Aplicación de fluidificantes como agentes reductores de viscosidad para mejorar la producción de crudos pesados colombianos

Al menos el 50% de la producción de petróleo colombiana corresponde a crudo pesado. Este crudo generalmente se produce a través de emulsiones de agua en aceite mostrando una viscosidad aparente mayor a su viscosidad real. Debido al resultado de este incremento, se generan restricciones a través de las líneas de flujo, disminuyendo así la producción de fluidos. Como alternativa de solución, se plantea la implementación de fluidificantes (agentes reductores de viscosidad). Este estudio de caso, parte de la caracterización básica de dos muestras de fluidos suministradas por dos compañías operadoras, que corresponden a crudos de 12 y 18 °API, con porcentajes de agua emulsionada del 20% y 0,2% respectivamente. Se evaluó en laboratorio el desempeño de los aditivos fluidificantes diseñados para estos casos específicos, a diversas condiciones de temperatura, con el fin de simular las condiciones de campo y definir así el mejor aditivo fluidificante para su aplicación en el sistema de producción. Smart Fluid, ha probado exitosamente sus aditivos fluidificantes en pozos productores de crudos pesados con diversos sistemas de levantamiento artificial; obteniendo importantes resultados de reducción de viscosidad de los fluidos tratados. Para el presente reporte de caso, se definirán los casos analizados como BES01 y UBH02, en dónde se encontraron a condiciones reales en campo, reducciones en: viscosidad entre 20 y 40%; presión en cabeza de pozo de 45%; pérdidas de presión en sistemas de recolección de 89%; y en BSW de 50%, aportando de esta forma aumentos en la producción de los pozos, reducción del consumo energético de los sistemas de levantamiento y mejoras en el proceso de deshidratación de crudo, demostrando así, la efectividad de la tecnología para cumplir su propósitoPelo menos 50% da produção colombiana é de petróleo pesado. Este óleo bruto é geralmente produzido através de emulsões de água em óleo, mostrando uma viscosidade aparente superior à sua real viscosidade. Devido ao resultado desse aumento, são geradas restrições através das linhas de fluxo, diminuindo a produção de fluidos. Como solução alternativa, propõe-se a implementação de fluidizadores (agentes redutores de viscosidade). Esse estudo de caso parte da caracterização básica de duas amostras de fluido entregues por duas empresas operacionais, que correspondem aos óleos brutos de 12 e 18 °API, com porcentagens de água emulsionada de 20% e 0,2%, respectivamente. O desempenho dos aditivos fluidizadores projetados para esses casos específicos, em várias condições de temperatura, foi avaliado em laboratório para simular condições de campo e, assim, definir o melhor aditivo fluidizador para sua aplicação no sistema de produção. O Smart Fluid testou com sucesso seus aditivos fluidizadores em poços produtores de petróleo pesado com vários sistemas de elevação artificial; obtendo resultados importantes da redução da viscosidade dos fluidos avaliados. Para o presente reporte de caso, os casos analisados serão definidos como BES01 e UBH02, onde em condições reais no campo, foram encontradas reduções em: viscosidade entre 20 e 40%; pressão na cabeça do poço de 45%; perdas de pressão em sistemas de coleta de 89%; e em BSW de 50%. Proporcionando, assim, aumentos na produção de poços, redução do consumo de energia dos sistemas de elevação e melhorias no processo de desidratação do petróleo, mostrando assim a eficácia da tecnologia para cumprir seu objetivo.At least 50% of Colombia’s production is heavy crude oil. This crude oil is usually produced through water emulsions in oil showing an apparent viscosity greater than its actual viscosity. Due to the result of this increase, constraints are generated through the flow lines, thus decreasing fluid production. As an alternative solution, the implementation of fluidifiers (viscosity reduction agents) is proposed. This case study starts from the basic characterization of two fluid samples supplied by two operating companies, 12 and 18 °API crudes, with emulsified water percentages of 20% and 0.2% respectively. The performance of fluidifier additives designed for these specific cases was evaluated in the laboratory, at various temperature conditions, to simulate field conditions and thus define the best fluidifier additive for application in the production system. Smart Fluid has successfully tested its fluidifier additives in heavy oil-producing wells with different artificial lift systems, obtaining important results of viscosity reduction from treated fluids. For this case report, the cases analyzed are set as BES01 and UBH02, at actual field conditions were found reductions in viscosity between 20 and 40%; wellhead pressure of 45%; pressure losses in the collection system of 89%; and %BSW of 50%. Thus, contributing increases in the production of wells, reduction of the energy consumption of the artificial lift systems, and improvements in the crude dewatering process, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the technology to fulfill its purpos

Educación ambiental y sociedad. Saberes locales para el desarrollo y la sustentabilidad

EL LIBRO PERMITE REFLEXIONAR SOBRE LA IMPORTANCIA DE FOMENTAL LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA RESOLVER LA PROBLEMÁTICA AMBIENTALEL LIBRO PRESENTA DIFERENTES TRABAJOS QUE ESTUDIAN EL TEMA D ELA SUSTENTABILIDAD, ENFATIZANDO LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y LA TRANSDISCIPLINANINGUN

EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SOCIEDAD. SABERES LOCALES PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

Este texto contribuye al análisis científico de varias áreas del conocimiento como la filosofía social, la patología, la educación para el cuidado del medio ambiente y la sustentabilidad que inciden en diversas unidades de aprendizaje de la Licenciatura en Educación para la Salud y de la Maestría en Sociología de la SaludLas comunidades indígenas de la sierra norte de Oaxaca México, habitan un territorio extenso de biodiversidad. Sin que sea una área protegida y sustentable, la propia naturaleza de la región ofrece a sus visitantes la riqueza de la vegetación caracterizada por sus especies endémicas que componen un paisaje de suma belleza

Search for dark photons in Higgs boson production via vector boson fusion in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

A search is presented for a Higgs boson that is produced via vector boson fusion and that decays to an undetected particle and an isolated photon. The search is performed by the CMS collaboration at the LHC, using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 130 fb−1, recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016–2018. No significant excess of events above the expectation from the standard model background is found. The results are interpreted in the context of a theoretical model in which the undetected particle is a massless dark photon. An upper limit is set on the product of the cross section for production via vector boson fusion and the branching fraction for such a Higgs boson decay, as a function of the Higgs boson mass. For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, assuming the standard model production rates, the observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limit on the branching fraction is 3.5 (2.8)%. This is the first search for such decays in the vector boson fusion channel. Combination with a previous search for Higgs bosons produced in association with a Z boson results in an observed (expected) upper limit on the branching fraction of 2.9 (2.1)% at 95% confidence level

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Performance of the CMS muon trigger system in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The muon trigger system of the CMS experiment uses a combination of hardware and software to identify events containing a muon. During Run 2 (covering 2015-2018) the LHC achieved instantaneous luminosities as high as 2 × 10 cm s while delivering proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV. The challenge for the trigger system of the CMS experiment is to reduce the registered event rate from about 40 MHz to about 1 kHz. Significant improvements important for the success of the CMS physics program have been made to the muon trigger system via improved muon reconstruction and identification algorithms since the end of Run 1 and throughout the Run 2 data-taking period. The new algorithms maintain the acceptance of the muon triggers at the same or even lower rate throughout the data-taking period despite the increasing number of additional proton-proton interactions in each LHC bunch crossing. In this paper, the algorithms used in 2015 and 2016 and their improvements throughout 2017 and 2018 are described. Measurements of the CMS muon trigger performance for this data-taking period are presented, including efficiencies, transverse momentum resolution, trigger rates, and the purity of the selected muon sample. This paper focuses on the single- and double-muon triggers with the lowest sustainable transverse momentum thresholds used by CMS. The efficiency is measured in a transverse momentum range from 8 to several hundred GeV

Search for long-lived particles decaying to jets with displaced vertices in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 Te V

A search is presented for long-lived particles produced in pairs in proton-proton collisions at the LHC operating at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the period from 2015 through 2018, and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 140 fb(-1). This search targets pairs of long-lived particles with mean proper decay lengths between 0.1 and 100 mm, each of which decays into at least two quarks that hadronize to jets, resulting in a final state with two displaced vertices. No significant excess of events with two displaced vertices is observed. In the context of R-parity violating supersymmetry models, the pair production of long-lived neutralinos, gluinos, and top squarks is excluded at 95% confidence level for cross sections larger than 0.08 fb, masses between 800 and 3000 GeV, and mean proper decay lengths between 1 and 25 mm.Peer reviewe

Search for top squark pair production using dilepton final states in pp collision data collected at root s=13TeV

A search is presented for supersymmetric partners of the top quark (top squarks) in final states with two oppositely charged leptons (electrons or muons), jets identified as originating from bquarks, and missing transverse momentum. The search uses data from proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV collected with the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). Hypothetical signal events are efficiently separated from the dominant top quark pair production background with requirements on the significance of the missing transverse momentum and on transverse mass variables. No significant deviation is observed from the expected background. Exclusion limits are set in the context of simplified supersymmetric models with pair-produced lightest top squarks. For top squarks decaying exclusively to a top quark and a lightest neutralino, lower limits are placed at 95% confidence level on the masses of the top squark and the neutralino up to 925 and 450 GeV, respectively. If the decay proceeds via an intermediate chargino, the corresponding lower limits on the mass of the lightest top squark are set up to 850 GeV for neutralino masses below 420 GeV. For top squarks undergoing a cascade decay through charginos and sleptons, the mass limits reach up to 1.4 TeV and 900 GeV respectively for the top squark and the lightest neutralino.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark Yukawa coupling from t(t)over-bar kinematic distributions in the dilepton final state in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe