Volume I. Introduction to DUNE

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE\u27s physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology

Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU

The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we present the first implementation of a full microphysical simulator of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) equipped with light readout and pixelated charge readout, developed for the DUNE Near Detector. The software is implemented with an end-to-end set of GPU-optimized algorithms. The algorithms have been written in Python and translated into CUDA kernels using Numba, a just-in-time compiler for a subset of Python and NumPy instructions. The GPU implementation achieves a speed up of four orders of magnitude compared with the equivalent CPU version. The simulation of the current induced on 10^3 pixels takes around 1 ms on the GPU, compared with approximately 10 s on the CPU. The results of the simulation are compared against data from a pixel-readout LArTPC prototype

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), far detector technical design report, volume III: DUNE far detector technical coordination

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module

Pastos herbáceos y brezales de la montaña atlántica: estructura y valor nutritivo

Atlantic mountain pastures are composed by mosaics of semi-natural grasslands and heathlands. A knowledge of their structure and feeding value is useful to understand their livestock use and improve management of these communities. This study was carried out in the Gorbeia Natural Park in northern Spain. Pasture composition, sward height and nutritive value were measured over four grazing seasons (spring, summer, late summer and autumn) in three plant communities: grassland (GR), open heathland (OH) and dense heathland (DH). The grassland community had lower sward height and better nutritive value. In less favoured grazing periods, when sward height in GR becomes limiting livestock move to OH with higher pasture height and lower sward cover and nutritive value. Even both heathlands have similar height and quality, the selection of OH, and avoiding of the dense one, could be due to its higher sward cover, which could make it easier to look for feed. Moreover, considering the woody component the estimated nutritive value of DH does not cover the minimum required for livestock production.Los pastos de las zonas de montaña atlántica están compuestos por comunidades herbáceas en combinación con brezales. El conocimiento de su estructura y valor nutritivo resultan útiles para entender su utilización por el ganado y mejorar el manejo de estas comunidades. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Parque Natural de Gorbeia (Norte de España). La composición del pasto, la altura de la hierba y el valor nutritivo se midieron en cuatro estaciones de pastoreo (primavera, verano, finales de verano y otoño) en tres comunidades vegetales: pasto herbáceo (GR), brezal ralo (OH) y brezal denso (DH). Los pastos herbáceos presentaron menor altura y mejor valor nutritivo. En los periodos menos favorables, cuando la altura de la hierba se vuelve limitante, el ganado se mueve al OH, donde la altura es mayor, aunque la cobertura herbácea y su calidad sean menores. Aunque ambos brezales tengan una altura y calidad similar, la selección del OH puede ser debida a la mayor cobertura de hierba, lo que hace que la búsqueda de alimento sea más fácil. Además, cuando en la estimación de la calidad se considera el componente arbustivo, el DH no cubre los mínimos para mantener al ganad

El papel del pastoreo en la explotación del ganado ovino lechero en zonas húmedas y de montaña

El pastoreo desempeña un papel crucial en la alimentación del ganado ovino de leche en las zonas húmedas, y en especial en los sistemas de producción de las razas Latxa y Carranzana, de una producción lechera media. A lo largo del ciclo de producción se distinguen dos periodos en los que las características del pastoreo están claramente diferenciadas. El primero corresponde al pastoreo de monte, el cual se extiende en la actualidad desde el final del ordeño, hasta el último tercio de la gestación de las ovejas, entre mayo y noviembre y con una duración de 4 a 6 meses en los distintos rebaños. El pastoreo es extensivo y en libertad, es decir, no guiado por el pastor, y se ha observado que durante el mismo se produce una reducción del nivel de reservas de los animales. Esta práctica está en gran parte condicionada por la limitación de terrenos en las explotaciones. El segundo periodo corresponde al pastoreo de valle, durante la lactación. Este pastoreo se efectúa durante un número limitado de horas, 2-3 horas/día, una vez iniciado el ordeño (febrero-marzo), y se va incrementando paulatinamente a medida que avanza la primavera hasta 8-10 horas en mayo. A su vez los animales reciben una suplementación de forrajes y concentrados en pesebre, por lo que el pasto es un componente más de la dieta, y ni siquiera el fundamental en ciertas fases. De acuerdo con los modelos de rebaño desarrollados, este pastoreo cubriría entre el 50% y 75% de las necesidades de mantenimiento y producción del rebaño, con una mayor incidencia en aquellos rebaños con partos más tardíos, es decir, más acoplados al ciclo productivo de la hierba

El papel del pastoreo en la explotación del ganado ovino lechero en zonas húmedas y de montaña

El pastoreo desempeña un papel crucial en la alimentación del ganado ovino de leche en las zonas húmedas, y en especial en los sistemas de producción de las razas Latxa y Carranzana, de una producción lechera media. A lo largo del ciclo de producción se distinguen dos periodos en los que las características del pastoreo están claramente diferenciadas. El primero corresponde al pastoreo de monte, el cual se extiende en la actualidad desde el final del ordeño, hasta el último tercio de la gestación de las ovejas, entre mayo y noviembre y con una duración de 4 a 6 meses en los distintos rebaños. El pastoreo es extensivo y en libertad, es decir, no guiado por el pastor, y se ha observado que durante el mismo se produce una reducción del nivel de reservas de los animales. Esta práctica está en gran parte condicionada por la limitación de terrenos en las explotaciones. El segundo periodo corresponde al pastoreo de valle, durante la lactación. Este pastoreo se efectúa durante un número limitado de horas, 2-3 horas/día, una vez iniciado el ordeño (febrero-marzo), y se va incrementando paulatinamente a medida que avanza la primavera hasta 8-10 horas en mayo. A su vez los animales reciben una suplementación de forrajes y concentrados en pesebre, por lo que el pasto es un componente más de la dieta, y ni siquiera el fundamental en ciertas fases. De acuerdo con los modelos de rebaño desarrollados, este pastoreo cubriría entre el 50% y 75% de las necesidades de mantenimiento y producción del rebaño, con una mayor incidencia en aquellos rebaños con partos más tardíos, es decir, más acoplados al ciclo productivo de la hierba

Comparison of models for describing the lactation curve of latxa sheep and an analysis of factors affecting milk yield

The objectives of this work were 1) to compare the goodness-of-fit of empirical models of the lactation curve and 2) to analyze the factors affecting the shapes of the lactation curves, the parameters describing them, and the overall milk yield of Latxa dairy sheep. A total of 14,699 records from 2711 ewes, collected during three consecutive years (1995 to 1997) by the milk recording program of the Latxa ewe of the Basque Country (Spain), were used. Six mathematical models and three fitting procedures were compared. The estimation of model parameters by nonlinear fitting procedures was superior to that by linear regression methods. A nonlinear variable decay model fitted the data better than the other models, as judged by lower mean square prediction error, residual sums of squares, and a lack of first-order positive autocorrelation as assessed by the Durbin Watson coefficient. The effects of the flock, flock-year interaction, month of lambing, length of lactation nested within month of lambing, parity, and number of live lambs born had significant effects on the parameters of the model and the total milk yield (P < 0.01). The prediction of milk yield from the selected model was similar to the estimates obtained with the Fleischmann method currently used by the national breeding program for the Latxa breed

Comparison of models for describing the lactation curve of Latxa sheep and an analysis of factors affecting milk yield

The objectives of this work were 1) to compare the goodness-of-fit of empirical models of the lactation curve and 2) to analyze the factors affecting the shapes of the lactation curves, the parameters describing them, and the overall milk yield of Latxa dairy sheeA total of 14,699 records from 2711 ewes, collected during three consecutive years (1995 to 1997) by the milk recording program of the Latxa ewe of the Basque Country (Spain), were used. Six mathematical models and three fitting procedures were compared. The estimation of model parameters by nonlinear fitting procedures was superior to that by linear regression methods. A nonlinear variable decay model fitted the data better than the other models, as judged by lower mean square prediction error, residual sums of swuares, and a lack of first-order positive autocorrelation as assessed by the Durbin Watson Coefficient. The effects of the flock, flock-year interaction, month of lambing, length of lactation nested within month of lambing, parity, and number of live lambs born had significant effects on the parameters of the model and the total milk yield (P<0.01). The prediction of milk yield from the selected model was similar to the estimates obtained with the Fleischmann method currently used by the national breeding program for the Latxa breed

Nutrition et alimentation des brebis laitières

National audienc