Scaling of social ventures - a case study of speak

The scaling of social ventures follows the objective of intensifying or spreading positive impact by either scaling deep or scaling up. Numerous frameworks and guidelines for these measures can be found, although the majority of which lack completeness. This paper presents a consolidated model and applies it to the case of SPEAK, a Portuguese social venture. Gaining insight into different processes and decisive moments along the path leading to the adopted strategy reveals the realities imposed on such an initiative. Inferring from this, it becomes clear that scaling a venture is a continuous evolution influenced by multiple factors

Diversity and growth-effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi of a Nothofagus pumilio forest in the Andes of Southern Chile

Chilean temperate rainforests have unique climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions, constituting pre-industrial blueprint ecosystems. Mycorrhizal associations play a central role in the biogeochemical processes of these ecosystems´ functioning. Baseline forest ecology studies are necessary in order to better understand diversity patterns, specifically regarding mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, here we described the vegetation characteristics and the mycorrhizal relationships of vascular plants in a Nothofagus pumilio forest. We also described, via morphological methods, the ectomycorrhizal diversity present in this forest. Additionally, we determined whether ectomycorrhizal inoculations confer positive growth effects on N. pumilio seedlings. We founded that from 46 described vascular plant species, 42 (91%) were associated with mycorrhizae and of these 33 (72%) were associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), two (the dominant trees N. pumilio and N. dombeyi) were associated with ectomycorrhizae (EM), five were associated with ericoid mycorrhizae, two with orchid mycorrhizae, and four were non-mycorrhizal. Additionally, 26 EM species were detected of which 14 belong to Cortinarius. Finally, there were clear differences in the growth of N. pumilio seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata compared to non-inoculated plants. We suggest that mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in seedling colonization of extreme environments such as the Andean treeline

ECTOMICORRIZAS EN Nothofagus alpina (P.et E.) Oerst y N. dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. DEL SUR DE CHILE

Mediante estudios de microscopía óptica se describe y caracteriza la simbiosis ectomicorrícica de Laccaria laccata (Scop) Berk + Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst y Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. + Nothofagus alpina (P. et E.) Oerst, en plántulas obtenidas de vivero el la Provincia de Valdivia, Sur de Chile. Se documenta la micorriza mediante ilustración del hábito y microfotografias del  manto fúngico, así como de secciones transversales y longitudinales, . La estructuramorfo-anatómica de las especies de hongos estudiadas, se compara con hospedantes de Europa. Se destaca la importancia de la asociación micorrícica, para futuros programas de reforestación en el Sur de Chile

PRODUCTIVIDAD DEL HONGO NATIVO Cortinarius austroturmalis EN BOSQUES DE Nothofagus siempreverde y CADUCIFOLIO DE LAS RESERVAS NACIONALES ALTOS DE LIRCAY Y LOS RUILES DE LA VII REGIÓN, CHILE

Los bosques de Nothofagus de la zona mediterránea de Chile, que incluye la VII Región, están constituidos por especies caducifolias y siempreverdes, las cuales se encuentran asociadas a diversoshongos ectomicorrícicos dentro de los que destaca el hongo nativo Cortinarius austroturmalis Moser & Horak (Agaricales, Basidiomycota).Este hongo constituye un Producto Forestal No Maderero (PFNM) poco conocido, cuya productividad no ha sido determinada, lo que implica que la población rural cercana a las Reservas Nacionales Altos de Lircay y Los Ruiles de la VII Región, no lo identifique como un hongo apto para el consumo humano y, por consiguiente, no lo coseche. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la productividad de basidiomas del hongo nativo Cortinarius austroturmalis asociado a especies deNothofagus siempreverdes y caducifolias en las Reservas Nacionales Altos de Lircay y Los Ruiles de la VII Región. Las hipótesis propuestas fueron:1) La productividad de basidiomas de Cortinarius austroturmalis en la Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles es mayor que en la Reserva Nacional Altos de Lircay, 2) La productividad de basidiomas de Cortinariusaustroturmalis asociados a especies de Nothofagus siempreverdes es mayor que la productividad de este hongo asociado a especies de Nothofagus caducifolias en ambas reservas estudiadas

Arbuscular mycorrhizal assemblages along contrasting andean forests of Southern Chile

Southern Chilean pristine temperate rainforests have been floristically stable during the Holocene, thus representing a pre-industrial baseline of forest ecology. Given this and its edaphic limitations, it is imperative to better understand these forests ecological patterns of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, here we compare the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) communities in three treeline Nothofagus pumilio contrasting plots of Chilean Andes (a volcano crater, pristine forest, and disturbed forest). The AM community assemblages were determined by morphological identification and spore counting, in three A horizon soil samples by plot. In the same nine soil samples, standard chemical analysis was performed. Eighteen AM species were described; Acaulospora was the most abundant genus. The forest plot had the highest AM species richness compared to the disturbed and crater plots. Interestingly, soils Olsen P (plant available phosphorus), pH, and Al+++ saturation similarly affected the AM assemblages. We suggest that some AM species could be specially adapted to extremely high Al saturation and extremely low plant available P conditions, as those experienced on Andean Nothofagus forests. These species may help initiate biological succession on highly disturbed ecosystems. We suggest that mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in seedling colonization of extreme environments such as the Andean treeline.CONICYT/21150047FONDECYT/1141060FONDECYT/315017

Do new records of macrofungi indicate warming of their habitats in terrestrial Antarctic ecosystems?

Relatively few macrofungi have been historically described from terrestrial environments of the Antarctic Peninsula and its associated archipelagos which are characterized by a moss-dominated vegetation, most of them preferentially or obligatorily associated with bryophytes. During the study of the influence of penguin rockeries to moss communities on the South Shetland Islands, the bryophilous basidiomycetes Rimbachia bryophila and Arrhenia cf. lilacinicolor were found for the first time on King George Island, growing on carpets of Sanionia uncinata. Other bryophilous fungi previously recorded in the same region are Arrhenia antarctica, Omphalina pyxidata and the rare Simocybe antarctica. The detection of the supposedly parasitic R. bryophila, together with other new observations of macrofungi on different hosts in the Antarctic bryoflora could indicate increased sexual reproduction. The likely increase of reproduction as an effect of warming on the terrestrial antarctic tundra should be proven by follow up field studies

Diversidad de musgos en comunidades vegetales asociadas a una pingüinera en la isla decepción, antártica marítima.

[spa] Con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de las pingüineras sobre la diversidad de la vegetación en la Isla Decepción, se estudió la composición de briófitas de un transecto de aproximadamente 2 km entre el Lago Irízar y la pingüinera (Pygoscelis antarcticus) de Punta La Descubierta. Fueron detectados un total de 39 carpetas de vegetación formadas principalmente por briófitos, distribuidas en tres sectores principales, aledaño al Lago Irízar, en Collado Vapor y en Punta La Descubierta. Los briófitos registrados corresponden a 15 especies de musgos y sólo 2 hepáticas, con 11 familias representadas. Se detectó que dos musgos, Sanionia uncinata y Politrychastrum alpinum, con 31 y 9 registros, dominaban las carpetas, con mayor abundancia y frecuencia. Además, se encontró un nuevo registro para la isla del musgo Bryum orbiculatifolium, el cual crece directamente asociado a la pingüinera. Además, se encontró que hay 5 especies de musgos comunes a los tres sectores, aunque otras 5 especies crecen solo en el sector de la pingüinera, diferenciándose esta comunidad de las otras dos. No se detectaron plantas vasculares en todo el sitio de estudio, por lo que se discute la posibilidad de que estos sitios se encuentran en estados de colonización temprana y donde su biota está marcada por la presencia de musgos pioneros que crecen alrededor de las pingüineras, influenciadas probablemente por el aporte de nutrientes del guano depositado.[eng] In order to determine the influence of a penguin rookery on the diversity of the vegetation on Deception Island, Maritime Antarctica, the composition of bryophytes along a transect of approximately 2 km between Lake Irízar and the penguin rookery (Pygoscelis antarcticus) of La Descubierta Point was studied. A total of 39 vegetation carpets formed mainly by bryophytes were detected, distributed between three main sectors, next to Lake Irízar, in Vapour Coil and at La Descubierta Point. The bryophytes correspond to 15 moss species and only 2 liverworts, with 11 moss families represented. Two mosses, Sanionia uncinata (31 records) and Polytrichastrum alpinum (9 records), were found to dominate the moss carpets, being also the most frequent species. In addition, a new site on the island was found with presence of the moss Bryum orbiculatifolium, which grows directly associated with the penguin rookery. Our results also show that there are 5 species of mosses common to the three sectors, another 5 species grow only in the penguin area, differentiating this community from the other two sectors. Vascular plants were not detected, indicating that the studied sites are in state of early colonization where their biota is marked by the presence of pioneer mosses associated to the penguin colony, which probably benefit from the nutrient input derived from the deposited guano