SIMULASI PERTUMBUHAN TERUMBU KARANG (Porites lutea) DENGAN METODE LOGIKA FUZZY DI PULAU TUNDA PROVINSI BANTEN

Corals grow annually at varying rates, influenced by environmental conditions. As key indicators of marine ecosystem health, studying coral growth is essential for predicting the impacts of environmental change. While previous research has explored coral growth extensively, most studies focus on existing conditions and the descriptive influence of environmental parameters. In fact, coral growth time-series data offer potential for deeper analysis, particularly in identifying dominant periodicities and enabling long-term projections. This study aims to develop an annual coral growth model using fuzzy logic approach. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is identified as a significant factor influencing the growth of Porites lutea in Tunda Island. Variations in sea surface temperature during IOD events notably affect coral growth, with positive IOD phases (IOD+) generally enhancing it. Analysis shows that the annual growth rings of Porites lutea in the northern station of Tunda Island, which borders open waters respond more slowly to SST fluctuations compared to the southern station, which is more sheltered. Fuzzy simulation results suggest that corals may be able to adapt to climate change. By the year 2085, coral growth is projected to recover from -0.75 cm to 0.1 cm by 2100. Based on SST projections from 1900 to 2100, SST anomalies are expected to continue increasing, reaching +0.45 °C.Terumbu karang adalah ekosistem purba, megah, dan tinggi produktivitas serta keanekaragamannya (Thomas dan Raymond, 2008). Terumbu karang bertumbuh setiap tahun dengan ukuran yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan sekitar (Arman et al., 2013). Penelitian mengenai pertumbuhan terumbu karang sudah banyak dilakukan, namun prediksi pertumbuhan karang menjadi topik yang menarik dan belum banyak diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model pertumbuhan terumbu karang berdasarkan lingkar tahunan dengan metode logika fuzzy. Suhu permukaan laut (SPL) adalah salah satu faktor kunci yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan terumbu karang (Westmacott et al., 2000; Sterr, 2001; Koontanakulvong, 2008; Thomas dan Raymond, 2008; Arman et al., 2013; Lalang, 2015). Analisis Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) menemukan lima fenomena, ditandai oleh kenaikan SPL yang cukup signifikan. Lima fenomena tersebut terjadi pada tahun 1966-1967 (+IOD), 1969-1970 (-IOD), 1973-1974 (-IOD), 1983-1984 (-IOD), serta tahun 1987-1988 (+IOD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lingkar tahunan Porites lutea di stasiun sisi utara Pulau Tunda polanya mengikuti fluktuasi SPL. Stasiun di selatan Pulau Tunda yang berhadapan langsung dengan Pulau Jawa, polanya tidak mengikuti pola SPL. Stasiun di utara berbatasan langsung dengan perairan terbuka dan tidak terlindung dari pulau-pulau di sekitar. Simulasi pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa terumbu karang akan mampu beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Pada tahun 2085, terumbu karang bertumbuh dari -0,75 cm dan bergerak naik menjadi 0,1 cm di tahun 2100. Berdasarkan proyeksi SPL pada rentang tahun 1900-2100, anomaly SPL akan terus naik hingga mencapai 0,45 °C

Karakteristik Pola Arus di Perairan Teluk Jakarta Pada Musim Barat dan Timur: Characteristichs of Current Pattern in Jakarta Bay in The West and East Monsoons

Jakarta Bay is a coastal area influenced by both natural factors (wind, currents, waves) and human activities (residential areas, coastal development, industry, and resource exploitation). The monsoon phenomenon in the Java Sea affects hydrodynamic patterns, especially current dynamics in Jakarta Bay. This study analyzes changes in current patterns during two distinct monsoon seasons (west and east) in 2021 using a hydrodynamic modeling approach. The model was developed using OpenFlows software with input data including bathymetry, tidal, wind, and wave conditions. Model validation was conducted using tidal and current measurements from field observations in March and August 2021. The results show seasonal variations in current direction and velocity, both in tidal phases and non-tidal (residual) currents. The current patterns aligned with seasonal wind directions, indicating a strong monsoonal influence. Model validation using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Taylor diagram analysis demonstrated good agreement between modeled and observed data, confirming the model\u27s reliability. These hydrodynamic modeling results can serve as a foundation for further studies, such as simulations of pollutant, sediment, and debris dispersion in Jakarta Bay.Teluk Jakarta merupakan contoh wilayah pesisir yang berpotensi terus mengalami perubahan, baik dipengaruhi oleh faktor alami seperti angin, arus, dan gelombang, serta aktivitas manusia seperti pemukiman, pembangunan pesisir, industri, serta eksplorasi sumber daya perairan dan pesisir. Adanya fenomena munson di Laut Jawa berpengaruh terhadap perubahan pola hidrodinamika perairan Teluk Jakarta, terutama perubahan pola arus. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perubahan pola arus perairan Teluk Jakarta tahun 2021 pada dua musim yang berbeda (musim barat dan musim timur) melalui pendekatan model hidrodinamika. Penyelesaian solusi hidrodinamika dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak OpenFlows dengan data masukan berupa batimetri, pasang surut, angin, dan gelombang, serta validasi hasil model menggunakan data pasang surut dan arus hasil pengukuran di lapang pada bulan Maret dan Agustus tahun 2021. Hasil pemodelan hidrodinamika menunjukkan adanya perubahan arah dan kecepatan arus pada dua musim yang berbeda, baik berdasarkan fase pasang surut yang berbeda maupun pada arus non-pasut (residu). Pola arus pada kedua kondisi sejalan dengan pola perubahan angin pada kedua musim, mengindikasikan kuatnya pengaruh rezim munson di perairan Teluk Jakarta. Hasil validasi model hidrodinamika menggunakan arus dan pasang surut berdasarkan nilai Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) yang ditampilkan pada diagram taylor menunjukan nilai yang baik, mengindikasikan bahwa hasil model dapat merepresentasikan kondisi arus sebenarnya di lapangan. Hasil model hidrodinamika yang baik ini bermanfaat untuk menjadi dasar membuat model lanjutan seperti model sebaran polutan, sedimen, sampah dan lain-lain

Analysis of Water Suitability for Ecotourism Development on Several Beaches in Morella Village, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province

Maluku is known as an archipelago and most of its territory is coastal and marine. Coastal areas play an important role in economic activities, such as tourism. The attractive and touristic value of coastal areas must be managed and developed for sustainable welfare through marine tourism. The Lubang Buaya Beach tourist attraction located in Morella Village, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency has several advantages including an easily accessible location, the beauty of the blue-black sea water, various coral reefs with various colors and shapes (both soft and hard), and various colorful fish that adorn the sea of ​​Lubang Buaya Beach. In addition, one of the areas that has the potential to become an ecotourism destination in Maluku is Moki Beach located in Morella Village, the beach is very supportive for marine tourism locations because it has an exotic beach and a sea that contains a lot of biodiversity. In an aquatic environment, the levels of essential nutrients generally fluctuate greatly because they are influenced by various complex factors such as intake by biological processes, adsorption, release and sedimentation by suspended particles, input from land (allogenic elements) and the influence of the hydrodynamic conditions of the waters themselves. Analysis of the chemical characteristics of essential nutrients in the waters of Lubang Buaya Beach and Moki Beach will provide an overview of the suitability of the waters for ecotourism development. Indirectly related to the productivity and carrying capacity of the waters concerned, which are tourist areas in Maluku Province.Maluku is an archipelago whose territory is coastal and marine which is suitable for tourism. The tourism value and attractiveness of coastal areas should be developed through marine tourism. This study aims to analyze current speed, water depth, pH, DO, temperature, salinity, sigma-t, chlorophyll-a, and turbidity-m as physical, chemical, and biological indicators in the Lubang Buaya and Moki Beach ecotourism areas. Water sampling was carried out using Kemmerer bottles at different depths, namely at the surface and at a depth of 20 meters.Water samples are used to analyze chemical elements both horizontally and vertically. Sample analysis was carried out at the Oceanology Laboratory and Basic Biology Laboratory of Pattimura University.The test parameters in this study were water depth, temperature, salinity, sigma-t, chlorophyll-a, turbidity-m using conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD), current speed using a current meter, pH using a pH meter, and dissolved oxygen (DO) using a DO meter. The waters of Lubang Buaya Beach and Moki Beach, Morella Village, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province have water conditions, namely pH, temperature, salinity, sigma-t, chlorophyll-a, turbidity-m, and brightness with appropriate categories, while DO with an inappropriate category based on water assessment standards. The assessment results show the waters\u27 suitability for ecotourism development at a surface depth of 0 meters and a bottom depth of 3 to 25 meters. The minimum current speed of 0.003 m/s and the maximum current speed of 0.36 m/s are suitable for boating, banana boating and jet skiing activities

Sedimentation Rate Analysis in Public Port, Lhokseumawe City

Sedimentation is the process of deposition of material from rocks that is transported by the movement of water and wind. Sedimentation that takes place continuously causes siltation in water areas. If shallowing occurs in the port area, it will have an impact on the decline in port functions and even threaten the security of sea transportation routes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the rate of sedimentation in the General Port of Lhokseumawe City which includes sediment characteristics and oceanographic parameters that affect the sedimentation process. This study used a survey method with purposive sampling at 4 observation stations for 7 days. The highest sedimentation rate was found at Station 4 which was 6,22 mg/cm2/day and the lowest at Station 2 which was 3,65 mg/cm2/day. The dominant sediment grain size in the General Port of Lhokseumawe City is very fine sand type with a value of 38,04%. PCA analysis of very fine sand type sediments deposited the most. The highest current velocity at station 2 with a value of 0.10 m/s while the highest tide on the first day was 320 cm in height. The current speed has an inversely correlation to the sedimentation rate with a value of 81,52%.Sedimentasi adalah proses pengendapan material dari batuan yang diangkut oleh pergerakan air dan angin. Endapan sedimen yang terjadi terus-menerus di perairan akan mengakibatkan pendangkalan yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya akresi dan akhirnya menurunkan peranan pelabuhan hingga terganggunya keamanan jalur transportasi laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis besarnya laju sedimentasi di Pelabuhan Umum Kota Lhokseumawe, meliputi karakteristik sedimen, dan parameter oseanografi yang mempengaruhi proses sedimentasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan penentuan titik sampling secara purpossive sampling dengan 4 stasiun pengamatan selama 7 hari. Laju sedimentasi tertinggi terdapat pada Stasiun 4 yaitu 6,22 mg/cm2/hari dan terendah pada Stasiun 2 yaitu 3.65 mg/cm2/hari. Karakteristik sedimen yang dominan di Pelabuhan Umum Kota Lhokseumawe berjenis pasir sangat halus dengan nilai 38.04%. Analisis PCA sedimen jenis pasir sangat halus paling banyak terendapkan. Kecepatan arus tertinggi pada stasiun 2 dengan nilai 0.10 m/s sedangkan pasang tertinggi pada hari pertama setinggi 320 cm. Kecepatan arus mempunyai pengaruh terbalik yang sangat kuat terhadap laju sedimentasi dengan nilai 81,52%

Variasi Musiman Ketebalan Lapisan Termoklin di Perairan Barat Sumatra: Thermocline Layer Thickness in the Waters off the Western Coast of Sumatra

Dinamika oseanografi di perairan barat Sumatra dapat dianalisis melalui karakteristik lapisan termoklin. Informasi mengenai ketebalan termoklin memiliki peran penting dalam mengidentifikasi variasi musiman dalam dekade terakhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji variasi musiman ketebalan lapisan termoklin di wilayah pantai dan lepas pantai barat Sumatra dengan menganalisis enam titik pengamatan yang mewakili kedua zona tersebut. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dan deskriptif, dengan memanfaatkan data temperatur vertikal rata-rata bulanan dari tahun 2010 hingga 2019 yang diperoleh dari situs Marine Copernicus. Pengolahan data dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Panoply dan Microsoft Excel 2010, menghasilkan nilai rata-rata ketebalan termoklin musiman dan grafik deret waktu (time series). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ketebalan termoklin tertinggi tercatat sebesar 130,3 m di wilayah pantai Bengkulu pada musim peralihan I, dan mencapai 138,7 m di lepas pantai Lampung pada musim timur. Sebaliknya, ketebalan termoklin terendah terjadi pada musim barat, yakni sebesar 74,9 m, baik di wilayah pantai maupun lepas pantai Bengkulu dan Lampung, serta di perairan Aceh pada bulan Agustus. Ketebalan yang tinggi pada musim peralihan I di wilayah Bengkulu hingga Lampung disebabkan oleh adanya distribusi angin permukaan yang membawa massa air hangat sepanjang perairan barat Sumatra. Sementara itu, ketebalan termoklin yang lebih tipis pada musim timur mengindikasikan terjadinya proses upwelling di kawasan tersebut.The oceanographic dynamics of the western waters of Sumatra can be observed through the characteristics of the thermocline layer. Information on thermocline thickness is essential for understanding seasonal variations over the past decade. This study aims to identify the seasonal variability in thermocline thickness along the coastal and offshore regions of western Sumatra by analyzing six observation points representing both zones. A quantitative and descriptive approach was employed, utilizing monthly average vertical temperature data from 2010 to 2019, obtained from the Marine Copernicus database. Data processing was conducted using Panoply software and Microsoft Excel 2010, producing seasonal average thermocline thickness values and time series graphs. The results show that the highest thermocline thickness was recorded at 130.3 meters in the coastal area of Bengkulu during the first transitional season, and 138.7 meters in the offshore area of Lampung during the southeast monsoon. In contrast, the lowest thermocline thickness was observed during the northwest monsoon, reaching 74.9 meters from the coast to offshore regions of Bengkulu and Lampung, as well as in the coastal to offshore areas of Aceh in August. The increased thermocline thickness during the first transitional season in Bengkulu to Lampung waters is attributed to the distribution of surface winds transporting warm water masses along the western coast of Sumatra. Meanwhile, the thinner thermocline layer observed during the southeast monsoon suggests the occurrence of upwelling in the region

Long-Term Monitoring of Mangrove Resilience in the Sundarbans after Cyclone Sidr and Aila using Landsat-Derived Vegetation Indices

The present work aims at assessing vegetation patterns and of the recovery process over the long term (2006 to 2025) in the Sundarbans mangroves based on the NDVI and SAVI. Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI surface reflectance images were processed in Google Earth Engine to derive seasonal composites for the dry season (December–February). A supervised classification method was used to delineate five land-cover classes, namely water bodies, bare soil, sparse, intermediate, and dense vegetation. Accuracy assessment was carried out by visual interpretation of the sample points by using Google Earth Pro where overall accuracy was in the 88–93% over the entire study period. In 2006, dense vegetation was the most dominant (~68%) and sparse and intermediate other categories had low frequency and water bodies covered 21% of plots. For post-Sidr in 2008, nearly all plants showed more severe damage (76-79%). Post-Aila (2010) data suggested continuous intermediate (46%) and sparse (25%) vegetation cover but with negligible closed canopy. During 2015, the dense vegetation recovered to 60%, and dynamic changes among dense, intermediate, and sparse vegetation areas emerged, and the area of dense vegetation was up to 67% in 2025 indicating that the long-term restoration exhibits space heterogeneity. NDVI was effective for monitoring the overall trend of large scale canopy, while SAVI was able to capture very small scale regeneration and understory growth. The findings show the impressive resilience of the Sundarbans and the significance of such key ecological processes as canopy recovery and succession, and the need for more adaptive management to improve mangrove resilience in cyclone-prone coastal areas

Heavy Metal Absorption in Lasolo Bay using a Composite of Cashew-Based Activated Charcoal and Iron Sand, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Penelitian ini menggunakan komposit karbon aktif dari cangkang mete dan ekstrak pasir besi untuk mengurangi kadar logam berat (Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, dan Cd) dalam air laut yang tercemar di teluk Lasolo Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Ukuran butir komposit divariasikan menjadi 60 mesh, 100 mesh, dan 200 mesh dengan rasio arang aktif terhadap pasir besi sebesar 2:3 untuk memperoleh daya serap yang optimal. Komposit kemudian dipadatkan menjadi pelet dengan tekanan pemadatan masing-masing sebesar 42,2 Pa, 84,8 Pa, dan 141,5 Pa guna mencapai kekuatan tekan optimum dari komposit. Konsentrasi unsur logam berat diukur menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (AAS). Tekanan pemadatan optimal pada komposit ditemukan pada 141,5 Pa, dengan efisiensi penyerapan sebesar 61% untuk Zn, 96% untuk Pb, 48% untuk Cd, 90% untuk Cu, dan 94% untuk Ni. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penyerapan tertinggi diperoleh pada komposit dengan ukuran butir 200 mesh, dengan efisiensi penyerapan sebesar 62,21% untuk Zn, 96,87% untuk Pb, 48,14% untuk Cd, 90,98% untuk Cu, dan 94,15% untuk Ni. Semakin besar tekanan pemadatan yang diberikan pada komposit, semakin tinggi persentase penyerapan pelet komposit. Sebaliknya, semakin halus ukuran butir komposit, semakin besar daya serapnya.This study used a composite of activated charcoal and iron sand extract to reduce the concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in polluted seawater. The grain size of the composite was varied to 60 mesh, 100 mesh, and 200 mesh, with a ratio of activated charcoal to iron sand of 2:3 to optimize absorption. The composite was then compacted into pellets with compaction pressures of 42.2 Pa, 84.8 Pa, and 141.5 Pa, respectively, to achieve optimum compressive strength. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The optimal compaction pressure for the composite was found to be 141.5 Pa, with absorption efficiencies of 61% for Zn, 96% for Pb, 48% for Cd, 90% for Cu, and 94% for Ni. According to the research results, the highest absorption was obtained in composites with a grain size of 200 mesh, with absorption efficiencies of 62.21% for Zn, 96.87% for Pb, 48.14% for Cd, 90.98% for Cu, and 94.15% for Ni. The greater the compaction pressure exerted on the composite, the higher the absorption percentage of the composite pellets. Conversely, a finer grain size also contributes to higher absorption

Estimasi Serapan dan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon Rhizophora apiculata di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nias Utara: Carbon Sequestration Estimation and Economic Valuation of Rhizophora apiculata in the North Nias Marine Conservation Area

Ekosistem mangrove termasuk dalam kategori karbon biru karena kemampuannya menyerap dan menyimpan karbon atmosfer. Rhizophora apiculata merupakan spesies dominan di kawasan konservasi perairan Sawo-Lahewa, Kabupaten Nias Utara, dan banyak dimanfaatkan dalam kegiatan mitigasi serta rehabilitasi ekosistem mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi cadangan karbon dan nilai ekonominya berdasarkan skenario kompensasi jasa pengaturan, khususnya penyerapan karbon. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode non-destruktif dengan pendekatan persamaan alometrik untuk menghitung biomassa, cadangan karbon, dan serapan CO₂. Nilai ekonomi karbon dihitung menggunakan tiga pendekatan: Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat, serta skenario pasar domestik sesuai Undang Undang Harmonisasi Per Pajakan. Hasil menunjukkan cadangan karbon sebesar 3.687,78 ton/ha dengan potensi penyerapan CO₂ sebesar 13.534,15 ton ekuivalen. Pada tahun 2023, nilai ekonomi karbon mencapai sekitar Rp989,35 juta (FCPF), Rp8,31 miliar (SCC), dan Rp406,02 juta (pasar domestik). Proyeksi tahun 2043 menunjukkan peningkatan nilai menjadi Rp2,17 miliar, Rp18,21 miliar, dan Rp889,65 juta secara berturut-turut. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya konservasi dan pengelolaan mangrove secara berkelanjutan dalam mendukung jasa pengaturan iklim serta memberikan manfaat ekonomi melalui perdagangan karbon.Mangrove ecosystems are categorized as blue carbon due to their ability to store atmospheric carbon. Rhizophora apiculata, the dominant mangrove species in the Sawo-Lahewa conservation area, North Nias Regency, plays a key role in carbon sequestration and is widely used in ecosystem rehabilitation. This study aims to estimate the carbon stock and its economic value under different compensation scenarios. A non-destructive method was applied to estimate biomass using allometric equations, followed by calculations of carbon stock and CO₂ absorption. The economic value was assessed using three approaches: Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the U.S. government\u27s Social Cost of Carbon (SCC), and Indonesia’s domestic market under the HPP Law. The estimated carbon stock of R. apiculata is 3,687.78 tons/ha, equivalent to 13,534.15 tons of CO₂ absorbed. In 2023, its economic value is approximately IDR 989.35 million (FCPF), IDR 8.31 billion (SCC), and IDR 406.02 million (domestic market). Projected values in 2043 increase to IDR 2.17 billion, IDR 18.21 billion, and IDR 889.65 million, respectively. These results highlight the ecological and economic importance of R. apiculata in supporting climate regulation services. Strategic conservation and sustainable management of mangroves can enhance their carbon offset potential, contributing to both environmental and economic benefits

Kajian Karakteristik Gelombang di Perairan Teluk Batang, Kalimantan Barat: Study of Wave Characteristics in the Waters of Batang Bay, West Kalimantan

Pelabuhan Teluk Batang merupakan gerbang ekonomi penting bagi Kabupaten Kayong Utara dan sekitarnya. Sebagai aset nasional strategis, aspek keselamatan pelayaran di wilayah ini perlu diperhatikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik gelombang di perairan Teluk Batang sebagai informasi pendukung keselamatan pelayaran. Data angin yang digunakan berasal dari ECMWF (European Center For Medium-Range Weather Forecasting) dan digunakan untuk melakukan hindcasting gelombang. Simulasi dilakukan menggunakan model numerik dua dimensi (2D) dengan pendekatan berdasarkan musim angin. Tiga titik lokasi pengamatan dipilih untuk menganalisis variasi musiman gelombang. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa titik pengamatan 1 mencatat Hs (tinggi gelombang signifikan) tertinggi pada semua musim. Pada musim barat, Hs tertinggi tercatat sebesar 0,77 meter dan Ts (periode gelombang) 3,17 detik (2015). Musim peralihan I mencatat Hs sebesar 0,74 meter dan Ts 3,30 detik (2021), sementara musim timur menunjukkan Hs sebesar 0,57 meter dan Ts 2,76 detik (2018). Pada musim peralihan II, Hs tertinggi sebesar 0,50 meter dan Ts 2,97 detik (2018). Pola penjalaran gelombang menunjukkan arah dari luar teluk menuju ke dalam, dengan penurunan tinggi gelombang seiring perubahan kedalaman. Secara umum, kondisi gelombang di Teluk Batang dinyatakan aman untuk aktivitas pelayaran sepanjang tahun.Teluk Batang Port is the economic gateway for the North Kayong Regency region and its surroundings. The port is a national asset of strategic value, so security factors from a shipping perspective need to be considered. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of waves in the waters of Batang Bay as information in the field of sailing safety. The wind data used ECMWF (European Center For Medium-Range Weather Forecasting) data for wave hindcasting. Wave model simulation using 2D numerical model. The results of the wave model simulation based on the wind season with three observation location points were obtained, the highest Hs in the four seasons occurred at observation point 1. The highest Hs in the west season occurred in 2015 at 0.77 meters and Ts 3 .17 seconds. The highest Hs transition season 1 occurred in 2021 at 0.74 meters and Ts 3.30 seconds. The highest east monsoon Hs occurred in 2018 at 0.57 meters and Ts 2.76 seconds. The highest Hs transition season 2 occurred in 2018 at 0.50 meters and Ts 2.97 seconds. The pattern of wave propagation in Batang Bay, the wave spreads from outside the bay into the bay. In the wave propagation process, the wave height will become smaller due to changes in water depth. The waves in the waters of Batang Bay are safe for sailing throughout the year

Seagrass Restoration Review: Spatial Analysis of Potential Habitats, Innovative Restoration Methods, and Predictive Modeling for Monitoring

  Seagrass ecosystems are vital for maintaining marine ecological balance, supporting the blue carbon cycle, offering habitat for marine organisms, and safeguarding coastal areas against erosion. Nevertheless, seagrass ecosystems worldwide are declining substantially due to human activities and climate change. This trend is also evident in Indonesia, where approximately 7% of seagrass coverage is lost annually. This research examines existing literature on seagrass restoration by focusing on three key approaches: spatial assessment of suitable habitats, advancements in physical restoration techniques, and the creation of predictive models for evaluating restoration outcomes. The goal is to offer comprehensive insights into the challenges and prospects for improving management and establishing more effective and sustainable restoration strategies in coastal environments. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) combined with bibliometric analysis was conducted on 177 publications from the Scopus database spanning 2019 to 2024 to identify research trends, technological advancements, and existing challenges in seagrass restoration. The research emphasizes the necessity of a holistic approach to seagrass restoration, incorporating spatial analysis, developing flexible restoration techniques, and implementing predictive modeling and statistical assessments to enhance long-term planning and monitoring efforts. The case study in Jepara demonstrates the effectiveness of participatory approaches at the local scale, despite limitations in technology and long-term monitoring. Integrating spatial and digital technologies, strengthening local capacity, international collaboration, and multidisciplinary integration are key to improving the effectiveness and sustainability of seagrass restoration, while strengthening its contribution to coastal resilience and climate change mitigation