Implementación del Mantenimiento Centrado en la Confiabilidad (RCM), al Shiploader de Minerales del Muelle “F”, de la Empresa Terminal Internacional del Sur (Terminal Portuario de Matarani)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el presentar una metodología eficiente de mantenimiento, para el sistema de embarcador de mineral para barcos o denominado de ahora en adelante como Shiploader, enfocado en evitar la ocurrencia de fallas, que afecten al medio ambiente, seguridad de las personas y entorno, costos y operatividad del sistema de transporte de minerales del Muelle “F” del Terminal Portuario de Matarani. La metodología propuesta es la del Mantenimiento Centrado en la Confiabilidad (RCM), la cual busca lograr de la compañía, los activos y del personal; mayor seguridad e integridad ambiental, mejor funcionamiento operacional, mayor costo-eficacia, mayor vida útil de los activos y un mejor trabajo en equipo. La metodología del RCM formula siete preguntas sobre el activo o el sistema, las cuales son desarrolladas minuciosamente en el transcurso de los posteriores capítulos, las cuales al ser respondidas irán formulando el plan de mantenimiento preventivo ideal para el Shiploader, con el único objetivo de que no se susciten fallas inesperadas al sistema. Finalmente los logros obtenidos con la aplicación del RCM, son cuantificados y ejemplificados en los planes de mantenimiento (PM’s) que se aplicarán en el Shiploader. Palabras clave: Mantenimiento Centrado en la Confiabilidad, Shiploader, alta disponibilidadTesi

Modelo prolab: Tinkiy, una multiplataforma para aumentar la empleabilidad de las mujeres peruanas con el uso de inteligencia artificial

A pesar de los avances en la igualdad de género en varios ámbitos, las mujeres en todo el mundo aún enfrentan mayores desafíos que los hombres en el ámbito laboral, con dificultades para encontrar empleos. La brecha de género persiste, ya que las mujeres ocupan con más frecuencia puestos de bajo rango y trabajan en condiciones laborales vulnerables. Según la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, en 2022, la brecha de participación en la fuerza laboral entre hombres y mujeres fue del 29.2%, influida por responsabilidades familiares y trabajos de cuidado no remunerados. En el Perú, también existe una brecha de género en la fuerza laboral, con una mayoría de hombres participando activamente en comparación con las mujeres. El presente estudio se enfoca en las mujeres peruanas con educación básica superior entre 25 y 44 años, las cuáles enfrentan desafíos en la búsqueda de empleo y el crecimiento profesional, la propuesta de solución para esta problemática se llama TINKIY, una multiplataforma que busca empoderar y promover el desarrollo de las mujeres profesionales a través de una variedad de servicios y recursos que abordan las necesidades actuales del mercado laboral. Esta multiplataforma será amigable para los usuarios y utilizará la inteligencia artificial, nuestra propuesta es sostenible y está alineada con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible ODS 5, con un índice de relevancia de 40% que impacta en la igualdad de género. Se tiene una propuesta con viabilidad financiera con una inversión inicial de S/.832’500.00, proyectando al término del quinto año de operación se obtiene un VAN positivo de S/. 637’608.00 y una TIR de 39.39% y un VAN Social de S/. 3’282.149.Despite advances in gender equality in various areas, women around the world still face greater challenges than men in the workplace, with difficulties finding formal jobs. The gender gap persists, with women more often occupying low-ranking positions and working in vulnerable working conditions. According to the International Labor Organization, in 2022, the labor force participation gap between men and women was 29.2%, influenced by family responsibilities and unpaid care work. In Peru, there is also a gender gap in the workforce, with a majority of men actively participating compared to women. The present study focuses on Peruvian women with higher basic education between 25 and 44 years old, who face challenges in searching for employment and professional growth. The proposed solution for this problem is called TINKIY, a platform that seeks to empower and promote the development of professional women through a variety of services and resources that address current labor market needs. This multiplatform will be user-friendly and will use artificial intelligence, our proposal is sustainable and is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals SDG 5, with a relevance index of 40% that impacts gender equality. There is a proposal with financial viability with an initial investment of S/.832,500.00, projecting at the end of the fifth year of operation a positive NPV of S/. 637’608.00, an IRR of 39.39% and a Social NPV of S/3,282.149

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora

We describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Withinplot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central–eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century