable methods involved longitudinal analyses, in which the nematode infection status of individuals at one month is related to the infection status by Eimeria the next month. Even then, however, we suggest these approaches are only viable for certain types of infections and datasets. Overall we suggest that, in the absence of experimental approaches, careful consideration be given to the choice of statistical approach when attempting to infer interspecific interactions from observational data

The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global-scale drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS. Identifying drivers of infectious disease patterns and impacts at the broadest scales of organisation is one of the most crucial challenges for modern science, yet answers to many fundamental questions remain elusive. These include what factors commonly facilitate transmission of pathogens to novel host species, what drives variation in immune investment among host species, and more generally what drives global patterns of parasite diversity and distribution? Here we consider how the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology. In particular, emerging approaches are providing new insights about scaling properties across all living taxa, and new strategies for mapping pathogen biodiversity and infection risk. Ultimately, macroecology is establishing a framework to more accurately predict global patterns of infectious disease distribution and emergence

Assessing the Effect of Disturbances on Ectomycorrhiza Diversity

Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) communities can be described on a species level or on a larger scale at an ecosystem level. Here we show that the species level approach of successional processes in ECM communities is not appropriate for understanding the diversity patterns of ECM communities at contaminated sites. An ecosystem based approach improves predictability since different biotic and abiotic factors are included. However, it still does not take into account the hierarchical structure of the ecosystem. We suggest that diversity patterns of ECMs communities in forests can best be investigated at three levels. This hypothetical approach for investigation can be tested at sites of secondary succession in areas contaminated with metals. Once the diversity patterns are appropriately described by a hierarchical ecosystem approach, to the species level is used to explain these patterns by populational and ecotoxicological mechanisms