Binomio cooperación-ciudad. La definición de un modelo patrimonial a través del caso de estudio de Tetuán

La presente tesis doctoral se orienta al estudio de proyectos de cooperación aplicados al patrimonio. En primer lugar, se desarrolla una parte ensayística, en la que se estudia, analiza y reflexiona sobre conceptos clásicos en el mundo del patrimonio, así como otros que consideramos deben de ser tenidos en cuenta. En segundo lugar, se estudia los proyectos de cooperación en materia de patrimonio llevados a cabo en la medina de Tetuán, mediante la lectura de archivo, las entrevistas realizadas a la población civil y a los actores clave, y al análisis in situ de los proyectos. Es decir, es conocer la producción que la cooperación ha realizado en la ciudad, su implicación, su importancia y su repercusión en el entorno de la misma. Obtenidos los resultados de la investigación, se proponen un conjunto de indicadores para un modelo patrimonial de la cooperación, aunque no únicamente restringido a este ámbito (la cooperación). El enfoque utilizado ha sido el pensamiento hermenéutico junto con la Teoría Fundamentada. Para conseguir este objetivo se ha desarrollado una batería de conceptos partiendo de la humanización del patrimonio, o sea, del patrimonio inmaterial, el ciudadano. La estructura en la que se articula el presente texto es la que sigue. - Antes de comenzar a ambular: la hipótesis que se presenta es la evaluación de los proyectos dentro del marco de cooperación al desarrollo aplicado al patrimonio de la ciudad Tetuán. Nuestro objetivo es la formulación de unos indicadores para evaluar el impacto de estos en la ciudad. Se presentan las convenciones a tener en cuenta para entender el texto (tipo de fuente, tipo de citación,…), así como la estructuración de la obra. - Sobre los tres significantes claves y Tetuán: Cooperación, Patrimonio y Tetuán: se exponen las principales referencias que existen hasta hoy en día, para finalmente, definir cuál es el significado utilizado para nuestra investigación. Asimismo, se 2 presenta la realidad de Tetuán en el momento de realizar la estancia de investigación, el trabajo de campo: Tetuán, desde la cooperación a la lectura patrimonial. - Pensamiento integral-complejo-holístico: teoría fundamentada y hermenéutica, implementada en los parámetros Memoria, Imagen, Espacio y Lugar, Territorio, Región y Paisaje. Una inmersión cultural, aproximación a través del estudio de la percepción. - Las imágenes de Tetuán: mostramos una síntesis de las entrevistas y hacemos una interpretación de las mismas. Construcción de una imagen, del imaginario tetuaní. Todas las entrevistas han sido transcritas y se encuentran en Anexos. - El valor material de lo inmaterial en los proyectos patrimoniales. Hacia un modelo patrimonial de la cooperación: tras el estudio de los resultados, se concluye la necesidad de realizar proyectos de intervención en los que se tenga como elemento patrimonial principal al ciudadano. Sin ciudadano no habría ciudad, no habría hábito, no habría lugar. La interpretación se ha de hacer a partir de esta unidad. Por ello, se presentan como indicadores evaluadores la memoria de los habitantes (colectiva en diferentes escalas: ciudad, barrios, calles, cuyos límites están definidos por la costumbre, el modo de vivir y de hacer ciudad por los propios habitantes), la imagen de los habitantes (se diferencia entre la imagen inculcada, propaganda política, y la imagen personal), el espacio hodológico (identificando qué identifican por espacio, qué por lugar, qué por territorio, qué por paisaje)

Endocrine remodelling of the adult intestine sustains reproduction in Drosophila.

The production of offspring is energetically costly and relies on incompletely understood mechanisms that generate a positive energy balance. In mothers of many species, changes in key energy-associated internal organs are common yet poorly characterised functionally and mechanistically. In this study, we show that, in adult Drosophila females, the midgut is dramatically remodelled to enhance reproductive output. In contrast to extant models, organ remodelling does not occur in response to increased nutrient intake and/or offspring demands, but rather precedes them. With spatially and temporally directed manipulations, we identify juvenile hormone (JH) as an anticipatory endocrine signal released after mating. Acting through intestinal bHLH-PAS domain proteins Methoprene-tolerant (Met) and Germ cell-expressed (Gce), JH signals directly to intestinal progenitors to yield a larger organ, and adjusts gene expression and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) activity in enterocytes to support increased lipid metabolism. Our findings identify a metabolically significant paradigm of adult somatic organ remodelling linking hormonal signals, epithelial plasticity, and reproductive output. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06930.00

Drosophila Lipophorin Receptors Mediate the Uptake of Neutral Lipids in Oocytes and Imaginal Disc Cells by an Endocytosis-Independent Mechanism

Lipids are constantly shuttled through the body to redistribute energy and metabolites between sites of absorption, storage, and catabolism in a complex homeostatic equilibrium. In Drosophila, lipids are transported through the hemolymph in the form of lipoprotein particles, known as lipophorins. The mechanisms by which cells interact with circulating lipophorins and acquire their lipidic cargo are poorly understood. We have found that lipophorin receptor 1 and 2 (lpr1 and lpr2), two partially redundant genes belonging to the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) family, are essential for the efficient uptake and accumulation of neutral lipids by oocytes and cells of the imaginal discs. Females lacking the lpr2 gene lay eggs with low lipid content and have reduced fertility, revealing a central role for lpr2 in mediating Drosophila vitellogenesis. lpr1 and lpr2 are transcribed into multiple isoforms. Interestingly, only a subset of these isoforms containing a particular LDLR type A module mediate neutral lipid uptake. Expression of these isoforms induces the extracellular stabilization of lipophorins. Furthermore, our data indicate that endocytosis of the lipophorin receptors is not required to mediate the uptake of neutral lipids. These findings suggest a model where lipophorin receptors promote the extracellular lipolysis of lipophorins. This model is reminiscent of the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that occurs at the mammalian capillary endothelium, suggesting an ancient role for LDLR–like proteins in this process

Cardiomyocyte Regulation of Systemic Lipid Metabolism by the Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins in Drosophila

We thank our colleagues Linda Thompson and Luke Szweda at OMRF, and Gary Struhl at Columbia University for critical comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to Rolf Bodmer (Sanford-Burnham-Presby Medical Discovery Institute), Joquim Culi (CSIC-UPO), Susan Abmayr (Stowers Institute) and Laurent Perrin (TAGC) for fly stocks and antibodies. We also thank the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, the Vienna Drosophila RNAi Center, and the TRiP at Harvard Medical School for fly stocks. We acknowledged the Imaging Core Facility at OMRF for excellent technical assistance.Author Summary The heart is increasingly recognized to serve an important role in the regulation of whole-body lipid homeostasis; however, the underlying mechanisms remained poorly understood. Here, our study in Drosophila reveals that cardiomyocytes regulate systemic lipid metabolism by producing apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (apoB-lipoproteins), essential lipid carriers that are so far known to be generated only in the fat body (insect liver and adipose tissue). We found that apoB-lipoproteins generated by the Drosophila cardiomyocytes serve an equally significant role as their fat body-derived counterparts in maintaining systemic lipid homeostasis on normal food diet. Importantly, on high fat diet (HFD), the cardiomyocyte-derived apoB-lipoproteins are the major determinants of whole-body lipid metabolism, a role which could be attributed to the HFD-induced up-regulation of apoB-lipoprotein biosynthesis genes in the cardiomyocytes and their down-regulation in the fat body. Taken together, our results reveal that apoB-lipoproteins are new players in mediating the heart control of lipid metabolism, and provide first evidence supporting the notion that HFD-induced differential regulation of apoB-lipoprotein biosynthesis genes could alter the input of different tissue-derived apoB-lipoproteins in systemic lipid metabolic control.Yeshttp://www.plosgenetics.org/static/editorial#pee

FLORES RUIZ, Eva. María y OLMEDO SÁNCHEZ, Yolanda Victoria. (eds.): Entre plumas y pinceles. Imágenes femeninas en la literatura y la pintura (1800-1950), Madrid, Sial/Trivium, 2020, 216 pp. ISBN: 978-84-18333-61-3.

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La familia de los receptores de lipoproteínas de baja densidad en Drosophila. Funciones en desarrollo y en la adquisición celular de lípidos neutros

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 01-06-2011Low Density Lipoprotein Receptors (LDLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins with related functions and structure. They are involved in the endocytosis and clearance of multiple ligands, including cholesterol rich LDL. Moreover, some members also have signaling capacity. Orthologues of these genes are present in all metazoans including Drosophila melanogaster. In this thesis we have studied four member of the LDLR family in this organism: ldlr-related protein 1 (lrp1), megalin (mgl) and lipophorin receptors 1 and 2 (lpr1 and lpr2). Our characterization of lrp1 indicates that this gene is involved in the growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing. Genetic interaction experiments suggest that lrp1 modulates TGF-ß signaling during vein specification. In the wing imaginal discs, lpr1 appears to modulate the Dpp distribution gradient. Drosophila mgl is essential for the deposition of a proper adult wing cuticle, the mutants show incomplete expansion of the wings and altered cuticle structure. Finally, our results indicate that lpr1 and lpr2 are involved in lipid metabolism in the fly. Lipids are transported through the blood or the insect hemolymph as small particles known as lipoproteins to redistribute energy and metabolites between sites of absorption, storage, and catabolism in a complex homeostatic equilibrium. We show in this thesis that lpr1 and lpr2 are essential for the efficient uptake and accumulation of neutral lipids by oocytes and cells of the imaginal discs. Females lacking the lpr2 gene lay eggs with low lipid content and have reduced fertility, revealing a central role for lpr2 in mediating Drosophila vitellogenesis. lpr1 and lpr2 are transcribed into multiple isoforms. Interestingly, only a subset of these isoforms containing a particular LDLR type A module mediate neutral lipid uptake. Expression of these isoforms induces the extracellular stabilization of lipophorins. Furthermore, our data indicate that endocytosis of the lipophorin receptors is not required to mediate the uptake of neutral lipids. These findings suggest a model where lipophorin receptors promote the extracellular lipolysis of lipophorins. This model is reminiscent of the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that occurs at the mammalian capillary endothelium, suggesting an ancient role for LDLR-like proteins in this process. The work presented in this thesis points to Drosophila as an excellent experimental model to study lipid uptake in peripheral tissues as well as possible regulators of this process that could be involved in energy partitioning