Un schéma centré pour l'hydrodynamique Lagrange bidimensionnelle

Dans ce rapport nous présentons un nouveau schéma numérique pour l'hydrodynamique Lagrange bidimensionnelle. Ce schéma colocatif est basé sur une formulation en energie totale. La vitesse des noeuds et le calcul des flux aux faces du maillage sont obtenus de manì ere cohérente par un solveur nodal. La construction de ce solveur repose sur les deux principes fondamentaux de conservation de la quantité de mouvement et d'inégalité en-tropique. Ce solveur s'interpr ete comme une extension bidimensionnelle du solveur acous-tique de Godunov. Les résultats numériques correspondants a des cas-tests représentatifs de l'hydrodynamique FCI montrent la robustesse et la précision de ce schéma

Reduction in Inter-Hemispheric Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness

Clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness (DOC) caused by brain injury poses great challenges since patients are often behaviorally unresponsive. A promising new approach towards objective DOC diagnosis may be offered by the analysis of ultra-slow (<0.1 Hz) spontaneous brain activity fluctuations measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the resting-state. Previous work has shown reduced functional connectivity within the “default network”, a subset of regions known to be deactivated during engaging tasks, which correlated with the degree of consciousness impairment. However, it remains unclear whether the breakdown of connectivity is restricted to the “default network”, and to what degree changes in functional connectivity can be observed at the single subject level. Here, we analyzed resting-state inter-hemispheric connectivity in three homotopic regions of interest, which could reliably be identified based on distinct anatomical landmarks, and were part of the “Extrinsic” (externally oriented, task positive) network (pre- and postcentral gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus). Resting-state fMRI data were acquired for a group of 11 healthy subjects and 8 DOC patients. At the group level, our results indicate decreased inter-hemispheric functional connectivity in subjects with impaired awareness as compared to subjects with intact awareness. Individual connectivity scores significantly correlated with the degree of consciousness. Furthermore, a single-case statistic indicated a significant deviation from the healthy sample in 5/8 patients. Importantly, of the three patients whose connectivity indices were comparable to the healthy sample, one was diagnosed as locked-in. Taken together, our results further highlight the clinical potential of resting-state connectivity analysis and might guide the way towards a connectivity measure complementing existing DOC diagnosis

An extreme case of plant-insect co-diversification: figs and fig-pollinating wasps

It is thought that speciation in phytophagous insects is often due to colonization of novel host plants, because radiations of plant and insect lineages are typically asynchronous. Recent phylogenetic comparisons have supported this model of diversification for both insect herbivores and specialized pollinators. An exceptional case where contemporaneous plant insect diversification might be expected is the obligate mutualism between fig trees (Ficus species, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera). The ubiquity and ecological significance of this mutualism in tropical and subtropical ecosystems has long intrigued biologists, but the systematic challenge posed by >750 interacting species pairs has hindered progress toward understanding its evolutionary history. In particular, taxon sampling and analytical tools have been insufficient for large-scale co-phylogenetic analyses. Here, we sampled nearly 200 interacting pairs of fig and wasp species from across the globe. Two supermatrices were assembled: on average, wasps had sequences from 77% of six genes (5.6kb), figs had sequences from 60% of five genes (5.5 kb), and overall 850 new DNA sequences were generated for this study. We also developed a new analytical tool, Jane 2, for event-based phylogenetic reconciliation analysis of very large data sets. Separate Bayesian phylogenetic analyses for figs and fig wasps under relaxed molecular clock assumptions indicate Cretaceous diversification of crown groups and contemporaneous divergence for nearly half of all fig and pollinator lineages. Event-based co-phylogenetic analyses further support the co-diversification hypothesis. Biogeographic analyses indicate that the presentday distribution of fig and pollinator lineages is consistent with an Eurasian origin and subsequent dispersal, rather than with Gondwanan vicariance. Overall, our findings indicate that the fig-pollinator mutualism represents an extreme case among plant-insect interactions of coordinated dispersal and long-term co-diversification

A Cell-Centered Lagrangian Scheme for Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow Problems

We present a new Lagrangian cell-centered scheme for two-dimensional compressible flows. The primary variables in this new scheme are cell-centered, i.e., density, momentum and total energy are defined by their mean values in the cells. The vertex velocities and the numerical fluxes through the cell interfaces are not computed independently contrary to standard approaches but are evaluated in a consistent manner due to an original solver located at the nodes. The main new features of the algorithm is the introduction of four pressures on each edge, two for each node on each side of the edge. This extra degree of freedom, allows us to construct a nodal solver which fulfills two properties. First, the conservation of momentum and total energy is ensured. Second, a semi-discrete entropy inequality is provided. In the case of a one-dimensional flow, the solver reduces to the classical Godunov acoustic solver: it can be considered as its two-dimensional generalization. Many numerical tests are presented. They are representative test cases for compressible flows and demonstrate the robustness and the accuracy of this new solver

A cell-centered Lagrangian scheme for two-dimensional compressible flow problems

We present a new Lagrangian cell-centered scheme for two-dimensional compressible flows. The primary variables in this new scheme are cell-centered, i.e., density, momentum, and total energy are defined by their mean values in the cells. The vertex velocities and the numerical fluxes through the cell interfaces are not computed independently, contrary to standard approaches, but are evaluated in a consistent manner due to an original solver located at the nodes. The main new feature of the algorithm is the introduction of four pressures on each edge, two for each node on each side of the edge. This extra degree of freedom allows us to construct a nodal solver which fulfills two properties. First, the conservation of momentum and total energy is ensured. Second, a semidiscrete entropy inequality is provided. In the case of a one-dimensional flow, the solver reduces to the classical Godunov acoustic solver: it can be considered as its two-dimensional generalization. Many numerical tests are presented. They are representative test cases for compressible flows and demonstrate the robustness and the accuracy of this new solver

Synthesis and structural characterization of monomeric and dimeric peptide nucleic acids prepared by using microwave-promoted multicomponent reactions

International audienceA solution phase synthesis of Peptide Nucleic Acid monomers and dimers was developed by using microwave-promoted Ugi multicomponent reactions. The mixture of a functionalized amine, a carboxymethyl nucleobase, paraformaldehyde and an isocyanide as building blocks generates PNA monomers which are then partially deprotected and used in a second Ugi 4CC reaction, leading to PNA dimers. Conformational rotamers were identified by NMR and MD simulations

Reduction of [Cp*2Mo2O5] by mercaptopropionic acid in an aqueous medium. Isolation and characterization of a dinuclear oxo- and 3-sulfido-proprionato(2-)-bridged molybdenum(IV) compound

International audienceReaction of Cp*2Mo2O5 with HSCH2CH2COOH in acidic (by CF3COOH) 50:50 MeOH-H2O solvent at room temperature yields compound Cp*2Mo2(μ-O)(μ-SCH2CH2CO2)2, a dinuclear diamagnetic MoIV compound with a two-leg-sharing bis(four-legged piano stool) structure and a Mo-Mo distance of 2.6833(6) Å. A reaction monitoring by ESI MS shows the formation of an intermediate 18 mass units heavier, interpreted as a dihydroxo analogue. Electrochemistry shows a reversible, pH independent oxidation process and an irreversible, pH-dependent reduction process. Contrary to a recently published analogous reaction with the closely related HSCH2COOH substrate, this process does not lead to C-S bond cleavage

Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods Graduation: Deformity Control with High Complication Rate

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