Application of the Continuous Variation Method to Systems Involving Stable Stepwise Complexes: Ni(II)-1,10-Phenanthroline & Cu(II)-Ethylenediamine Systems

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SESSILE ORGANISMS COLONISATION ON CONCRETE SUBSTRATE “CRYPTO” AT DIFFERENT DEPTH IN THE PATCH REEF OF PRAMUKA ISLAND

Acceleration of the process of recovery of damaged reefs require rehabilitation, management and supervision of well-planned and sustainable. One of the rehabilitation process is to create artificial reef. This study aims to look at the rate of attachment of sessile organisms on cement media called “crypto”. A total of 270 cement media at each shelf. The size of cement media is 5x5x1 cm. The cement media were deployed at a depth of 6 meters and 10 meters. The rate of attachment of sessile organisms was compared between the upper and lower of the media side at each depth and between depths. Different organisms was observed colonized concrete media such as shells, sponges, worms, green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Percentage of coverage of sessile biota at a depth of 6 meters was significantly higher than 10 meters. Percentage of coverage of sponges at a depth of 6 meters and 10 meters, showed no significantly different (P = 0.0670). The other sessile biota, value of the test results showed significant differences between depths, such as the brown algae (P< 0.0001), red algae (P = 0.0003), and green algae (P = 0.0022). The type succession occurs in this research was likely a primary succession

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Findings In 2019, 273 center dot 9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 center dot 5 to 290 center dot 9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 center dot 72% (4 center dot 46 to 5 center dot 01). 228 center dot 2 million (213 center dot 6 to 244 center dot 7; 83 center dot 29% [82 center dot 15 to 84 center dot 42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global agestandardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 center dot 21% [-1 center dot 26 to -1 center dot 16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 center dot 46% [0 center dot 13 to 0 center dot 79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 center dot 94% [-1 center dot 72 to -0 center dot 14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Summary Background Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings In 2019, 273 & middot;9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 & middot;5 to 290 & middot;9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 & middot;72% (4 & middot;46 to 5 & middot;01). 228 & middot;2 million (213 & middot;6 to 244 & middot;7; 83 & middot;29% [82 & middot;15 to 84 & middot;42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 & middot;21% [-1 & middot;26 to -1 & middot;16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 & middot;46% [0 & middot;13 to 0 & middot;79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 & middot;94% [-1 & middot;72 to -0 & middot;14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Upinių žuvėdrų (Sterna hirundo) perinčios populiacijos genetinės struktūros įvertinimas panaudojant mikrosatelitinius žymenis

Upinių žuvėdrų (Sterna hirundo) populiacijos genetinės įvairovės tyrimams audinių pavyzdžiai surinkti iš Lietuvos teritorijoje (Nemuno ir Dauguvos upių baseinuose ties Kalviais, Kietaviškėmis, Nemuno delta, Lazdijais, Kretuono ežero saloje, ties Zarasais bei Ignalina) įsikūrusiose kolonijose perinčių paukščių. Panaudojus 11 pradmenų porų, sukurtų mikrosatelitinių sekų analizei taksonomiškai artimose rūšyse, nustatyti upinių žuvėdrų alelių dažniai 11 polimorfinių lokusų. Heterozigotiškumas atskirose kolonijose įvairavo 0,1809–0,4029 ribose. Ryškių genetinio variabilumo skirtumų tarp tirtų upinių žuvėdrų kolonijų nenustatyta. Tačiau Nemuno deltos kolonijoje nustatytas mažesnis alelių skaičius lokusui, žemesnės polimorfiškumo bei vidutinio heterozigotiškumo reikšmės, atspindinčios didesnę natūraliosios atrankos įtaką šiai kolonijai. Visos populiacijos mastu nustatytas aukštas vidupopuliacinės genetinės diferenciacijos lygis (RST = 0,1545). Nuokrypis nuo Hardžio-Vainbergo pusiausvyros, pasireiškęs heterozigotų deficitu, nustatytas šešiose iš septynių upinių žuvėdrų kolonijų, kuri sąlygoja imbrydingas bei genų dreifas. Tirtosios upinių žuvėdrų kolonijos UPGMA dendrogramoje formuoja atskiras sugrupuotų kolonijų atšakas sudarydamos dvi subpopuliacijas, priskiriamas Nemuno bei Dauguvos upių baseinams, ir tai atspindi populiacijos genetinės struktūros formavimąsi priklausomai nuo didžiųjų upių baseinųSamples of tissues of the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) breeding in Lithuania were collected in the colonies distributed in the basins of the River Nemunas and the River Dauguva located near Kalviai, Kietaviškes, the Nemunas delta, Lazdijai, Kretuonas, Zarasai and Ignalina. By means of 11 primer pairs designed for the analysis of microsatellite loci of taxonomically close bird species, allele frequencies at 11 polymorphic loci of the Common Tern were established. The heterozygosity ranged from 0.1809 to 0.4029 in separate colonies. No significant differences in the genetic variability of the colonies under study have been detected. However, a lower genetic variability was established for the Nemunas delta colony, which reflects a greater effect of natural selection. A high genetic differentiation was calculated for the entire population (RST = 0.1545). Deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium as a deficit of heterozygosity was detected in six out of the seven colonies investigated. It might be caused by a high level of inbreeding and a genetic drift. The Common Tern subpopulations breeding in the basins of the River Nemunas and the River Dauguva are genetically differentiated and form separate clades in the dendrogram obtained using the UPGMA algorithm. The obtained data allow a conclusion that the differences in the genetic structure of the Common Tern colonies are influenced by the geographic distribution of large riversVilniaus universiteto Ekologijos institutasVilniaus universiteto Ekologijos institutas, [email protected] universiteto Ekologijos institutas, [email protected] Didžiojo universiteta