Présentations de l’adénite tuberculeuse de la tête et du cou au CHU de Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Les ganglions de la tête et du cou sont parmi les localisations les plus fréquentes de la tuberculose, un problème de santé publique dans le monde. Une étude rétrospective conduite entre 2001 et 2010 rapporte les caractéristiques épidémiologiques et cliniques de l'adénite tuberculeuse de la tête et du cou, au CHU Sanou Souro, au Burkina Faso. Au total, 115 patients ont été observés dont l'âge était compris entre 2 ans et 64 ans (moyenne 31,46 ans). Il y avait 53 patients de sexe masculin (46,1%) et 62 de sexe féminin (53,9%). Un pic de fréquence de 39,8 % était observé entre 30 et 39 ans. Les adénopathies cervicales étaient multiples chez 96,5% des patients et abcédées chez 30%. Elles étaient associées à des adénopathies extra cervicales chez 16,6% des patients. Chez 83,4% des patients, il a été noté un ou plusieurs signes à type d'asthénie et ou d'amaigrissement (70,8%), de fièvre 25% ou de toux (20,8%). L'infection associée la plus fréquente était celle par le VIH, observée chez 43,3% des patients. Les résultats de cette étude commandent la recherche systématique de l'infection par le VIH chez tout patient porteur d'adénite cervicale tuberculeuse dans un contexte de double endémicité de la tuberculose et de l'infection à VIH.Key words: Adénite, Tête et cou, Tuberculose, VI

Differentiation of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus safensis using MALDI-TOF-MS

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) despite being increasingly used as a method for microbial identification, still present limitations in which concerns the differentiation of closely related species. Bacillus pumillus and Bacillus safensis, are species of biotechnological and pharmaceutical significance, difficult to differentiate by conventional methodologies. In this study, using a well-characterized collection of B. pumillus and B. safensis isolates, we demonstrated the suitability of MALDI-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics to accurately and rapidly identify them. Moreover, characteristic species-specific ion masses were tentatively assigned, using UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL databases and primary literature. Delineation of B. pumilus (ions at m/z 5271 and 6122) and B. safensis (ions at m/z 5288, 5568 and 6413) species were supported by a congruent characteristic protein pattern. Moreover, using a chemometric approach, the score plot created by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA) of mass spectra demonstrated the presence of two individualized clusters, each one enclosing isolates belonging to a species-specific spectral group. The generated pool of species-specific proteins comprised mostly ribosomal and SASPs proteins. Therefore, in B. pumilus the specific ion at m/z 5271 was associated with a small acid-soluble spore protein (SASP O) or with 50S protein L35, whereas in B. safensis specific ions at m/z 5288 and 5568 were associated with SASP J and P, respectively, and an ion at m/z 6413 with 50S protein L32. Thus, the resulting unique protein profile combined with chemometric analysis, proved to be valuable tools for B. pumilus and B. safensis discrimination, allowing their reliable, reproducible and rapid identification.Dr. Kasthuri Venkateswaran, Dr. Irene Ouoba, Dr. Joseph W. Kloepper, Dr. Cecilie From and Dr. Maria Morea are gratefully acknowledged for providing isolates FO-36bT, SAFN-027, SAFN-037, KL-052, 51-3C and 82-2C; Bs31; SE 49 (AP3) and SE 52 (AP7); FEL 55, UNG22 and MIL46, respectively. Raquel Branquinho was supported by a PhD fellowship (Ref. SFRH/BD/61410/2009) and Clara Sousa by a post-doctoral fellowship (Ref. SFRH/BPD/70548/2010), from FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, Portugal). Hugo Osorio acknowledges the funding from QREN-FEDER through the Operational Program ON. 2 - O Novo Norte. IPATIMUP is an Associate Laboratory of the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and is partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competin

Antibiotic resistance determinants in the interplay between food and gut microbiota

A complex and heterogeneous microflora performs sugar and lactic acid fermentations in food products. Depending on the fermentable food matrix (dairy, meat, vegetable etc.) as well as on the species composition of the microbiota, specific combinations of molecules are produced that confer unique flavor, texture, and taste to each product. Bacterial populations within such “fermented food microbiota” are often of environmental origin, they persist alive in foods ready for consumption, eventually reaching the gastro-intestinal tract where they can interact with the resident gut microbiota of the host. Although this interaction is mostly of transient nature, it can greatly contribute to human health, as several species within the food microbiota also display probiotic properties. Such an interplay between food and gut microbiota underlines the importance of the microbiological quality of fermented foods, as the crowded environment of the gut is also an ideal site for genetic exchanges among bacteria. Selection and spreading of antibiotic resistance genes in foodborne bacteria has gained increasing interest in the past decade, especially in light of the potential transferability of antibiotic resistance determinants to opportunistic pathogens, natural inhabitants of the human gut but capable of acquiring virulence in immunocompromised individuals. This review aims at describing major findings and future prospects in the field, especially after the use of antibiotics as growth promoters was totally banned in Europe, with special emphasis on the application of genomic technologies to improve quality and safety of fermented foods

Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries?

Correction: Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Article Number: 44 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00351-w Published: OCT 26 2020Reported COVID-19 deaths in Germany are relatively low as compared to many European countries. Among the several explanations proposed, an early and large testing of the population was put forward. Most current debates on COVID-19 focus on the differences among countries, but little attention has been given to regional differences and diet. The low-death rate European countries (e.g. Austria, Baltic States, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Poland, Slovakia) have used different quarantine and/or confinement times and methods and none have performed as many early tests as Germany. Among other factors that may be significant are the dietary habits. It seems that some foods largely used in these countries may reduce angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or are anti-oxidants. Among the many possible areas of research, it might be important to understand diet and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) levels in populations with different COVID-19 death rates since dietary interventions may be of great benefit.Peer reviewe

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Sensing in the Urban Technological Deserts-A Position Paper for Smart Cities in Least Developed Countries

Technological progress in recent years have allowed to produce sensors, on macroscopic and microscopic scales, that are now essential to ubiquitous computing. This paradigm has made the concept of smart cities a reality that is now in synchrony with the needs and requirements for living in this era. Whether it concerns commuters in public transportations or users of existential services such as hospitals, the implementation of smart cities is equally important in developed countries than in the least developed countries. Unfortunately, in the latter, sensors and the associated technologies are not readily available to implement smart cities. It is therefore necessary to identify surrogate ways of sensing the ambiant environment. In this position paper, we discuss the situations in least developed countries and the obstacles to common implementations of smart cities. We also provide a preliminary enumeration of how mobile-phones with SMS-based services and the cultural model can be leveraged to build smart cities in such urban technological deserts

Un cas d’hémangiopéricytome cervical au CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo de Ouagadougou.

L’hémangiopéricytome est une tumeur pariétovasculaire extrêmement rare. Sa malignité est restée longtemps controversée du fait de son évolution classiquement locale et particulièrement insidieuse. Un patient de 16 ans avait été reçu pour une tumeur cervicale déjà opérée 03 mois auparavant. Il s’en était suivi une poursuite évolutive avec une volumineuse masse antérocervicale d’extension strictement locale et d’évolution récidivante après exérèse chirurgicale. Le diagnostic a été histologique et la prise en charge palliative après une chirurgie de propreté. L’hemangiopéricytome est une variété de sarcome de tissus mous à malignité réduite mais à pronostic conditionné par l’exérèse carcinologique de la tumeur. La radiothérapie et la chimiothérapie restent d’indications limitées et d’usage controversé. Le pronostic de l’hemangiopéricytome est lié à son accessibilité chirurgicale.Mots clés : hemangiopéricytome cervical sarcome, péricyte vasculaire

Les cellulites cervico-faciales à propos de 127 cas : aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques

Les cellulites cervico-faciales sont encore d’actualités dans nos régions avec une gravité potentielle. Le but de notre étude était de rapporter les difficultés diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de cette pathologie dans notre contexte. Il s’est agi d’une étude rétrospective menée entre janvier 2005 et décembre 2014 dans le service ORL du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou. Pendant ces 10 ans, 127 cas de cellulites cervico-faciales ont été colligés soit 4,2% des hospitalisations et 13 cas par an. L’âge moyen était de 27 ans avec un sex ratio de 2,03. La cellulite s’est présentée soit sous forme circonscrite (48%) soit sous forme diffuse (52%). Dans la cellulite cervico-faciale diffuse, 58% de nos patients avaient présentés une forme gangreneuse et 42%, une forme phlegmoneuse avec des signes de compression aérodigestive. La prise isolée d’antiinflammatoire non stéroïdien (AINS) a été le facteur favorisant le plus incriminé dans 59% des cas. La porte d’entrée de l’infection a été surtout dentaire (37%), puis amygdalienne (27%). Le profil polymicrobien de ces infections était difficile à établir car 52% des prélèvements était stérile. Le streptocoque a été le germe plus isolé dans les prélèvements.Le traitement était médicochirurgical dans 78% des cas. Tous les malades avaient bénéficié initialement d’une antibiothérapie probabiliste. Elle était ensuite adaptée en fonction du germe trouvé. L’évolution a été marquée par des complications dans 69 cas (54,3%), dominées par la médiastinite par diffusion thoracique et la septicémie. Après le traitement, l’évolution a été favorable dans 85,8% des cas dont 8 cas de séquelles. La mortalité était de 9,4%. La cellulite cervico-faciale est une affection grave touchant souvent des adultes jeunes. Elle nécessite une prise en charge précoce et multidisciplinaire. L’automédication par les anti-inflammatoires des infections bucco-pharyngées en particulier dentaire, en l’absence d’une antibiothérapie adaptée, est le principal facteur favorisant. D’où une éducation médicale des populations.Mots clés: Cellulite cervico-faciale - Diagnostic – TraitementEnglish AbstractCervico-facial cellulitis is still very common in our regions with potential severity. The aim of our study was to report the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this pathology in our context. We did a retrospective study between January 2005 and December 2014 in the ENT department of the University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo of Ouagadougou. During these 10 years, 127 cases of cervico-facial cellulitis were collected, 4.2% in-patient admissions and an average of 13 cases per year. The mean age was 27 years with a sex ratio of 2.03. The cellulitis presented in a circumscribed form (48%) or a diffuse form (52%). In the diffuse cervico-facial cellulitis, 58% of our patients presented a gangrenous form and 42% a phlegmonous form with signs of aerodigestive compression. Isolated use of NSAIDs was the most incriminated favoring factor in 59% of the cases. The portal of entry for the infection was mostly of dental origin (37%), then tonsillar (27%). The polymicrobial profile of these infections was difficult to establish because 52% of the samples were sterile. Streptococcus was the most isolated germ in the samples. The treatment was medicosurgical in 78% of cases. All the patients benefited initially from a probabilistic antibiotherapy. It was then adapted according to the incriminated germ. The evolution was marked by complications in 69 cases (54.3%) dominated by mediastinitis occurring by thoracic seeding and sepsis. After treatment, the evolution was favorable in 85.8 % of the cases among which 8 cases of sequelae. The mortality was  9.4%. Cervicofacial cellulitis is a serious pathology often affecting young adults. It requires an early care and a multidisciplinary team. Automedication with anti-inflammatory drugs in oropharyngeal infections particularly of dental origin, in the absence of an adapted antibiotherapy is the main favorizing factor. Hence the need for sensitization of populations.Keywords: Cervicofacial cellulitis-Diagnosis – Treatmen

La nasofibroscopie en pratique orl a ouagadougou

La nasofibroscopie est une technique d’examen endoscopique des voies aérodigestives supérieures. Nous avons voulu présenter les avantages diagnostiques que procure cet examen à travers notre expérience àOuagadougou. Il s’est agi d’une étude rétrospective qui a permis d’analyser les dossiers de 115 patients ayant bénéficié d’une nasofibroscopie au Centre Médical Schiphra entre mars 2007 à mars 2010. L’âge moyen des patients était de 41,34 ans avec une prédominance masculine de 52 % des cas. Les patients étaient en majorité des cultivateurs et des femmes au foyer dans 29,56 % des cas et provenaient de la ville de Ouagadougou dans 97,4 % des cas. Les prescripteurs de la nasofibroscopie étaient des médecins ORL dans 93,9 % cas. Les principales indications de l’examen étaient des signes pharyngés dans 44,35 % des cas, et la dysphonie dans 38,26 % des cas. Les lésions tumorales laryngées prédominaient, suivies des laryngites, puis des pharyngites. The nasofibroscopy in an upper airway endoscopic technical exam we wanted to show the diagnostic advantages of this exam between our experience in Ouagadougou. It was a retrospective study carried outby revision of medical charts of 115 patients who underwent nasofibroscopy in Schiphra Medical Center from march 2007 to march 2010. The median age of patients was 41.34 years with a male predominance of 52% of cases. The patients were in majority cultivators and women at home in 29.56% of cases and came from Ouagadougou’s town in 97.4% of cases. Nasofibroscopy was prescribed by specialist ENT physician in 93.9% of cases. The main indications of the exam were pharyngeal symptoms in 44.35% of cases and dysphonia in 38.26% of cases. The laryngeal tumours lesions were most frequent, followed by laryngitis and pharyngitis