SEM-EDX Study of the Degradation Process of Two Xenograft Materials Used in Sinus Lift Procedures

Some studies have demonstrated that in vivo degradation processes are influenced by the material’s physico-chemical properties. The present study compares two hydroxyapatites manufactured on an industrial scale, deproteinized at low and high temperatures, and how physico-chemical properties can influence the mineral degradation process of material performance in bone biopsies retrieved six months after maxillary sinus augmentation. Residual biomaterial particles were examined by field scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the composition and degree of degradation of the bone graft substitute material. According to the EDX analysis, the Ca/P ratio significantly lowered in the residual biomaterial (1.08 ± 0.32) compared to the initial composition (2.22 ± 0.08) for the low-temperature sintered group, which also presented high porosity, low crystallinity, low density, a large surface area, poor stability, and a high resorption rate compared to the high-temperature sintered material. This demonstrates that variations in the physico-chemical properties of bone substitute material clearly influence the degradation process. Further studies are needed to determine whether the resorption of deproteinized bone particles proceeds slowly enough to allow sufficient time for bone maturation to occur.Odontologí

Chapter Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Methotrexate Resistance in Melanoma

Endocrinolog

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Methotrexate Resistance in Melanoma

Endocrinolog

Role of VEGF polymorphisms in the susceptibility and severity of interstitial lung disease

The search for biomarkers that can help to establish an early diagnosis and prognosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) is of potential interest. VEGF polymorphisms have been implicated in the development of several lung disorders. Consequently, we assessed, for the first time, the role of VEGF polymorphisms in the susceptibility and severity of ILD. A total of 436 Caucasian ILD patients (244 with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) and 192 with non-IIP) and 536 ethnically-matched healthy controls were genotyped for VEGF rs833061, rs1570360, rs2010963, rs3025020, and rs3025039 polymorphisms by TaqMan assays. Pulmonary function tests were collected from all the patients. VEGF serum levels were determined by ELISA in a subgroup of patients. No VEGF genotype, allele, carrier, or haplotype differences were found between ILD patients and controls as well as between IIP and non-IIP patients. However, an association of rs1570360 with IIP in women and also with lung function in IIP patients was found. None of the VEGF polymorphisms were associated with VEGF levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that VEGF does not seem to play a relevant role in ILD, although rs1570360 may influence the severity of ILD in women and a worse outcome in IIP patients.Funding: This research was partially supported by a grant from Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR 474-2017). S.R.-M. was supported by funds of the RETICS Program (RD16/0012/0009) from the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCIII), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund. V.P.-C. was supported by a pre-doctoral grant from IDIVAL (PREVAL 18/01). B.A.-M. was recipient of a “López Albo” post-residency program funded by Servicio Cántabro de Salud. L.L.-G. was supported by funds from IDIVAL (INNVAL 20/06). O.G. was beneficiary of a grant funded by Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional and Consellería de Economía, Emprego e Industria (GAIN), GPC IN607B2019/10. R.L.-M. was a recipient of a Miguel Servet type I program fellowship from the ISCIII, co-funded by the ESF, “Investing in your future” (grant CP16/00033)

Influence of MUC5B gene on antisynthetase syndrome

ABSTRACT: MUC5B rs35705950 (G/T) is strongly associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and also contributes to the risk of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP). Due to this, we evaluated the implication of MUC5B rs35705950 in antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD), a pathology characterised by a high ILD incidence. 160 patients with ASSD (142 with ILD associated with ASSD [ASSD-ILD+]), 232 with ILD unrelated to ASSD (comprising 161 IPF, 27 RA-ILD and 44 CHP) and 534 healthy controls were genotyped. MUC5B rs35705950 frequency did not significantly differ between ASSD-ILD+ patients and healthy controls nor when ASSD patients were stratified according to the presence/absence of anti Jo-1 antibodies or ILD. No significant differences in MUC5B rs35705950 were also observed in ASSD-ILD+ patients with a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern when compared to those with a non-UIP pattern. However, a statistically significant decrease of MUC5B rs35705950 GT, TT and T frequencies in ASSD-ILD+ patients compared to patients with ILD unrelated to ASSD was observed. In summary, our study does not support a role of MUC5B rs35705950 in ASSD. It also indicates that there are genetic differences between ILD associated with and that unrelated to ASSD.We are indebted to the patients and healthy controls for their essential collaboration to this study. We also thank the National DNA Bank Repository (Salamanca) for supplying part of the control samples. This study was partially supported by grants from the Foundation for Research in Rheumatology (FOREUM). RL-M is a recipient of a Miguel Servet type I programme fellowship from the ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (ISCIII), co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF, ‘Investing in your future’) (grant CP16/00033). SR-M is supported by funds of the RETICS Program (RD16/0012/0009), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). VP-C is supported by a pre-doctoral grant from IDIVAL (PREVAL 18/01). VM is supported by funds of a Miguel Servet type I programme (grant CP16/00033) (ISCIII, co-funded by ESF). LL-G is supported by funds of PI18/00042 (ISCIII, co-funded by ERDF). OG is Staff Personnel of Xunta de Galicia (Servizo Galego de Saude, SERGAS) through a research-staff stabilization contract (ISCIII/SERGAS). OG,is member of RETICS Programme, RD16/0012/0014 (RIER: Red de Investigación en Inflamación y Enfermedades Reumáticas) via Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and FEDER. The work of OG (PI17/00409), was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and FEDER. OG is a beneficiary of a project funded by Research Executive Agency of the European Union in the framework of MSCA-RISE Action of the H2020 Programme (Project number 734899). OG is beneficiary of a grant funded by Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional and Consellería de Economía, Emprego e Industria (GAIN), GPC IN607B2019/10

Investigación aplicada y desarrollo tecnológico

Este libro consolida los resultados de proyectos de investigación aplicada y desarrollo tecnológico realizados en el Centro de Comercio, Industria y Turismo - Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (Sena) - Regional Córdoba. Proyectos financiados por el Sistema de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación del SENA- SENNOVA y liderado por los Grupos de Investigación del Centro: Grupo de Investigación Comercio, Industria y Turismo-GICIT y Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Ambientales Aplicadas-GICAP.This book consolidates the results of applied research and technological development projects carried out at the Center for Commerce, Industry and Tourism - National Learning Service (Sena) - Córdoba Regional. Projects financed by the SENA-SENNOVA Research, Technological Development and Innovation System and led by the Center's Research Groups: Trade, Industry and Tourism Research Group-GICIT and Applied Environmental Sciences Research Group-GICAP.Aprovechamiento de los residuos orgánicos generados en el Centro de Comercio, industria y turismo CCIT del SENA regional Córdoba, para la elaboración de compost -- Formulación e implementación de un plan de manejo integral de residuos sólidos en el Centro de Comercio Industria y Turismo - CCIT del SENA Regional Córdoba -- Análisis comparativo de indicadores de la calidad del agua del río Sinú municipio de montería, Córdoba -- Evaluación de los niveles de ruido ambiental en la zona de influencia de las instalaciones del Centro de Comercio, Industria y Turismo “CCIT” del SENA regional Córdoba -- Diseño de una estrategia para la implementación de la historia clínica única electronica en hospitales de primer nivel del departamento de Córdoba, para la eficiencia en el manejo de la información -- Panorama de la estructura organizacional logística, de las empresas comercializadoras de productos de la ciudad de Montería -- Utilización de la harina de frijol Caupi (Vigna unguiculata) para mejorar la calidad nutricional de las masas para alimentos congelados -- Caracterización del agua residual de la laguna de oxidación del municipio de lorica y su incidencia sobre la calidad ambiental de la ciénaga Juan Lara a partir de su evaluación fisioquímica y microbiológica -- Diseño e implementación de una App “Manager C” para la medición de archivos y el calculo administrativo y logístico de proyectos archivísticos -- Plataforma de comunicación TIC/TAC soportado en tecnología IPTV como un medio para la divulgación de procesos de aprendizaje e investigación del Centro de Industria y Turismo Regional Córdoba a través de contenidos multimedia.na104 página

Role of MUC1 rs4072037 polymorphism and serum KL-6 levels in patients with antisynthetase syndrome

Mucin 1/Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) is proposed as a serum biomarker of several interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including connective tissue disorders associated with ILD. However, it has not been studied in a large cohort of Caucasian antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD) patients. Consequently, we assessed the role of MUC1 rs4072037 and serum KL-6 levels as a potential biomarker of ASSD susceptibility and for the differential diagnosis between patients with ILD associated with ASSD (ASSD-ILD +) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). 168 ASSD patients (149 ASSD-ILD +), 174 IPF patients and 523 healthy controls were genotyped for MUC1 rs4072037 T > C. Serum KL-6 levels were determined in a subgroup of individuals. A significant increase of MUC1 rs4072037 CC genotype and C allele frequencies was observed in ASSD patients compared to healthy controls. Likewise, MUC1 rs4072037 TC and CC genotypes and C allele frequencies were significantly different between ASSD-ILD+ and IPF patients. Additionally, serum KL-6 levels were significantly higher in ASSD patients compared to healthy controls. Nevertheless, no differences in serum KL-6 levels were found between ASSD-ILD+ and IPF patients. Our results suggest that the presence of MUC1 rs4072037 C allele increases the risk of ASSD and it could be a useful genetic biomarker for the differential diagnosis between ASSD-ILD+ and IPF patients

Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and total cancer risk in an adult cohort from Southern Spain: Preliminary data from year 9 of the follow-up

There is an increasing trend in the incidence of cancer worldwide, and it has been accepted that environmental factors account for an important proportion of the global burden. The present paper reports preliminary findings on the influence of the historical exposure to a group of persistent organic pollutants on total cancer risk, at year 9 in the follow-up of a cohort from Southern Spain. A cohort of 368 participants (median age 51 years) was recruited in 2003. Their historical exposure was estimated by analyzing residues of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue. Estimation of cancer incidence was based on data from a population-based cancer registry. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariable Cox-regression models. In males, PCB 153 concentrations were positively associated with total cancer risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.20 (1.01–1.41) for an increment of 100 ng/g lipid. Our preliminary findings suggest a potential relationship between the historical exposure to persistent organic pollutants and the risk of cancer in men. However, these results should be interpreted with caution and require verification during the future follow-up of this cohort.This study was supported in part by research grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 02/974, EUS2008-03574), CIBER de Epidemiología; Junta de Andalucía (01/264, P09-CTS-5488 Project of Excellence, PI-0675-2010, and PI-0513-2012), and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS PI11/0610)

Bases moleculares de la resistencia del melanoma a los antifolatos: diseño de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and it is highly resistant to all current modalities of cancer therapy, including cytotoxic drugs as methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate widely used in clinical oncology against many cancer types. Recently, our lab discovered a new melanoma-specific mechanism of MTX resistance by which folate receptor α (FR-α)–mediated endocytotic transport of MTX facilitates melanosomal drug sequestration and cellular export in melanoma cells, thereby reducing the accumulation of MTX in intracellular compartments. That low MTX intracellular concentration is just able to induce cell growth arrest, but not cell death in melanoma cells. Particularly, we found that melanoma treatment with MTX induces cell cycle arrest without inducing apoptosis, activates melanin synthesis and melanosome biogenesis, and accelerates melanosomal export; but the cellular and molecular processes by which MTX mediates all these effects had not been elucidated. The Main Objective of the present PhD Thesis was the identification of the molecular basis of the cell cycle arrest, the activation of melanogenesis and the acceleration of melanosome transport induced by MTX treatment that, collectively, protect melanoma cells against MTX-induced apoptosis. The Secondary Objective, was the development of new therapeutic strategies combining MTX with drugs directed against molecular targets that are key components of the mechanisms of melanoma resistance to MTX. Regarding the Techniques and Instrumentation, we used several experimental models, including melanoma and non melanoma cell lines, an artificial skin melanoma model, and mice melanoma xenografts. We also employed a battery of cell biology techniques (viability, apoptosis and migration assays; electronic and optical microscopy; flow citometry; immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, etc.); biochemistry techniques (western blotting, protein immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activity determination by UV-VIS espectroscopy, etc.); molecular biology techniques (nucleic acid extraction, PCR, RT-qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, etc.). The Results of the implementation of these techniques were subjected to the appropriate statistical tests and are summarized bellow. Since the ability of cells to delay cell cycle progression and halt DNA synthesis represents a defensive mechanism that spares potential toxicity, firstly we focused on deciphering the molecular basis of the MTX-induced cell cycle arrest. We identified the transcription factor E2F1 and the checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) as key mediators of this mechanism of resistance. The results indicated that MTX stimulated the transcriptional activity of E2F1 on the promoters of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS), which lead to an increase in the dTTP levels, instead of dTTP depletion as occurs in MTX-sensible cells. Since dTTP is an allosteric inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of all the dNTPs, dTTP excess induced DNA replication fork stress that activates the ATR/Chk1 DNA damage signaling pathway. Under these conditions, melanoma cells were protected from apoptosis by arresting their cell cycle in early S-phase. However, abrogation of this checkpoint by CHEK1 silencing or by UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine)-mediated Chk1 inhibition, rapidly triggered MTX-induced cell death, suggesting that inhibition of Chk1 in combination with this kind of antimetabolite chemotherapy is a viable therapeutic strategy to overcome melanoma resistance. Secondly, we focused on the study of the activation of melanogenesis observed after MTX treatment. Our results showed that Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that normally acts as a master regulator of melanocyte development, function and survival, is responsible for the activation of melanogenesis in melanoma after MTX treatment. In fact, MTX treatment increases the expression of this transcription factor which in turn induces the expression of melanocytic differentiation genes driving melanin production and melanosome biogenesis as tyrosinase (TYR). The increased TYR expression in response to MTX-mediated MITF activation provided an opportunity to design a two step strategy consisting in the combination of MTX with a prodrug that our group had previously designed to be activated by TYR. This prodrug is a compound called 3-O-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-(-)-epicatechin (TMECG) that inhibits the enzyme DHFR with high affinity. The combination of MTX and TMECG was able to induce depletion of thymidine pools, double-strand DNA breaks, and highly efficient E2F1-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Recently, it has been recognized that MITF acts as a melanoma rheostat in determining tumor subpopulation identity. In melanomas, reduced MITF expression leads to G1 arrested, invasive cells with stem-like properties including the ability to initiate tumors with high efficiency. By contrast, elevated MITF leads to activation of differentiation genes. In between, intermediate levels of MITF allow the proliferation of melanoma cells. Consequently, tumors comprise a mix of MITF-positive and negative melanoma cells. Therefore, the increase of MITF expression by MTX treatment would drive heterogeneous populations of tumor cells to a differentiated and less invasive phenotype and, at the same time, would sensitize these differentiated cells to the TYR-processed prodrug TMECG in a cell-specific fashion. In a different approach, we explored the molecular basis of the activation of the transport of melanosomes observed after MTX treatment with the aim of designing a therapeutic strategy driven to block the MTX export within melanosomes. We identified a new MTX-activated molecular pathway involved in the export of melanosomes, in which the motor protein MyosinVa (MyoVa) plays a key role. Our results demonstrated that melanoma treatment with MTX leads to Akt2-dependent MyoVa phosphorylation, which enhances its ability to interact with melanosomes and accelerates their exportation. Due to these findings, we designed a combined therapy driven to block this MyoVa/Akt2 pathway. Because UCN-01 is also a potent inhibitor of PDK1, which activates Akt by phosphorylation, we hypothesized that the inhibition of this Akt2 phosphorylation by UCN-01 may result in the disruption of MTX stimulated melanosome transport. In fact, MTX/UCN-01 combined therapy prevented MTX export by blocking melanosome transport and was able to induce a highly efficient E2F1-mediated apoptosis in culture and in vivo. In summary, we observed that the combination of MTX and UCN-01 may represent a therapeutic option for the treatment of this evasive disease. El melanoma es el tipo de cáncer de piel más agresivo y muestra una alta resistencia frente a todas las terapias anticancerígenas disponibles en la actualidad, incluyendo agentes citotóxicos como el metotrexato (MTX), un antifolato ampliamente utilizado en oncología clínica. Recientemente, nuestro laboratorio ha descubierto un nuevo mecanismo de resistencia al MTX específico de las células de melanoma por el cual, la endocitosis de esta droga mediada por el receptor de fólico α (FR-α) conduce al secuestro del MTX en los melanosomas y a su expulsión al exterior celular, reduciendo así la acumulación de esta droga en los compartimentos intracelulares. Esta baja concentración de MTX en el interior celular es capaz únicamente de inducir un arresto del crecimiento, pero no de inducir la muerte de las células de melanoma. Por tanto, se sabía que el tratamiento con MTX es capaz de inducir arresto del ciclo celular sin inducir apoptosis, de activar la síntesis de melanina y la biogénesis de melanosomas, y de acelerar el transporte de melanosomas, pero los mecanismos celulares y moleculares por los cuales el MTX mediaba estos efectos era desconocido. El Objetivo Principal de esta Tesis Doctoral fue la identificación de las bases moleculares del arresto del ciclo celular, de la activación de la melanogénesis y de la aceleración del transporte melanosomal inducidos por el tratamiento con MTX que, en conjunto, protegen a las células de melanoma de la apoptosis inducida por el MTX. El Objetivo Secundario fue el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas combinando el MTX con agentes dirigidos frente a dianas moleculares clave en los mecanismos de resistencia. En cuanto a las Técnicas e Instrumentación, se emplearon como modelos experimentales varias líneas celulares de melanoma y de otros tipos de cáncer, un modelo de melanoma de piel artificial y un modelo de xenoinjerto de melanoma en ratón. Además, empleamos una batería de técnicas de biología celular (ensayos de viabilidad, apoptosis y migración; microscopía óptica y electrónica; inmunohistoquímica; inmunoflorescencia, etc.); técnicas de bioquímica (western blot, inmunoprecipitación de proteínas, espectrometría de masas, determinación de actividad enzimática mediante espectroscopía UV-VIS, etc.); técnicas de biología molecular (extracción de ácidos nucleicos, PCR, RT-qPCR, inmunoprecipitación de cromatina, etc.) Los Resultados de la implementación de las citadas técnicas fueron sometidos a las pruebas estadísticas apropiadas y se resumen a continuación: Dado que se ha descrito que la capacidad de las células de detener la síntesis de ADN constituye un mecanismo de defensa que evita posibles daños, en primer lugar nos centramos en descifrar las bases moleculares del arresto del ciclo celular inducido por el MTX. Así, identificamos al factor de transcripción E2F1 y a la quinasa Chk1 como mediadores de este mecanismo de resistencia. Nuestros resultados demostraron que el tratamiento con MTX estimulaba la actividad transcripcional de E2F1 sobre los promotores de los genes de la dihidrofolato reductasa (DHFR) y la timidilato sintasa (TS). Esto conducía a un incremento en los niveles de dTTP, en lugar de a una depleción de dTTP, como ocurre en células sensibles al MTX. Puesto que el dTTP es un inhibidor alostérico de la ribonucleótido reductasa que es necesaria para la síntesis de todos los dNTPs, este exceso de dTTP inducía un estrés en las horquillas de replicación capaz de activar la vía de señalización del daño al ADN mediada por ATR/Chk1. En estas condiciones, las células de melanoma evitan la apoptosis mediante el arresto de su ciclo celular al inicio de la fase S. Sin embargo, la eliminación de este checkpoint mediante el silenciamiento genético de CHEK1 o mediante la inhibición de esta quinasa con UCN-01 (7-hidroxistaurosporina) tras el tratamiento con MTX desencadena rápidamente la muerte celular, sugiriendo que la inhibición de Chk1 en combinación con este tipo de antimetabolitos es una estrategia terapéutica eficaz para vencer la resistencia del melanoma. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en el estudio de la activación de la melanogénesis por el MTX. Nuestros resultados demostraron que el factor de transcripción MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) que, en melanocitos normales actúa como un regulador clave del desarrollo, función y supervivencia, era el responsable de la activación de la melanogénesis tras el tratamiento con MTX. De hecho, el MTX incrementa la expresión de este factor de transcripción el cual, a su vez, induce la expresión de genes implicados en la diferenciación melanocítica que conducen a la producción de melanina, como la enzima tirosinasa (TYR), y a la biogénesis de melanosomas. Este aumento en la expresión de TYR en respuesta a la activación de MITF mediada por MTX nos permitió diseñar una estrategia terapéutica basada en la combinación de MTX con una prodroga activada por TYR que había sido sintetizada previamente en nuestro laboratorio. Esta prodroga es el compuesto denominado 3-O-(3,4,5-trimetoxibenzoil)-(-)-epicatequina (TMECG), capaz de inhibir a la enzima DHFR con una alta afinidad. La combinación MTX/TMECG fue capaz de inducir el agotamiento de las reservas de timidina, roturas de doble cadena en el ADN y la apoptosis mediada por E2F1 con una alta eficacia, tanto in vitro como in vivo. Recientemente se ha descrito que MITF actúa como un reóstato en melanoma, determinando la identidad de las distintas subpoblaciones tumorales. Según este modelo, bajos niveles de MITF dan lugar a células arrestadas en G1, altamente invasivas con propiedades de célula madre, incluyendo una alta capacidad de iniciar tumores. Por el contrario, niveles elevados de MITF conducen a la activación de genes de diferenciación. Entre ambos, niveles intermedios de MITF permiten la proliferación de las células de melanoma. En consecuencia, los tumores suponen una mezcla de células con distintos niveles de MITF. Por tanto, el aumento de la expresión de MITF por el tratamiento con MTX conduciría a las poblaciones heterogéneas de células tumorales hacia un fenotipo común, diferenciado y menos invasivo, y, al mismo tiempo, sensibilizaría a estas células diferenciadas a una prodroga activada por TYR como el TMECG. En una aproximación diferente, estudiamos las bases moleculares de la activación del transporte de melanosomas inducida por el tratamiento con MTX. En este sentido, identificamos una nueva vía molecular implicada en la exportación de melanosomas en la que juega un papel esencial la proteína motora Miosina Va (MyoVa). Nuestros resultados demostraron que el tratamiento del melanoma con MTX conduce a una fosforilación de MyoVa mediada por Akt2 que incrementa la capacidad de esta proteína de interaccionar con los melanosomas y acelera su exportación. En vista de estos hallazgos, diseñamos una terapia combinada encaminada a bloquear la activación del transporte mediada por esta vía. Dado que se ha descrito que el UCN-01 es un potente inhibidor de PDK1, la cual activa a Akt por fosforilación, diseñamos una terapia de MTX combinado con UCN-01 para bloquear el transporte melanosomal. Efectivamente, la terapia combinada MTX/UCN-01 logró evitar la exportación de MTX mediante el bloqueo del transporte melanosomal y fue capaz de inducir la apoptosis mediada por E2F1 con una alta eficiencia tanto in vitro como in vivo