AN APROACH FOR CYCLIC STRESS RATIO OF LIQUEFIED OR UNLIQUEFIED SOILS

Bu çalışmada, yinelemeli (tekrarlı) yüklerin belirlenmesi için kullanılan deprem ile zemin parametrelerine, zeminin kayma dalga hızları (Vs) ve deprem dalgasının hakim periyodu da (T) eklenerek alternatif bir analitik ilişki geliştirilmiş ve kayma gerilme oranı (KGO) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. KGO 202 adet alan verisi üzerinde uygulanmış ve sonuçların daha önce kullanılan matematiksel bağıntının (CSR) sonuçlarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak sıvılaşan zeminlerde hesaplanan yinelemeli gerilme oran değerlerinden KGO, CSR'den daha büyük, sıvılaşmayan zeminlerde ise daha küçük olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca KGO ile CSR arasında doğrusal bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. In this paper an alternative analytical relationship is developed that adds soil shear wave velocities (Vs) and earthquake dominating period (T) to an earthquake and soil parameters used in the determination of cyclic loads. This relation is named as shear stress ratio (KGO). KGO is applied to 202 field data and the results are compared in accordance with the results of mathematical relation (CSR) used before. Consequently, KGO value for liquefied soil is bigger than CSR. Whereas, KGO value of unliquefied soils is smaller than CSR. A linear relation is determined between KGO and CSR

Evaluation of Turkish Teacher Candidates' Usage of Complex Sentences Containing “ki” Conjunction in Turkish

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Turkish teacher candidates’ usage of Turkish complex sentences with “ki” conjunction, which are one of the most commonly used sentence patterns in Turkish.The Turkish language has been interacting with different languages for centuries. There are two types of “ki” conjunctions in Turkish. One of them originated from Turkish and the other one was transferred from Persian to Turkish. There is a difference between the "ki" conjunction taken from Persian language and the one which originated from Turkish language. With this research, it is aimed to determine whether students use these two different “ki” conjuctions in their sentences correctly or not. While the “ki” conjunction which was transferred from Persian to Turkish is used for making description sentences, the “ki” conjunction belonging to Turkish is used to make cause-effect sentences.In this study, a number of Turkish teacher candidates were asked to write compositions containing sentences with “ki” conjunction. The study group consisted of 11 female and 9 male Turkish Teacher Candidates. Data were collected through qualitative research methods and analyzed by document analysis and descriptive analysis.According to the research results the “ki” conjunction used in sentences by Turkish teacher candidates do not conform to the sentence structure of Persian, but do conform to the sentence structure of Turkish. As a result, it can be said that Turkish teacher candidates should use sentences with “ki” conjunction by taking this difference into consideration

SİSMİK HIZLARDAN TAŞIMA GÜCÜNÜN İNCELENMESİ

Bu çalışmanın amacı klasik taşıma gücü ile sismik hızlardan hesaplanan taşıma gücünü karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmacıların en son ürettikleri ve tavsiye ettikleri taşıma gücü bağıntıları kendi aralarında karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma pomza ve kil türü zeminlerde uygulanmıştır. Ancak pomza türü zeminlerin taşıma gücü kohezyon ve içsel sürtünme belirlenemediğinden klasik yöntemle hesaplanamamıştır. Karşılaştırılan taşıma gücü ve güvenli taşıma gücü bağıntılarının sismik hızlara göre değişimleri, yoğunluk, güvenlik katsayısı ve temel faktörü bakımından da kıyaslanarak incelenmiştir. Buna ek olarak incelenen statik taşıma gücü bağıntısı ve dinamik olarak adlandırılan sismik hızlardan taşıma gücü bağıntılarının depreme dayanıklı yapılaşma için yeterliliği tartışılmıştır

AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF b-VALUE IN THE GUTENBERG-RICHTER RELATION WITH AN APPLICATION IN SOUTHWEST OF TURKEY

Çalışmada Güneybatı Türkiye'nin sismik riski ve sismisitesinin uzaysal dağılımı ele alınmıştır. Bu amaç için 1964–2002 yılları arasında bölgede meydana gelen M≥4 olan 722 adet deprem verisi kullanılmıştır. Sismisite parametrelerinin belirlenebilmesi ve haritalanması için çalışılan alan 169 alt bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Her bir alt bölge için, Gutenberg-Richter magnitüd-frekans bağıntısındaki b değeri en küçük kareler tekniği ve yeni bir alternatif metotla hesaplanarak doğrudan en küçük karelerden elde edilen sonuçlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Yeni alternatif metotta Gutenberg-Richter bağıntısındaki a parametresi sabit alınmıştır. Güneybatı Türkiye boyunca her iki teknik içinde b değeri farklı değişim göstermiştir. Yeni alternatif metot ile Güneybatı Türkiye'nin Doğusu yüksek b değeri gösterirken, Batı kanadında düşük b değerleri baskın olarak bulunmuştur. Son olarak, her iki teknikle de Poisson modeli kullanılarak çalışma alanı içerisinde M≥6 depremin 75 yıllık bir süreçte oluşma riski ve dönüş periyotları hesaplanarak haritalanmıştır. Her iki teknikle oluşturulan risk ve dönüş periyodu haritaları alternatif metotla oluşturulan b parametresi sismisite haritalarıyla oldukça uyumlu olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, her iki teknikle de elde edilen risk ve dönüş periyotları bir biri ile tamamen uyumludur. Çalışma alanının Batı kanadında M≥6 bir depremin oluşma riski %90–95 ve dönüş periyodu da 15– 30 yıl olarak elde edilmiştir. In this study, the spatial distribution of seismicity and seismic hazard is undertaken for the Southwest of Turkey. For this purpose, the earthquakes of magnitude of M≥4 which were occurred between 1964 - 2002 were used in Southwest of Turkey. For the estimation of seismicity parameters and its mapping, Southwest of Turkey is divided into 169 rectangular subregions. The b value from the Gutenberg-Richter frequency-magnitude distributions is calculated by least squares method with a new alternative method and compared with the results directly calculated by least squares method. The a value in the Gutenberg-Richter frequency-magnitude distributions is taken a constant value in the new alternative method. The b value shows different distributions along the Southwest of Turkey for both techniques. From the new technique, low b-values are dominant in the western part of the studying region, while higher b-values are present in the eastern part. Finally, the return period and occurrence probability risk of M≥6 earthquakes in 75 years were calculated using Poisson model for both techniques. Maps of the occurrence probability risk and return period showed a better consistency with the b parameters seismicity maps calculated from new method. Moreover, the return period and occurrence probability risk maps calculated from both techniques showed a better consistency,with each other. The occurrence probability risk and return period of M≥6 earthquake were calculated as %90-95 and 15-30 years, respectively, from the Poisson model in the western part of the studying region

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Deprem Ağır Hasar Alanlarının Önceden Belirlenmesi ve Şehir Planlaması İçin Makro ve Mikro Bölgelendirmelerin Önemi

Some specific areas are affected too much during the earthquakes while some other areas are influenced much less or not. Characteristics of this situation require soil properties of surfaces with deep underground structure of settlements and investigation of its surrounding in detail. When the ancient earthquakes and heavily damaged areas of these earthquakes were examined, it was observed that this situation is related to the structural features of interior ground. Therefore, it is quite clear that application of a near-surface ground survey will not express a meaning alone for the determination of the heavily damaged areas in our country. Therefore macro-zoning (the seismic focus depend on bed rock topography, sequential reflections in seismic energy trap) and micro-zoning (Shear wave velocities, predominant periods, soil amplification, acceleration, liquefaction, areas of forming surface waves etc. geotechnical parameters) studies of settlement areas should be performed. After these, making near-surface ground surveys will be more accurate. In this study, by make use of sample macro zoning studies performed in heavily damaged areas on the world will be presented on the macroand micro-zoning studies performed in Burdur region and the vital importance of previously determined heavily damaged areas out of occurrence of earthquake will be presented by interpreting these studies. Such studies have vital importance for development plans of a city, so revision of the planned cities and strengthening costs of the existing structure will be reduce

A ground radiometric study of uranium, thorium and potassium in Isparta, Turkey

The radioelement concentrations of uranium (238U), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K), as their radionuclides eU, eTh and K, of Cünür Hill in the city of Isparta (Turkey) and its surroundings were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry with a NaI(Tl) detector. The measurements were performed over an area of 2 km × 8 km around Cünür Hill, which forms part of the Isparta volcanic region that has a trachyandesitic composition, and which included the limestone outcrops east of Cünür. The results are mapped as combined radioelement concentrations. The radioelement concentrations of eU, eTh and K measured for Cünür Hill are high because of its trachyandesitic composition, while those measured in the limestone area were low, as would be expected.<br /&gt

Fethiye-Esen II HES Salt ve Santral Sahasındaki Potansiyel Heyelanının Yerteknik Özellikleri ve Yorumu

Çalısma alanında gözlemler ve yerinde deneyler yapılmıstır. Gözlemlerde alanın üst kesimleri farklı kalınlıklarda yamaç molozlarını ve daha derinleri kiltası, killi kireçtası ve kumtası ardalanmasından olusan birimleri kapsadıgı görülmüstür. Tektonik hareketler sonucunda derinlerdeki birimlerin dayanımı azalmıstır ve bu birimlerin yüzeyleyen kesimleri asırı ayrısmıs ve zemin özelligi kazanmıstır. Yagmur suları yamaç molozundan sızarak alttaki birimleri suya doygun hale getirmistir. Bu durumdaki zeminde duraganlık bozulmus ve yer yer kaymalar gözlenmektedir. Esen II HES Salt ve Santrali için topagrafik egimin fazla oldugu ve fosil heyelanların bulundugu bir saha tercih edilmis ve santral yerinde derin kazı yapılmıs, kazıdan çıkan malzeme potansiyel heyelan kütlesi üzerine doldurulmus, potansiyel heyelan kütlesinin etek kısmındaki dayanak derin kazı ile ortadan kaldırılmıs ve suyun etkisiyle kayma mukavemetinin azalması sonucunda heyelan meydana gelmistir. Çalısma alanında olusan heyelanın geometrisini belirlemek amacı ile yerinde deneylerden sismik kırılma ve özdirenç çalısmaları yapılmıstır. Ayrıca açılan gözlem çukurlarında yapılan yerinde deneylerle (proktor penetrometre ve vane) kayan malzemelerin direnç parametreleri hesaplanmıstır. Tüm verilerin birlikte yorumlanmasıyla saglam ana kaya ve potansiyel heyelanın geometrisi belirlenmistir. Ana kayanın altere kısmının da heyelan malzemesi içersinde oldugu saptanmıstır. Duraganlık analizi için Veyn 25 turdan elde edilen kayma mukavemeti sonuçlarının kullanılması önerilmistir