Influence of Microfinance Credits on the Socio-economic Status of Women in Edo State, Nigeria

This paper examines the influence of microfinance credits on womens’ socio-economic status in Edo state in both microfinance that offer health-related services and those that do not. The Objectives include examining the process through which women access microfinance loans and the role of microfinance on women’s socio-economic status. Social action and functionalist formed the theoretical frameworks. Questionnaire was administered to 750 purposively selected females’ microfinance clients with 400 drawn from Microfinance Institutions that offer health related programs and 350 drawn from microfinance institutions that do not offer health related services. Qualitative data were elicited from 14 In-depth Interviews (IDIs) with union representatives, 20 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with microfinance officials and 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with clients. Although, more women from microfinance without health related services reported experiencing more difficulty in accessing loans (24.7%) than those win microfinance with health related services (5.5%), study findings still revealed that access to microfinance positively influenced women’s socio-economic status (income (r=.023), occupation (r=.043) and education (r=.051). Qualitative data also buttressed the role of micro credit in that it enabled clients contribute to meeting household needs, expanded their businesses and generally reduced poverty. While the study concludes that microfinance empowers women socio-economically, it still argues that the very poor women in the society for which microfinance is targeted are still unreached and therefore poverty alleviation is not maximally achieved through this intervention. Thus, more funds and support from government, philanthropists and international agencies are required for effective poverty alleviation. Keywords: Health-related, Microfinance, Poverty, Women empowerment, Socio-economic, Poverty alleviation DOI: 10.7176/JPID/48-0

Underdeveloping the Disadvantaged: The Dilemma of Globalization on Women in a Developing Country

Globalization in its meanings and focus is a phenomenon with anticipated promises and possibilities whose impact can be highly felt and appreciated in the face of gender equality. Achieving such may remain an insurmountable brick wall in a developing country like Nigeria. This is especially so when we consider the disadvantage women experience due to the patriarchal nature of the Nigerian system, high level of poverty, increased marginalization and segregation, invisibility and experienced limitations and difficulty in participating and succeeding in power relations, participation in unpaid and less paid jobs (coupled with the devaluation of the Nigerian currency), inability to move and grow in their career pursuit at the same pace with men due to reproductive health issues, socialization of children, women’s “seemingly” unappreciated loss of identity to the men (through marriage) and the general orientation that women are meant to be at the “background”. Conceptualizing globalization from Anderson’s view point and hinged on the theory of feminism, this paper addresses the effect of these disadvantages on women’s lives and opportunities in the Nigerian society at a critical point as this when the country is undergoing economic recession. It concludes that women are more likely to experience underdevelopment despite the possibilities and promises of globalization. It recommends a holistic approach which will involve revisiting some policies, passing some bills, educating, enlightening, re-orientating the necessary stake holders as well as empowering women and re-enforcing gender mainstreaming in all facets of the society in order to reduce the effect of these experiences on their development in the Nigerian society. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-8-16 Publication date: April 30th 201

Socio-Economic Implications of Family Size on Child Health in Ibadan, Oyo State

The general effect of family sizes on the health of individual has aroused concerns and remained the focus of many researchers with negligible attention on children. This study examined the socio-economic implications of family size on the health of children in Oyo state. The research adopted a descriptive and cross-sectional survey design with Epidemiological transition theory as its theoretical framework for explanation. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 420 randomly selected respondents from 8 selected communities in Ibadan North East local government, Ibadan. Quantitative data was analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and chi-square. The mean age of respondents was 38 years, only 26.1% had tertiary education, while a huge majority (80.3%) earned a monthly of income less than 30,000 naira. More than half of the respondents 52.4% had four or more children and shared a room. A significant association existed (x2=23.278, P<0.05) between the type of family and the number of children. Majority of the respondents with four or more children who shared a room reported their children often experienced catarrh (66.7%), typhoid fever (65.9%), malaria (66.0%) and measles (66.7%). The occurrence of hazards was connected to the number of children in a family which was largely influenced by parents’ socio-economic status. There is need to enlighten parents from low socio-economic status on the effect of large family sizes on children’s health in other to curb child morbidity and mortality. Keywords: children, Family Size, Hazards, socio economic, health DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/108-01 Publication date:May 31st 202

Boko Haram,Peace, Security and Development in North-East Nigeria: A Refractory Expedition

The atrocious crimes leashed on North Eastern Nigerians evident in brutal killings, rapes, kidnap and violence against humanity by the Boko Haram sect for 16years, is not only devastating but also brings critical narratives to the fore. The threats this sect has posed overtime to the level of peace, security and development of the nation generally, questions the role, agenda and essence of governance in Nigeria especially at the federal level. Available studies bothering on insurgency in the North Eastern region of Nigeria, seem to pay negligible attention to the interconnectedness between peace and development in that region. Applying the democratic peace theory, this paper sets to examine the link between peace, security and development since the formation of Boko Haram in 2002, with particular reference to Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states of Northern Nigeria. The secondary data sources were utilized through theoretical and historical analysis to access, interpret and discuss the findings. The paper submits that the security situation in the region is influenced by the already existing economic dislocation, volatile political terrain, religious insensitivity etc and has adversely affected the peaceful co-existence, security and overall level of development in the region.While a military intervention in curbing this mayhem is expedient, this paper suggests that the assurance of security and overall development of the region should be a top-notch agenda of government in order to fortify any resolve for peace not only in the North east but also in every region in Nigeria. Keywords: Peace, Security, Development, Boko Haram, North-East Nigeria Word Count: 245 DOI: 10.7176/JPID/49-05 Publication date: April 30th 201

World Capitalist System and Globalization: Reconsiderations for Achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria

Capitalism with its accompanied liberal ideology has been very successful in expanding its tentacles to and overthrowing other social and economic systems in several parts of the world. The resulting consequence of this historical process is that of globalization which is characterized by increasing homogeneity and interdependence of the various countries of the world on one another.  While globalization has been recurrent and become a focus for scholarly discourse, Nigeria right from the time of her independence has remained at a disadvantage position in terms of economic, political, technological and cultural development. Historical events showed that the “supposed giant of Africa” as a peripheral country, has been dancing to the music of the more developed nations, thus experiencing disguised dependency even as an independent republic. However, if the country is serious about achieving its sustainable development goals, it must learn to dictate its own tune and look inwards for the restructuration of its social, economic and political systems in line with her area of strength, as well as addressing her weaknesses. Thus, this paper attempts to describe the current world capitalist system in the light of World-Systems Theory, discuss globalization and then examine key areas Nigeria must look into for the emancipation of its people from the shackles of underdevelopment and dependency. In conclusion, it is recommended that true Federalism and Nationalism should be the watchword and practice of both political leaders and Nigerian citizens in order to achieve grassroots development and national progress. Keywords: World Capitalist System, Globalization, Sustainable Development, Federalism, Nationalis

Awareness and International Migratory Intent Amongst Final Year Undergraduate Medical Students at the University of Ibadan

International migratory intentions among undergraduate medical students is fast becoming a norm and crippling healthcare. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 158 medical and nursing undergraduate final-year students, who were selected using selective sampling technique. Hinged on the theory of the new economics of labour migration, neo-classical economics micro and macro-migration, migration intention, perception, and awareness of international migration and familial interaction were surveyed. The analysis and presentation of the study's data was in percentage distribution, frequency counts, charts, and a chi-square test of associations with a significance level of 0.05. Respondents were aged 21 to 36 with mean age of 25.1+3.0, females (52.5%) males (47.5%) of whom (93.0%) single and (7%) married. 64.6% were Christians, 34.8% Muslims. 88.0% of respondents considered working overseas after graduation, 48.1% possess information necessary to practice overseas, 74.7% have requested information about doing so, and 56.3% wish to work abroad. Interest accounted for 72.7% of all factors in choosing a course of study. The total programme quality was assessed at 89.2%, academic experience in the programmes 90.5%, instruction facility was evaluated at 67.1%. Main reasons for wanting to leave included 8.9% to further education, 8.2% unsettled environment, 7.6% economic problems and corruption, 6.3% job insecurity, 5.1% better career opportunities, arbitrary strikes and 7.6% expressed no intentions. The findings recommend that government should invest more in healthcare education, healthcare systems, eliminate industrial strike, provide suitable employment opportunities, enhance course of study, improve and maintain basic infrastructure, and foster a secured, hospitable enabling environment. Keywords: Migration, Undergraduate, Intention, Awareness, Medical, Nursing DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-4-04 Publication date:June 30th 202

Perception and Awareness of Preventive Practices Against Breast Cancer Among Women in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

The prevalence of breast cancer which is the second deadly disease in the world, has affected the peace of women as the vulnerable group in the society, thus has attracting more global and scholarly attention. While researches have focused largely on the symptoms and consequences of breast cancer among women, few have focused on women’s perception and awareness about the preventive practices of this disease especially in Oyo state. This forms the focus of this paper. Marxist feminist theory formed the framework of the study. A descriptive survey was conducted among 400 women selected from two local governments in Ibadan through multi stage sampling. Ten in-depth interviews were also conducted among women. Quantitative data was analyzed using inferential statistics such as percentages and chi-square, while the qualitative data were content analyzed. The study revealed that women’s perception of breast cancer was based on poor knowledge and the ‘belief’ that breast cancer is not only caused by supernatural forces but can be cured by it (God/gods) even without medical intervention. Eighty-three (83) percent were aware of breast self-examination, 66% were aware of clinical breast examination and 28% of mammography. However,  awareness about other preventive practices like exercise, avoidance of alcohol intake, weight loss and diet was low and awareness was significantly related to women’s level of education with X2=44.0, P = 0.00. There is need for awareness programs and health education on breast cancer to reduce the myth about breast cancer and encourage early detection and treatment of this deadly disease. Keywords: Awareness, Breast examination, Perception, Preventive Practice

Knowledge and Effect of Sex Education on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Oyo State, Nigeria

Adolescence is an important aspect of human development and so is their sexual health. Several studies have focused on prevalence of sexual practices and pregnancies among this unique group, very few have however, focused on the knowledge and effect of sex education on their sexual health especially in Oyo state. Social Action theory and health belief model were utilized as framework for explanation. A survey was carried out on 400 secondary school adolescent students in Ibadan North Local Government Area selected through multi-stage sampling procedure. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on content of sex education received, knowledge and effect of sex education on adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted with parents of the adolescents. Quantitative Data was analyzed using inferential statistics while the qualitative data were content analyzed. Findings revealed that adolescents were aware of pubertal changes with more females having higher knowledge of their sexuality than their male counterparts. But when asked other questions, adolescents showed incomplete knowledge on sexuality. About 42% got informed from their schools, 17% from their homes, 15% from friends and 20% from the internet. Adolescents reported that teachers and parents/guardians had taught them on the need to practice abstinence during interactions on sexual issues. Sex education taught at home was reported to be more emotional and moral-laden.  Hence large proportions (over 60%) reported they had not initiated sexual activities although not because of sex education received. There is need to establish more programs that target both knowledge and behavioral change for adolescents’ sexual health, while increased parent-adolescence communication on sexual issues should be encouraged for more positive impact. Keywords: adolescent sexual health, sex education, abstinence, reproductive healt

Alarming increase in the incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in northern Nigeria

Cowpea plays a key nutritional role in the diet of the Nigerian people. Viral diseases are a major limitation to cowpea production worldwide, and thus, constant viral surveillance is crucial for monitoring and management purposes. In this study, cowpea leaf samples from fields in three northern Nigeria states, Kano, Kaduna and Niger, were tested to determine the status of six common viruses previously reported in these cowpea-producing states following the release of virus-resistant varieties. Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV), Cowpea mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were detected. Cowpea yellow mosaic virus, which was previously reported in all three states, was not detected in any of the samples tested, while CMV that was previously regarded as unimportant to cowpea production in Nigeria had the highest incidence in all three states, and the overall highest incidence of 58.8%, while CABMV had the lowest incidence (7.5%). CMV was also present in seven of the ten mixed infection combinations detected. Dual infection of CMV and BICMV, which often results in cowpea stunt, the most devastating cowpea disease in the USA, was the most frequently detected mixed infection (28.1%) and was detected in all three states. This observed elevation in CMV infection in cowpea must be closely monitored and swiftly managed to avert possible devastating crop yield losses

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London