Transferencia mediante electroporacion de ADN plasmidial de la cepa bacteriocinogenica de Shigella flexneri C a Escherichia coli HB-101.

28 p.Se ha descrito a lo largo de los años que las bacterias son capaces de traspasarse trozos de ADN entre ellas lo que les permite evolucionar y adaptarse rapidamente al medio ambiente. Además esta propiedad de las bacterias también constituye un grave problema sanitario, ya que se transfieren, entre otros, genes de resistencia a antibióticos. Asimismo, se ha observado, que las bacterias para poder prevalecer sobre otras, sintetizan sustancias como las bacteriocinas. Las bacteriocinas han comenzado a ser analizadas en profundidad desde algunos años, por las posibilidades de aplicación a la conservación de alimentos, en la lucha contra las plagas y enfermedades de la agricultura y en terapias antimicrobianas clinicas. En el presente estudio se procedió a investigar la transferencia de ADN desde una célula bacteriocinogénica, Shigella flexneri C, proveniente de un individuo adulto con un cuadro diarrogénico disentérico, previo verificación en el laboratorio de investigación microbiológica de la Universidad de Talca, hacia una cepa de colección, Escherichia coli HB-101, pertenece al cepario del Laboratorio de Investigación Microbiológica de la Universidad de Talca, mediante el proceso de electrotransformación. Los resultados obtenidos indican que efectivamente las colonias de Escherichia coli HB-101 son potencialmente transformantes y el análisis plasmidial de estas colonias demostró la presencia de una sola banda que migraba en el gel de agarosa al mismo nivel que una correspondiente a Sh flexneri, cuyo peso molecular corresponde a 2.1 x 106 daltons. La posterior curación de la cepa original de Shigella flexneri C, mediante tratamiento con novobiocina, y su consecuente perdida de la capacidad bacteriocinogénica permitió comprobar que el mencionado plasmidio seria el responsable de la codificación genética de esta sustancia antibacteriana

Revista Red GRID edición 1

En Red Grid hablamos sobre lo que sucede en el Departamento de Diseño, por ejemplo: la celebración de los 15 años del programa de Diseño Gráfico; el lanzamiento de la nueva Maestría en Diseño e Innovación MD+i; la puesta en marcha de los nuevos planes de estudios de los programas de Diseño; la presentación del grupo estudiantil Color House y la vitrina de stickers donde se visibiliza el trabajo de nuestros estudiantes. En la sección ¿Qué hay de diseño?, los lectores podrán acercarse a temas relacionados con la ilustración y la animación, la tipografía, el diseño editorial, la experiencia de usuario, la fotografía y el packaging, entre otros. Asimismo, la revista presenta historias, experiencias y trayectorias profesionales de algunos colegas diseñadores que son fuente de inspiración para todos. Finalmente, la revista concluye con Tip Jar, una divertida sección donde profesores, estudiantes y egresados nos cuentan, a través de pequeñas frases, cómo afrontan sus bloqueos creativos.Red Grid es un medio de difusión dedicado exclusivamente al mundo del diseño y particularmente al ámbito del diseño gráfico y la cultura visual. Es una publicación creada por los estudiantes de la asignatura de Taller de Diseño Editorial junto con los estudiantes del Club de Diseño Editorial. Este club es una iniciativa de formación complementaria, de carácter colaborativo, donde los estudiantes con intereses en temas relacionados con diseño y producción editorial pueden participar voluntariamente y desarrollar proyectos como este con la guía y acompañamiento de los profesores

Controlo químico de infestantes

Uma planta é considerada infestante quando nasce espontaneamente num local e momento indesejados, podendo interferir negativamente com a cultura instalada. As infestantes competem com as culturas para o espaço, a luz, água e nutrientes, podendo atrasar e prejudicar as operações de colheita, depreciar o produto final e assegurarem a reinfestação nas culturas seguintes. Dado o modo de propagação diferenciado das diversas espécies de infestantes, com as anuais a propagarem-se por semente e as perenes ou vivazes a assegurarem a sua propagação através de órgãos vegetativos (rizomas, bolbos, tubérculos, etc.), assim, também o seu controlo quer químico, quer mecânico terá que ser diferenciado, ou seja, para controlar infestantes anuais será suficiente destruir a sua parte aérea, enquanto para controlar infestantes perenes teremos que destruir os seus órgãos reprodutivos. O controlo de infestantes poderá ser químico, através da utilização de herbicidas, ou mecânico pela utilização de alfaias agrícolas, tais como a charrua de aivecas, a charrua de discos, a grade de discos, o escarificador e a fresa. Quando a técnica utilizada na instalação das culturas é a sementeira directa, o controlo das infestantes terá que ser obrigatoriamente químico, enquanto se o recurso à mobilização do solo for a técnica mais utilizada (sistema de mobilização tradicional ou sistema de mobilização reduzida), o controlo das infestantes tanto poderá ser químico como mecânico. Neste trabalho iremos abordar apenas, o controlo químico de infestantes

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity