Two Decades of Maude

This paper is a tribute to José Meseguer, from the rest of us in the Maude team, reviewing the past, the present, and the future of the language and system with which we have been working for around two decades under his leadership. After reviewing the origins and the language's main features, we present the latest additions to the language and some features currently under development. This paper is not an introduction to Maude, and some familiarity with it and with rewriting logic are indeed assumed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

A robust method to update local river inundation maps using global climate model output and weather typing based statistical downscaling

Versión aceptada de https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02673-7[Abstract:] Global warming is changing the magnitude and frequency of extreme precipitation events. This requires updating local rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves and flood hazard maps according to the future climate scenarios. This is, however, far from straightforward, given our limited ability to model the effects of climate change on the temporal and spatial variability of rainfall at small scales. In this study, we develop a robust method to update local IDF relations for sub-daily rainfall extremes using Global Climate Model (GCM) data, and we apply it to a coastal town in NW Spain. First, the relationship between large-scale atmospheric circulation, described by means of Lamb Circulation Type classification (LCT), and rainfall events with potential for flood generation is analyzed. A broad ensemble set of GCM runs is used to identify frequency changes in LCTs, and to assess the occurrence of flood generating events in the future. In a parallel way, we use this Weather Type (WT) classification and climate-flood linkages to downscale rainfall from GCMs, and to determine the IDF curves for the future climate scenarios. A hydrological-hydraulic modeling chain is then used to quantify the changes in flood maps induced by the IDF changes. The results point to a future increase in rainfall intensity for all rainfall durations, which consequently results in an increased flood hazard in the urban area. While acknowledging the uncertainty in the GCM projections, the results show the need to update IDF standards and flood hazard maps to reflect potential changes in future extreme rainfall intensities.María Bermúdez acknowledges funding from EU’s Horizon 2020 Programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 754446 and UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund—Athenea3i. Els Van Uytven was funded by a doctoral grant from the Research Foundation – Flanders (F.W.O., grant number 11ZY418N).Bélgica. Research Foundation – Flanders; 11ZY418

Determination of biological and physicochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana strains in hypersaline environments for aquaculture in the Colombian Caribbean

BACKGROUND: Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), also known as brine shrimp, are typical inhabitants of extreme environments. These hypersaline environments vary considerably in their physicochemical composition, and even their climatic conditions and elevation. Several thalassohaline (marine) environments along the Colombian Caribbean coast were surveyed in order to contribute to the knowledge of brine shrimp biotopes in South America by determining some vital biological and physicochemical parameters for Artemia survival. Additionally, cyst quality tests, biometrical and essential fatty acids analysis were performed to evaluate the economic viability of some of these strains for the aquaculture industry. RESULTS: In addition to the three locations (Galerazamba, Manaure, and Pozos Colorados) reported in the literature three decades ago in the Colombian Caribbean, six new locations were registered (Salina Cero, Kangaru, Tayrona, Bahía Hondita, Warrego and Pusheo). All habitats sampled showed that chloride was the prevailing anion, as expected, because of their thalassohaline origin. There were significant differences in cyst diameter grouping strains in the following manner according to this parameter: 1) San Francisco Bay (SFB-Control, USA), 2) Galerazamba and Tayrona, 3) Kangarú, 4) Manaure, and 5) Salina Cero and Pozos Colorados. Chorion thickness values were smaller in Tayrona, followed by Salina Cero, Galerazamba, Manaure, SFB, Kangarú and Pozos Colorados. There were significant differences in naupliar size, grouping strains as follows (smallest to largest): 1) Galerazamba, 2) Manaure, 3) SFB, Kangarú, and Salina Cero, 4) Pozos Colorados, and 5) Tayrona. Overall, cyst quality analysis conducted on samples from Manaure, Galerazamba, and Salina Cero revealed that all sites exhibited a relatively high number of cysts.g(-1). Essential fatty acids (EFA) analysis performed on nauplii from cyst samples from Manaure, Galerazamba, Salina Cero and Tayrona revealed that cysts from all sites exhibited high arachidonic acid:20:4(n-6) (ArA) and eicosapentaenoic acid: 20:5(n-3) (EPA) levels comparable to the control sample (SFB). In contrast, most cysts collected (including SFB) at different locations, and during different months, presented low docosahexaenoic acid: 22:6(n-3) (DHA) levels (Manaure was the only exception with high DHA levels). Some variations in EPA and ArA levels were observed in all sites, contrasting with the much lower DHA levels which remained constant for all locations, except for Manaure which exhibited variable DHA levels. DHA/EPA ratio was overall very low for all sites compared to SFB cysts. All strains had a low DHA/ArA, but a high EPA/ArA ratio, including the control. CONCLUSION: The Colombian A. franciscana habitats analyzed were determined to be thalassohaline, and suitable for A. franciscana development. EFA profiles demonstrated that Tayrona, Galerazamba, Manaure and Salina Cero strains are suitable food for marine fish and crustacean culture because of their high EPA/ArA ratio, but might have to be fortified with DHA rich emulsions depending on the nutritional requirements of the species to be cultured, because of their overall low DHA content. The relatively small nauplii are appropriate for marine larvaeculture. In contrast, the strains from Tayrona, Kangarú, Salina Cero, and Pozos Colorados may be of use but limited to Artemia small biomass production quantities, because of the small surface area of their respective locations; Artemia could be exploited at these locations for local aquaculture applications. In general, cyst quality evaluation for Manaure, Salina Cero and Galerazamba cysts revealed that cysts from these three locations could improve their quality by concentrating efforts on cyst processing techniques. Finally, most locations had great A. franciscana production potential and require different degrees of water quality and/or infrastructure management

Reduced Snow Cover Alters Root-microbe Interactions and Decreases Nitrification Rates in a Northern Hardwood Forest

Snow cover is projected to decline during the next century in many ecosystems that currently experience a seasonal snowpack. Because snow insulates soils from frigid winter air temperatures, soils are expected to become colder and experience more winter soil freeze-thaw cycles as snow cover continues to decline. Tree roots are adversely affected by snowpack reduction, but whether loss of snow will affect root-microbe interactions remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to distinguish and attribute direct (e.g., winter snow-and/ or soil frost-mediated) vs. indirect (e.g., root-mediated) effects of winter climate change on microbial biomass, the potential activity of microbial exoenzymes, and net N mineralization and nitrification rates. Soil cores were incubated in situ in nylon mesh that either allowed roots to grow into the soil core (2 mm pore size) or excluded root ingrowth (50 μm pore size) for up to 29 months along a natural winter climate gradient at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH (USA). Microbial biomass did not differ among ingrowth or exclusion cores. Across sampling dates, the potential activities of cellobiohydrolase, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase, and net N mineralization rates were more strongly related to soil volumetric water content (P \u3c 0.05; R2 = 0.25–0.46) than to root biomass, snow or soil frost, or winter soil temperature (R2 \u3c 0.10). Root ingrowth was positively related to soil frost (P \u3c 0.01; R2 = 0.28), suggesting that trees compensate for overwinter root mortality caused by soil freezing by re-allocating resources towards root production. At the sites with the deepest snow cover, root ingrowth reduced nitrification rates by 30% (P \u3c 0.01), showing that tree roots exert significant influence over nitrification, which declines with reduced snow cover. If soil freezing intensifies over time, then greater compensatory root growth may reduce nitrification rates directly via plant-microbe N competition and indirectly through a negative feedback on soil moisture, resulting in lower N availability to trees in northern hardwood forests

Impaired brain glymphatic flow in experimental hepatic encephalopathy

Background & Aims: Neuronal function is exquisitely sensitive to alterations in the extracellular environment. In patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE), accumulation of metabolic waste products and noxious substances in the interstitial fluid of the brain is thought to result from liver disease and may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the accumulation of these substances, such as bile acids, may result from reduced clearance from the brain. Methods: In a rat model of chronic liver disease with minimal HE (the bile duct ligation [BDL] model), we used emerging dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and mass-spectroscopy techniques to assess the efficacy of the glymphatic system, which facilitates clearance of solutes from the brain. Immunofluorescence of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and behavioural experiments were also performed. Results: We identified discrete brain regions (olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) of altered glymphatic clearance in BDL rats, which aligned with cognitive/behavioural deficits. Reduced AQP4 expression was observed in the olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex in HE, which could contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the impairment in glymphatic function in BDL rats. Conclusions: This study provides the first experimental evidence of impaired glymphatic flow in HE, potentially mediated by decreased AQP4 expression in the affected regions. Lay summary: The 'glymphatic system' is a newly discovered brain-wide pathway that facilitates clearance of various sub-stances that accumulate in the brain due to its activity. This study evaluated whether the function of this system is altered in a model of brain dysfunction that occurs in cirrhosis. For the first time, we identified that the clearance of substances from the brain in cirrhosis is reduced because this clearance system is defective. This study proposes a new mechanism of brain dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and provides new targets for therapy

Informing trait-based ecology by assessing remotely sensed functional diversity across a broad tropical temperature gradient

Spatially continuous data on functional diversity will improve our ability to predict global change impacts on ecosystem properties. We applied methods that combine imaging spectroscopy and foliar traits to estimate remotelysensed functional diversity in tropical forests across an Amazon-to-Andes elevation gradient (215 to 3537 m). We evaluated the scale dependency of community assembly processes and examined whether tropical forest productivitycould be predicted by remotely sensed functional diversity. Functional richness of the community decreased withincreasing elevation. Scale-dependent signals of trait convergence, consistent with environmental filtering, play animportant role in explaining the range of trait variation within each site and along elevation. Single- and multitraitremotely sensed measures of functional diversity were important predictors of variation in rates of net and grossprimary productivity. Our findings highlight the potential of remotely sensed functional diversity to inform trait-based ecology and trait diversity-ecosystem function linkages in hyperdiverse tropical forests.Fil: Durán, Sandra M.. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Martin, Roberta E.. Arizona State University; Estados UnidosFil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Maitner, Brian S.. Arizona State University; Estados UnidosFil: Malhi, Yadvinder. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Salinas, Norma. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; PerúFil: Shenkin, Alexander. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Silman, Miles R.. Wake Forest University; Estados UnidosFil: Wieczynski, Daniel J.. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Asner, Gregory P.. Arizona State University; Estados UnidosFil: Bentley, Lisa Patrick. Sonoma State University; Estados UnidosFil: Savage, Van M.. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Enquist, Brian J.. Arizona State University; Estados Unido

Middle to Late Miocene Contractional Deformation in Costa Rica Triggered by Plate Geodynamics

Contractional deformation in Costa Rica is usually attributed to the subduction of the aseismic Cocos Ridge. In this work, we review the evidences for contraction in the middle to late Miocene, prior to the arrival of the Cocos Ridge at the Middle America Trench. We find that the Miocene phase of contractional deformation is found in all of Costa Rica, probably extending to Nicaragua as well. The widespread distribution of this event requires a regional or plate geodynamic trigger. We analyze the possible mechanisms that could produce the onset of contractional deformation, using the better known case of subduction orogeny, the Andes, as an analog. We propose that a change in the direction of the Cocos plate since ∼19 Ma led to a change from oblique to orthogonal convergence, producing contractional deformation of the upper plate.Fil: Mescua, Jose Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Porras, Hernan. Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Duran, Patrick. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Giambiagi, Laura Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: de Moor, Maerten. Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Cascante, Monserrat. Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Salazar, Esteban. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería; ChileFil: Protti, Marino. Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Poblete, Fernando. Universidad de O’Higgins; Chil

Síntomas iniciales en niños con maltrato infantil

Introducción: Alrededor de 300 millones de niños y niñas en el mundo viven en situación de violencia, 70 millones de ellos en Latinoamérica, constituye uno de los problemas principales de salud pública en todo el mundo. Objetivo: Identificar los síntomas iniciales de niños con maltrato infantil atendidos en Sala de Primera Acogida del Hospital General Docente Ambato en el año 2017, para la obtención de un diagnóstico presuntivo. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, a través de entrevistas a los médicos que atendieron los niños maltratados y se realizó una observación científica. En una población de 437 niños atendidos en el año 2017, teniendo como muestra de estudio 50 pacientes elegidos por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Se obtuvo como resultado síntomas conductuales (95%), miedo (75%), depresión (65%), trastornos del sueño y alimentación (45%), como síntomas principales de un niño maltratado. Se elaboró una guía de detección y diagnóstico que facilite al personal de salud un diagnóstico temprano de maltrato infantil. Conclusiones: Los síntomas iniciales en niños maltratados demostraron afectación en el desenvolvimiento psicológico y físico normal del paciente menor de edad,  en la que influyen varios factores del entorno social, familiar y los situacionales, en especial las variables cognitivas de las víctima que han permitido explicar la gravedad de la sintomatología, de la cual requiere un tratamiento, seguimiento adecuado y oportuno en un lapso de tiempo ideal

Síntomas iniciales en niños con maltrato infantil

Introducción: Alrededor de 300 millones de niños y niñas en el mundo viven en situación de violencia, 70 millones de ellos en Latinoamérica, constituye uno de los problemas principales de salud pública en todo el mundo. Objetivo: Identificar los síntomas iniciales de niños con maltrato infantil atendidos en Sala de Primera Acogida del Hospital General Docente Ambato en el año 2017, para la obtención de un diagnóstico presuntivo. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, a través de entrevistas a los médicos que atendieron los niños maltratados y se realizó una observación científica. En una población de 437 niños atendidos en el año 2017, teniendo como muestra de estudio 50 pacientes elegidos por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Se obtuvo como resultado síntomas conductuales (95%), miedo (75%), depresión (65%), trastornos del sueño y alimentación (45%), como síntomas principales de un niño maltratado. Se elaboró una guía de detección y diagnóstico que facilite al personal de salud un diagnóstico temprano de maltrato infantil. Conclusiones: Los síntomas iniciales en niños maltratados demostraron afectación en el desenvolvimiento psicológico y físico normal del paciente menor de edad,  en la que influyen varios factores del entorno social, familiar y los situacionales, en especial las variables cognitivas de las víctima que han permitido explicar la gravedad de la sintomatología, de la cual requiere un tratamiento, seguimiento adecuado y oportuno en un lapso de tiempo ideal