Spread or Backwash: The Impact on Population Dynamics and Business Performance of a New Road in a Rural County of Galicia (Spain)

[Abstract] The natural experiment provided by the opening of a section that completed the A8 motorway in Mariña de Lugo, a rural area in Galicia (Spain), offers an opportunity to identify whether spread or backwash effects in economic activity are observed. The new section directly affects only a small strip of the territory, - where the transition from the inland rural areas to the more dynamic coastal area takes place. This allows us to test a separate dual inner-coastal socio-economic performance after the opening of the new road – an analysis that has rarely been performed for rural areas in developed countries. We study the impact over population growth, employment and business financial results, using the differences-in-differences approach. The results we obtain are consistent with the spread hypothesis for the nearest municipality to the new road section, while the spread effects did not disseminate to the neighbouring municipalities. These global results hide a different performance at the sector level, positive for transport and manufacturing companies, and negative for retail firms and hospitalityXunta de Galicia; ED341D R2016/01

Tuning the selectivities of Mg-Al mixed oxides for ethanol upgrading reactions through the presence of transition metals

The effect of the presence of reduced Co and Ni (chosen as representative metals because of their good activity for dehydrogenation reactions) on the catalytic performance of basic mixed oxide (Mg-Al) for ethanol condensation is studied in this work. This effect has been studied both in absence and in presence of hydrogen, and considering the different steps of this complex reaction. Globally, best results were obtained with Co/MgAl, under reducing atmosphere, at mild temperature (below 600 K). At these conditons, 1-butanol production rates are up to eight times higher than the obtained with Mg-Al under inert atmosphere. Co has a marked activity in the dehydrogenation step, that prevails over its less relevant activity in aldolization and hydrogenation reactions. This result indicates the relevant role of this first reaction step. DRIFT spectroscopy analyses were carried out to support the experimental results and to identify the role of hydrogen and metals on the oligomerization and permanent adsorption processes, which can produce the deactivation of the catalyst.- Gobierno de España (CTQ2014-52956-C3-1-R) - Gobierno del Principado de Asturias. Programa Severo Ochoa (PA-14-PF-BP14-105

Enhancement of the 1-butanol productivity in the ethanol condensationcatalyzed by noble metal nanoparticles supported on Mg-Al mixed oxide

The role of the addition of a noble metal (Ru and Pd) on the surface of a basic mixed oxide (MgAl) used as ethanol condensation catalyst is studied in this work. The activity trends for all the reaction steps (dehydrogenation, condensation, dehydration, and hydrogenation) were analyzed, concluding that dehydrogenation step is the rate-determining one under inert conditions whereas hydrogenations also take a relevant role under reducing conditions. Ruthenium has shown very promising 1-butanol productivities at soft conditions (15 times higher than the parent material) whereas palladium performance is limited by the lateral decarbonylation reaction, and its high hydrogenation activity is only determining at temperatures higher than 650 K

Validity of the Isometric Contraction Test of the Masticatory Muscles for Diagnosis of Muscular Temporomandibular Disorders

In recent years, the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Pain Disorders (DC/TMD) has been questioned, mainly because of the dependence on the muscular pressure needed to be applied during the clinical examination. Therefore, it is necessary to establish improvements in diagnostic strategies for DC/TMD of axis I. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of the Isometric Contraction Test of the masticatory muscles (ICTest) to diagnose DC/TMD of axis I. Forty (n = 40) patients with muscular TMD (myalgia in any of its subtypes), as well as forty age and sex matched controls, participated. They were diagnosed according to DC/TMD of axis I and performed the ICTest in a single session. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and positive (LR+) and negative likelihood ratios (LR−) of the ICTest compared with the DC/TMD of axis I were calculated. The ICTest showed a specificity of 95% for the diagnosis of myalgia, and between 94.9% and 96.8% for all subtypes in relation to the DC/TMD of axis I. For sensitivity, lower values were obtained, that is, 90.0% for myalgia, and losing sensitivity depending on the type of myalgia. The LR+ was over 10 for all diagnoses, with the exception of myofascial pain with referral, which was lower. When addressing the LR−, the myofascial diagnosis was the only one below 0.2. According to the results, the ICTest could be considered a valid procedure to diagnose subjects with muscular TMD in a clinical setting

Complejidades de la nutrición oncológica pediátrica

Los avances tecnológicos tanto para el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento de la enfermedad oncológica ha permitido que en las últimas décadas se alcancen mayores tasas de supervivencias, lo que representa un reto para alcanzar niveles de calidad de vida elevados en una enfermedad crónica con grandes potencialidades deletéreas. La prevalencia de la desnutrición proteica - nutrimental en el niño oncopediátrico es muy variable influyendo en la misma desde el desarrollo socio – económico hasta el tipo de cáncer que presente el niño. El Soporte Nutrimental reviste una elevada complejidad no solamente por selección de los nutrientes y vía de infusión de los mismos. No existiendo un consenso general acerca del papel modulador de la nutrición en la respuesta a las diferentes modalidades de tratamiento oncológico (quimioterapia, radioterapia y cirugía). El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de hacer una revisión acerca de las principales complejidades que se establecen durante el tratamiento nutrimental y metabólico del niño oncológico

Tratamientos psicológicos empíricamente apoyados para adultos: Una revisión selectiva

Antecedentes: los tratamientos psicológicos han mostrado su eficacia, efectividad y eficiencia para el abordaje de los trastornos mentales; no obstante, considerando el conocimiento científico generado en los últimos años, no se dispone de trabajos de actualización en español sobre cuáles son los tratamientos psicológicos con respaldo empírico. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión selectiva de los principales tratamientos psicológicos empíricamente apoyados para el abordaje de trastornos mentales en personas adultas. Método: se recogen niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación en función de los criterios propuestos por el Sistema Nacional de Salud de España (en las Guías de Práctica Clínica) para diferentes trastornos psicológicos. Resultados: los resultados sugieren que los tratamientos psicológicos disponen de apoyo empírico para el abordaje de un amplio elenco de trastornos psicológicos. El grado de apoyo empírico oscila de bajo a alto en función del trastorno psicológico analizado. La revisión sugiere que ciertos campos de intervención necesitan una mayor investigación. Conclusiones: a partir de esta revisión selectiva, los profesionales de la psicología podrán disponer de información rigurosa y actualizada que les permita tomar decisiones informadas a la hora de implementar aquellos procedimientos psicoterapéuticos empíricamente fundamentados en función de las características de las personas que demandan ayuda. Background: Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults. Method: Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders. Results: The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The review indicates the existence of certain fields of intervention that need further investigation. Conclusions: Based on this selective review, psychology professionals will be able to have rigorous, up-to-date information that allows them to make informed decisions when implementing empirically based psychotherapeutic procedures based on the characteristics of the people who require help

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Cambio en la concentración industrial manufacturera en el contexto de apertura comercial de México, 1980-2003

En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento de la concentración industrial manufacturera en México durante el periodo 1980-2003. En el análisis se consideran fundamentales 1985 y 1993, ya que en estos años la apertura comercial se aceleró teniendo un impacto significativo en la concentración del sector industrial manufacturero. Por medio del índice de Gini, por un lado se muestra cómo la región de la Frontera Norte ha sido la más favorecida al captar una proporción importante de la industria, y por otro, se destaca el hecho de que la industria vinculada al sector externo se caracteriza por su tendencia a concentrarse

Two-dimensional chiral model for liquid crystals, bent hard needles: a Monte Carlo simulation

The liquid crystalline behavior of a two dimensional (2D) model of hard needles bent into a "zigzag shape" is studied. This model, originally designed to study two dimensional chiral segregation, also shows liquid crystalline behavior and has some anomalous features which are contrasted in relation to the following: (i) Most of the microscopical models used to study liquid crystals have a symmetry axis that coincides with a molecular axis; (ii) in three-dimensions, chiral molecules can form cholesteric instead of nematic phases; (iii) the smectic phase is usually found when attractions are present or at least when the molecules have finite volume. Despite the fact that the present 2D model does not have any of these characteristics, numerical evidence is found for the occurrence of nematic and smectic phases. Since these molecules are athermal, infinitely repulsive, and infinitesimally thin, the liquid crystalline characteristics are attributed to excluded volume effects. To determine the mesophases of the model, both nematic and smectic order parameters as well as distribution functions are computed