PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW UNTUK MATERI STATISTIK PADA SISWA KELAS XI SMAK ALVAREZ PAGA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2014/2015

As a teacher, it should be able to find effective learning methods, which can improve student learning outcomes. One method that can be used is the method of cooperative learning Jigsaw type that prioritizes cooperation in the Learning Group. The type of research used in this study is experimental research initiated with learning device development. In the study, the population was all students of class XI SMAK Alvarez, who became a sample of 30 people. The data sources in the study gained from the student learning results test and the approach used are quantitative approaches to data collection techniques. Data is processed by statistical analysis of Inferential using ANOVA. The development of learning devices using the method of cooperative learning of Jigsaw type qualifies for validity, reliability, and sensitivity to generate students ' learning outcomes, the resulting learning devices are the Learning Implementation Plan (RPP), Student Worksheets (LKS), and learning Outcomes Test (THB). While the results of statistical analysis inferential with analysis Kovarian obtained F-count = 56.92 greater than F-table = 4.21 with DK the numerator = 1 and DK denominator 27

PENERAPAN TERAPI NON FARMAKOLOGI RENDAM KAKI AIR HANGAT, GARAM DAN BAWANG MERAH UNTUK MENGURANGI NYERI PADA PASIEN GOUT ATHRITIS DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KOPETA

Gout Arthritis atau yang sering disebut asam urat adalah sisa sel tubuh mati yang mengeluarkan purin. Asam urat akan menumpuk di persendian membentuk garam urat (monosodium urat). Penumpukan kristal tersebut menyebabkan kerusakan pada daerah persendian, yang dapat menyebabkan nyeri persendian. Tahap awal penelitian di Puskesmas Kopeta penulis menemukan banyaknya penyakit gout arthritis  pada tahun 2024 sebanyak 116 kasus. Penyakit ini masuk dalam kategori kesehatan prioritas tinggi bersama Hipertensi dan Diabetes Militus. Tindakan pencegahan yang dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan isu yang perlu diatasi yaitu pemberian terapi non farmakologis rendam kaki air hangat, garam dan bawang merah. Pemberian terapi ini dapat mengurangi nyeri pada pasien. Penelitian ini berupa studi kasus deskriptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mampu melakukan pemberian terapi non farmakologi rendam kaki air hangat, garam dan bawang merah. Hasil implementasi yang sudah dilakukan setelah diberi terapi tingkat nyeri pasien menurun. Kesimpulan terapi non farmakologi rendam kaki air hangat, garam dan bawang merah efektif bisa menurunkan nyeri pada paisen. Diharapkan terapi non farmakologi rendam kaki air hangat, garam da bawang merah sebagai salah satu intervensi keperawatan bagi penderita gout athtritis

Artificial Intelligence Method for Electric Drives Mode Operating and Technical Condition Determination

This paper proposes artificial intelligence method to determinate the status of electromechanical equipment by analysing the changes in the readings o parameters of its operating mode. As experimental results have revealed the dependence of wavelet transformation coefficients on the characteristic scales of functional and faulty motors under different loads. based on which a neural classification network is developed to reveal the current state of the electromechanical equipment. Further studies have shown that any mother wavelet function can be used to implement the proposed method. The researches of the state of the drive under various loads confirm the correctness of the theoretical calculations and the adequacy of the model

Impedance analysis of secondary phases in a Co-implanted ZnO single crystal

published_or_final_versio

Capturing a c2 daisy chain using the threading-followed-by-swelling approach

We have used the "threading-followed-by-swelling'' approach to fix a daisy chain structure in solution, leading to the isolation of a captured [c2] daisy chain in 77% yield

A meta-analysis reveals the commonalities and differences in Arabidopsis thaliana response to different viral pathogens

Understanding the mechanisms by which plants trigger host defenses in response to viruses has been a challenging problem owing to the multiplicity of factors and complexity of interactions involved. The advent of genomic techniques, however, has opened the possibility to grasp a global picture of the interaction. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana to identify and compare genes that are differentially regulated upon infection with seven distinct (+)ssRNA and one ssDNA plant viruses. In the first approach, we established lists of genes differentially affected by each virus and compared their involvement in biological functions and metabolic processes. We found that phylogenetically related viruses significantly alter the expression of similar genes and that viruses naturally infecting Brassicaceae display a greater overlap in the plant response. In the second approach, virus-regulated genes were contextualized using models of transcriptional and protein-protein interaction networks of A. thaliana. Our results confirm that host cells undergo significant reprogramming of their transcriptome during infection, which is possibly a central requirement for the mounting of host defenses. We uncovered a general mode of action in which perturbations preferentially affect genes that are highly connected, central and organized in modules. © 2012 Rodrigo et al.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) grants BFU2009-06993 (S. F. E.) and BIO2006-13107 (C. L.) and by Generalitat Valenciana grant PROMETEO2010/016 (S. F. E.). G. R. is supported by a graduate fellowship from the Generalitat Valenciana (BFPI2007-160) and J.C. by a contract from MICINN grant TIN2006-12860. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Rodrigo Tarrega, G.; Carrera Montesinos, J.; Ruiz-Ferrer, V.; Del Toro, F.; Llave, C.; Voinnet, O.; Elena Fito, SF. (2012). A meta-analysis reveals the commonalities and differences in Arabidopsis thaliana response to different viral pathogens. PLoS ONE. 7(7):40526-40526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040526S405264052677Peng, X., Chan, E. Y., Li, Y., Diamond, D. L., Korth, M. J., & Katze, M. G. (2009). Virus–host interactions: from systems biology to translational research. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12(4), 432-438. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.003Dodds, P. N., & Rathjen, J. P. (2010). Plant immunity: towards an integrated view of plant–pathogen interactions. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(8), 539-548. doi:10.1038/nrg2812Maule, A., Leh, V., & Lederer, C. (2002). The dialogue between viruses and hosts in compatible interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(4), 279-284. doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00272-8Whitham, S. A., Quan, S., Chang, H.-S., Cooper, B., Estes, B., Zhu, T., … Hou, Y.-M. (2003). Diverse RNA viruses elicit the expression of common sets of genes in susceptibleArabidopsis thalianaplants. The Plant Journal, 33(2), 271-283. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01625.xBailer, S., & Haas, J. (2009). Connecting viral with cellular interactomes. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12(4), 453-459. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.004Whitham, S. A., Yang, C., & Goodin, M. M. (2006). Global Impact: Elucidating Plant Responses to Viral Infection. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19(11), 1207-1215. doi:10.1094/mpmi-19-1207MacPherson, J. I., Dickerson, J. E., Pinney, J. W., & Robertson, D. L. (2010). Patterns of HIV-1 Protein Interaction Identify Perturbed Host-Cellular Subsystems. PLoS Computational Biology, 6(7), e1000863. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000863Jenner, R. G., & Young, R. A. (2005). 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Scale-free networks in cell biology. Journal of Cell Science, 118(21), 4947-4957. doi:10.1242/jcs.02714Yu, H., Braun, P., Yildirim, M. A., Lemmens, I., Venkatesan, K., Sahalie, J., … Vidal, M. (2008). High-Quality Binary Protein Interaction Map of the Yeast Interactome Network. Science, 322(5898), 104-110. doi:10.1126/science.1158684Barabási, A.-L., & Oltvai, Z. N. (2004). Network biology: understanding the cell’s functional organization. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5(2), 101-113. doi:10.1038/nrg1272Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature, 406(6794), 378-382. doi:10.1038/35019019Mukhtar, M. S., Carvunis, A.-R., Dreze, M., Epple, P., Steinbrenner, J., … Moore, J. (2011). Independently Evolved Virulence Effectors Converge onto Hubs in a Plant Immune System Network. Science, 333(6042), 596-601. doi:10.1126/science.1203659Calderwood, M. A., Venkatesan, K., Xing, L., Chase, M. R., Vazquez, A., Holthaus, A. M., … Johannsen, E. (2007). Epstein-Barr virus and virus human protein interaction maps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(18), 7606-7611. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702332104De Chassey, B., Navratil, V., Tafforeau, L., Hiet, M. S., Aublin‐Gex, A., Agaugué, S., … Lotteau, V. (2008). Hepatitis C virus infection protein network. Molecular Systems Biology, 4(1), 230. doi:10.1038/msb.2008.66Shapira, S. D., Gat-Viks, I., Shum, B. O. V., Dricot, A., de Grace, M. M., Wu, L., … Hacohen, N. (2009). A Physical and Regulatory Map of Host-Influenza Interactions Reveals Pathways in H1N1 Infection. Cell, 139(7), 1255-1267. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.018Dyer, M. D., Murali, T. M., & Sobral, B. W. (2008). The Landscape of Human Proteins Interacting with Viruses and Other Pathogens. PLoS Pathogens, 4(2), e32. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040032Golem, S., & Culver, J. N. (2003). Tobacco mosaic virusInduced Alterations in the Gene Expression Profile ofArabidopsis thaliana. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16(8), 681-688. doi:10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.8.681Espinoza, C., Medina, C., Somerville, S., & Arce-Johnson, P. (2007). Senescence-associated genes induced during compatible viral interactions with grapevine and Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(12), 3197-3212. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm165Yang, C., Guo, R., Jie, F., Nettleton, D., Peng, J., Carr, T., … Whitham, S. A. (2007). Spatial Analysis ofArabidopsis thalianaGene Expression in Response toTurnip mosaic virusInfection. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 20(4), 358-370. doi:10.1094/mpmi-20-4-0358Agudelo-Romero, P., Carbonell, P., de la Iglesia, F., Carrera, J., Rodrigo, G., Jaramillo, A., … Elena, S. F. (2008). Changes in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with Tobacco etch virus. Virology Journal, 5(1), 92. doi:10.1186/1743-422x-5-92Agudelo-Romero, P., Carbonell, P., Perez-Amador, M. A., & Elena, S. F. (2008). Virus Adaptation by Manipulation of Host’s Gene Expression. PLoS ONE, 3(6), e2397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002397Ascencio-Ibáñez, J. T., Sozzani, R., Lee, T.-J., Chu, T.-M., Wolfinger, R. D., Cella, R., & Hanley-Bowdoin, L. (2008). Global Analysis of Arabidopsis Gene Expression Uncovers a Complex Array of Changes Impacting Pathogen Response and Cell Cycle during Geminivirus Infection. Plant Physiology, 148(1), 436-454. doi:10.1104/pp.108.121038Babu, M., Griffiths, J. S., Huang, T.-S., & Wang, A. (2008). Altered gene expression changes in Arabidopsis leaf tissues and protoplasts in response to Plum pox virus infection. BMC Genomics, 9(1), 325. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-325De Vienne, D. M., Giraud, T., & Martin, O. C. (2007). A congruence index for testing topological similarity between trees. Bioinformatics, 23(23), 3119-3124. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm500Wise, R. P., Moscou, M. J., Bogdanove, A. J., & Whitham, S. A. (2007). Transcript Profiling in Host–Pathogen Interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 45(1), 329-369. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.011107.143944Handford, M. G., & Carr, J. P. (2007). A defect in carbohydrate metabolism ameliorates symptom severity in virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of General Virology, 88(1), 337-341. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82376-0Hou, B., Lim, E.-K., Higgins, G. S., & Bowles, D. J. (2004). N-Glucosylation of Cytokinins by Glycosyltransferases ofArabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(46), 47822-47832. doi:10.1074/jbc.m409569200Schwender, J., Goffman, F., Ohlrogge, J. B., & Shachar-Hill, Y. (2004). Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds. Nature, 432(7018), 779-782. doi:10.1038/nature03145Pagán, I., Alonso-Blanco, C., & García-Arenal, F. (2008). Host Responses in Life-History Traits and Tolerance to Virus Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Pathogens, 4(8), e1000124. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000124Carrera, J., Rodrigo, G., Jaramillo, A., & Elena, S. F. (2009). Reverse-engineering the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptional network under changing environmental conditions. Genome Biology, 10(9), R96. doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-9-r96Geisler-Lee, J., O’Toole, N., Ammar, R., Provart, N. J., Millar, A. H., & Geisler, M. (2007). A Predicted Interactome for Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 145(2), 317-329. doi:10.1104/pp.107.103465Ma, S., Gong, Q., & Bohnert, H. J. (2007). An Arabidopsis gene network based on the graphical Gaussian model. Genome Research, 17(11), 1614-1625. doi:10.1101/gr.6911207Yamada, T., & Bork, P. (2009). Evolution of biomolecular networks — lessons from metabolic and protein interactions. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 10(11), 791-803. doi:10.1038/nrm2787Humphries, M. D., & Gurney, K. (2008). Network ‘Small-World-Ness’: A Quantitative Method for Determining Canonical Network Equivalence. PLoS ONE, 3(4), e0002051. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002051Stumpf, M. P. H., & Ingram, P. J. (2005). Probability models for degree distributions of protein interaction networks. Europhysics Letters (EPL), 71(1), 152-158. doi:10.1209/epl/i2004-10531-8Khanin, R., & Wit, E. (2006). How Scale-Free Are Biological Networks. Journal of Computational Biology, 13(3), 810-818. doi:10.1089/cmb.2006.13.810Daudin, J.-J., Picard, F., & Robin, S. (2007). A mixture model for random graphs. Statistics and Computing, 18(2), 173-183. doi:10.1007/s11222-007-9046-7Uetz, P. (2006). Herpesviral Protein Networks and Their Interaction with the Human Proteome. Science, 311(5758), 239-242. doi:10.1126/science.1116804Choi, I.-R., Stenger, D. C., & French, R. (2000). Multiple Interactions among Proteins Encoded by the Mite-Transmitted Wheat Streak Mosaic Tritimovirus. Virology, 267(2), 185-198. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0117Guo, D., Saarma, M., Rajamäki, M.-L., & Valkonen, J. P. T. (2001). Towards a protein interaction map of potyviruses: protein interaction matrixes of two potyviruses based on the yeast two-hybrid system. Journal of General Virology, 82(4), 935-939. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-935Lin, L., Shi, Y., Luo, Z., Lu, Y., Zheng, H., Yan, F., … Wu, Y. (2009). Protein–protein interactions in two potyviruses using the yeast two-hybrid system. Virus Research, 142(1-2), 36-40. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2009.01.006Shen, W., Wang, M., Yan, P., Gao, L., & Zhou, P. (2010). Protein interaction matrix of Papaya ringspot virus type P based on a yeast two-hybrid system. Acta Virologica, 54(1), 49-54. doi:10.4149/av_2010_01_49Redner, S. (2008). Teasing out the missing links. Nature, 453(7191), 47-48. doi:10.1038/453047aIrizarry, R. A. (2003). Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. Biostatistics, 4(2), 249-264. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/4.2.249Smyth, G. K. (2004). Linear Models and Empirical Bayes Methods for Assessing Differential Expression in Microarray Experiments. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3(1), 1-25. doi:10.2202/1544-6115.1027Allemeersch, J., Durinck, S., Vanderhaeghen, R., Alard, P., Maes, R., Seeuws, K., … Kuiper, M. T. R. (2005). Benchmarking the CATMA Microarray. A Novel Tool forArabidopsis Transcriptome Analysis. Plant Physiology, 137(2), 588-601. doi:10.1104/pp.104.051300Cleveland, W. S. (1979). Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(368), 829-836. doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10481038Tarraga, J., Medina, I., Carbonell, J., Huerta-Cepas, J., Minguez, P., Alloza, E., … Dopazo, J. (2008). GEPAS, a web-based tool for microarray data analysis and interpretation. Nucleic Acids Research, 36(Web Server), W308-W314. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn303Al-Shahrour, F., Minguez, P., Vaquerizas, J. M., Conde, L., & Dopazo, J. (2005). 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Identification and mRNA Expression of Antioxidant Enzyme Genes in the Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) in Response to Acute Ammonia and Nitrite Exposure

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a conserved protein that is involved in protecting organisms against various oxidative stresses. In this study, a thioredoxin reductase gene was cloned from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (SpTrxR). The full-length cDNA of SpTrxR is comprised of 2724 bp with a 1791 bp open reading frame that encodes a putative protein of 596 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of SpTrxR contains the typical TrxR domain. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the SpTrxR mRNA was distributed abundantly in mud crabs, while strong expression was observed mainly in the gills. The expression of antioxidant enzyme genes (SpTrxR, SpTrx, SpSOD, and SpCAT) was measured using quantitative real-time PCR after acute ammonia and nitrite exposure. The results show that antioxidant enzyme genes (SpTrxR, SpTrx, SpSOD, and SpCAT) were modulated by acute ammonia and nitrite exposure. These results suggest that antioxidant enzyme genes play an important role in protecting organisms against oxidative stres

UTJECAJ OZALJSKOG KNJIŽEVNO-JEZIČNOGA KRUGA NA POVIJEST HRVATSKOG JEZIKA

Ozaljski književno-jezični krug u kontekstu povijesti hrvatskoga književnoga jezika ima snažan utjecaj u 17. stoljeću. Razvitkom triju narječja (čakavsko, štokavsko i kajkavsko) dolazi do miješanja elemenata na pojedinim područjima Hrvatske, uz naglasak na Vojnu krajinu. Glavni predstavnici ovoga kruga okupljeni su oko velikaških obitelji Zrinskih i Frankopana čija nesretna životna sudbina diktira razvoj (Petar Zrinski, Ana Katarina Zrinski, Fran Krsto Frankopan, Pavao Ritter Vitezović, Ivan Belostenec i dr.) Neki ga nazivaju i hibridnim književno-jezičnim krugom. Osnovna obilježja su želja prvo spontana pa onda namjerna, da jezik približe što većem broju ljudi, interdijelektalnost te upotreba kontaktnih sinonima. Osim pjesama i pisama, u ovom krugu nalaze se i dva rječnika, ali uz nedostatak karakteristične gramatike koja bi vjerojatno bila napisana da glavni predstavnici velikaških obitelji Zrinski i Frankopana nisu 1671. godine pogubljeni u Bečkom Novom Mestu čime je prekinut njihov utjecaj kako na politički razvoj, tako i na razvoj hrvatskoga književnog jezika.In the historical context of the Croatian literary language, the Ozalj literary-linguistic circle had a strong influence in the 17th century. The development of three dialects (Chakavian, Shtokavian and Kajkavian) led to the mixing of elements in certain areas of Croatia, with an emphasis on Vojna Krajina. The main representatives of this circle are gathered around the noble families Zrinski and Frankopan, whose unfortunate life fate dictates the development (Petar Zrinski, Ana Katarina Zrinski, Fran Krsto Frankopan, Pavao Ritter Vitezović, Ivan Belostenec, etc.). Some call it a hybrid literary-linguistic circle. The basic characteristics are the desire, first spontaneous and then deliberate, to bring the language closer to as many people as possible, interdialectalism and the use of contact synonyms. In addition to poems and letters, there are also two dictionares in this circle, but with the lack of a characteristic grammar that would probably have been written if the main representatives of the noble families Zrinski and Frankopan had not been executed in Vienna's New Town (Wiener Neustadt) in 1671, which ended their influence on political development, as well as the developmen of the Croatian literary language

Intangible Motivation Techniques in the Function of Human Resources in an Organization

U današnje doba vlada spoznaja da ljudi sa svojim sposobnostima, znanjima i vještinama predstavljaju temeljnu strategijsku prednost svake organizacije. Iz toga proizlazi velika važnost menadžerskih vještina u upravljanju ljudskim potencijalima. Kako bi se ostvario puni radni potencijal zaposlenika, potrebno je odrediti pravilne načine za njihovo motiviranje. Postoji puno tehnika koje stoje na raspolaganju menadžerima, ali one se u osnovi dijele na materijalne i nematerijalne. Materijalne predstavljaju temelj motivacije, ali sve važnije postaju i nematerijalne tehnike, pošto one podmiruju potrebe višeg reda, odnosno potrebe za samoaktualizacijom zaposlenika. Diplomski rad na temu „Nematerijalne tehnike motiviranja u funkciji upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima u organizaciji„ napisan je s ciljem analiziranja područja cjelokupnog motivacijskog sustava te utvrđivanja efekata nematerijalnih oblika motivacije na uspješnost i zadovoljstvo zaposlenih. Sastoji se od dva dijela. Prvi dio odnosi se na teorijsku razradu teme. Objašnjen je koncept upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima, značaj i uloga menadžmenta u službi upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima, pojam motivacije zaposlenika te njezine strategije. Drugi dio rada čini primarno istraživanje s ciljem ispitivanja koje se motivacijske tehnike, i u kojoj mjeri, koriste u organizacijama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 192 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je motivacijski sustav u organizacijama u Hrvatskoj nedovoljno razvijen. Motivacija se najčešće vrši novčano, dok su nematerijalne strategije nedovoljno u primjeni. Materijalni motivacijski faktori još uvijek imaju veći utjecaj na kvalitetu obavljanja radnih zadataka, od onih nematerijalnih. Može se zaključiti da je potrebna edukacija menadžera o formiranju učinkovitog motivacijskog sustava, jer se jedino tako može postaviti osnova za učinkovito poslovanje i ostvarivanje poslovnih ciljeva te konkurentske prednosti organizacije.Nowadays it is common knowledge that people with their knowledge and skills are the fundamental strategic advantage of each organization. Hence the great importance of management skills in human resources management. In order to achieve the full potential of employees, it is necessary to determine the correct ways to motivate them. There are a lot of techniques available to managers, but they are basically divided into either tangible or intangible techniques. Tangible techniques are the foundation of motivation, but intangibles are becoming increasingly important as they meet the needs of a higher order and the need for self-realization for the employee. This thesis; "Intangible Motivation Techniques in the Function of Human Resources in an Organization", was written with the aim of analyzing the entire field of motivation and the effects of intangible forms of motivation on success and employee satisfaction. The Thesis consists of two parts, with the first part referring to the theoretical elaboration of concepts within the field of motivation. The concept of human resources, the importance and role of management in the service of human resource management, concept employee motivation, and its strategy are all defined, explained, and elaborated on. The second part of the Thesis is primary research with the aim of testing different motivational techniques as well as to what extent are they used in organizations. The study included 192 subjects. Results from the research showed that the motivational system in organizations insufficiently developed. Motivation is usually done financially, while intangible motivations strategies are insufficiently applied. Material motivational factors still have a greater impact on the quality of the tasks given to employees compared to intangible motivating factors. It can be concluded that training is required for managers on the formation of an effective motivational system, which is of up most importance to set the basis for an efficient operation and the realization of business goals and competitive advantages of an organization