The power of preferences: economic elites and light taxation in Mexico

In recent years Mexico has had the lightest tax burden in Latin America. Using qualitative, historical analysis, this paper argues that a crucial cause of this phenomenon is the resistance of an exceptionally politically mobilized economic elite, which has resulted in the defeat or dilution of repeated attempts at reform. The intensity of elite resistance reflects, in turn, a strongly anti-state ideology constructed through conflict with the state, especially during the 1930s. This emphasis on the historical construction of preferences clarifies a central paradox of the literature on Latin American taxation: the fact that a number of authors agree that elite cohesion and political connections are important, but disagree on whether they hinder or facilitate revenue-raising reform.En años recientes, México ha tenido la carga tributaria más baja de América Latina. Basado en un análisis histórico, este trabajo argumenta que una causa clave de este fenómeno ha sido la resistencia de una élite económica excepcionalmente movilizada, lo cual ha resultado en el fracaso o dilución de repetidos intentos de reforma. Ello, a su vez, es producto de una ideología anti-Estado construida a través de conflictos con el Estado, especialmente durante la década de 1930. Este énfasis en la construcción histórica de las preferencias clarifica una paradoja de la literatura sobre la tributación latinoamericana: el hecho de que varios autores concuerdan en que la cohesión interna y conexiones políticas de la élite son importantes, pero discrepan sobre su impacto

Estudio de la acción del amoníaco sobre algunos derivados benzoilados de los hidratos de carbono

Con el trabajo de A. Wohl en 1893 sobre degradación de los nitrilos acetilados de los monosacáridos, aparecen por primera vez en el campo delos Hidratos de Carbono las aldosas diamidas. A este derivado de la Larabinosa se lo denominó L-arabinosa diacetamida, aunque de acuerdo auna nomenclatura más ortodoxa debería ser la N,N'-diacetil-L-arabinosilidendiamina. Trabajos posteriores mostraron que estos compuestos podían obtenerseno solo por degradación de los nitrilos acilados de los monosacáridos,sino también por amonólisis de aldosas parcial o totalmente aciladas. Asimismo se suministraron pruebas experimentales concluyentes de que la formación de estas aldosas diamidas tenía lugar por intermedio de un mecanismo intramolecular, de acuerdo a lo sugerido por Isbell y Frush y en contraposición con la suposición de Wohl de que se producían por condensación de la forma aldehídica libre con las amidas formadas durante la amonólisis. Enesta Tesis se ha realizado la amonólisis de varios derivados parcialmente benzoilados de la D-glucosa, y se han comparado los rendimientos en D-glucosa dibenzamida obtenidos con los ya reseñados en la literatura para otros derivados de la D-glucosa y otras hexosas. Se ha destacado asimismo la influencia que, sobre el rendimiento enestas diamidas, tienen las velocidades conque se realizan los diversospasos preparatorios para la migración de los grupos acilos hacia el carbono 1, a saber: amonólisis del grupo acilo sobre el carbono 1, apertura del ciclo hemiacetálico y condensación con el amoníaco. Se ha señalado también la competencia entre estas reacciones y las simultáneas que se oponen a la migración citada, como ser: amonólisis de los grupos acilos, migración hacia otros carbonos distintos del 1 y formación de ciclos hemiacetálicos estables. Delanálisis realizado puede concluirse que el rendimiento en aldosasdiamidas por amonólisis de derivados parcial o totalmente acilados delos monosacáridos, es el resultado de un complejo balance entre una serie de reacciones simultáneas y competitivas. Enuna segunda parte hemos preparado los nitrilos benzoilados L-arabónico y D-xilónico a fin de someterlos a una degradación en medio alcohólicoamoniacal. Esinteresante hacer notar las dificultades con que nos hemos encontradopara la cristalización de estos compuestos. En el caso del tetrabenzoil-L-arabono nitrilo hemos podido llegar a un producto que si bien el análisis elemental cuantitativo y la determinación de grupo nitrilo han mostrado como puro, precipita amorfo por enfriamiento de sus soluciones en los solventes comunes. El tetrabenzoil-D-xilono nitrilo solo pudo obtenerse puro en un 90% luego de un pasaje por alúmina activada, ya que por enfriamiento de sus soluciones en los solventes comunes precipita como una goma que no cristaliza por estacionamiento. Las purificaciones posteriores por cromatografía o sublimación a alto vacío, no permitieron obtener un producto cristalizable. En ambos casos la degradación en medio de metanol-amoníaco condujo ala obtención de compuestos bien cristalizables, cuyo análisis y el desus respectivos derivados acetilados, demostró que se trataba de la L-eritrosa dibenzamida y la D-treosa dibenzamida respectivamente. Asimismo, y a fin de completar el cuadro de los derivados benzoiladosde las pentosas, se llevó a cabo la amonólisis de la tetrabenzoil-β-D-ribopiranosa, obteniéndose la D-ribosa dibenzamida. Porúltimo, en una tercera parte, hemos aplicado al pentabenzoil-D-glucono nitrilo y al tetrabenzoil-L-ramnono nitrilo el procedimiento de hidrólisis con ácido bromhídrico en medio acético glacial, obteniendo sin mayores inconvenientes la pentabenzoil-D-glucono amida y la tetrabenzoil-l-ramnono amida. Como confirmación hemos deshidratado estas amidas con oxicloruro de fósforo obteniendo nuevamente los nitrilos correspondientes.Fil: Ondetti, Miguel Angel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Antihypertensive Effect of Long-Term Oral Administration of Jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) Collagen Peptides on Renovascular Hypertension

Antihypertensive effect of long-term oral administration of jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) collagen peptides (JCP) on renovascular hypertension rats (RVHs) was evaluated. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the RVHs were significantly reduced with administration of JCP (p < 0.05), compared with model control group. However, the arterial blood pressure of normal rats showed no significant changes during long-term oral treatment with high dose JCP (p > 0.05). Furthermore, effect of JCP on angiotensin II (Ang II) concentration of plasma had no significance (p > 0.05), but JCP significantly inhibited the Ang II concentration in RVHs’ kidney (p < 0.05). The kidney should be the target site of JCP

Intestine-Specific, Oral Delivery of Captopril/Montmorillonite: Formulation and Release Kinetics

The intercalation of captopril (CP) into the interlayers of montmorillonite (MMT) affords an intestine-selective drug delivery system that has a captopril-loading capacity of up to ca. 14 %w/w and which exhibits near-zero-order release kinetics

Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors from Marine Resources: Prospects in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the major independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important physiological role in regulation of blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Therefore, the inhibition of ACE activity is a major target in the prevention of hypertension. Recently, the search for natural ACE inhibitors as alternatives to synthetic drugs is of great interest to prevent several side effects and a number of novel compounds such as bioactive peptides, chitooligosaccharide derivatives (COS) and phlorotannins have been derived from marine organisms as potential ACE inhibitors. These inhibitory derivatives can be developed as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals with potential to prevent hypertension. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the marine-derived ACE inhibitors and their future prospects as novel therapeutic drug candidates for treat hypertension

The toxicity of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to larvae of the disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae

The control of mosquitoes is threatened by the appearance of insecticide resistance and therefore new control chemicals are urgently required. Here we show that inhibitors of mosquito peptidyl dipeptidase, a peptidase related to mammalian angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), are insecticidal to larvae of the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. ACE inhibitors (captopril, fosinopril and fosinoprilat) and two peptides (trypsin-modulating oostatic factor/TMOF and a bradykinin-potentiating peptide, BPP-12b) were all inhibitors of the larval ACE activity of both mosquitoes. Two inhibitors, captopril and fosinopril (a pro-drug ester of fosinoprilat), were tested for larvicidal activity. Within 24 h captopril had killed >90% of the early instars of both species with 3rd instars showing greater resistance. Mortality was also high within 24 h of exposure of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars of An. gambiae to fosinopril. Fosinopril was also toxic to Ae. aegypti larvae, although the 1st instars appeared to be less susceptible to this pro-drug even after 72 h exposure. Homology models of the larval An. gambiae ACE proteins (AnoACE2 and AnoACE3) reveal structural differences compared to human ACE, suggesting that structure-based drug design offers a fruitful approach to the development of selective inhibitors of mosquito ACE enzymes as novel larvicides

Locally Administrated Perindopril Improves Healing in an Ovariectomized Rat Tibial Osteotomy Model

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are widely prescribed to regulate blood pressure. High doses of orally administered perindopril have previously been shown to improve fracture healing in a mouse femur fracture model. In this study, perindopril was administered directly to the fracture area with the goal of stimulating fracture repair. Three months after being ovariectomized (OVX), tibial fractures were produced in Sprague–Dawley rats and subsequently stabilized with intramedullary wires. Perindopril (0.4 mg/kg/day) was injected locally at the fractured site for a treatment period of 7 days. Vehicle reagent was used as a control. Callus quality was evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture. Compared with the vehicle group, perindopril treatment significantly increased bone formation, increased biomechanical strength, and improved microstructural parameters of the callus. Newly woven bone was arranged more tightly and regularly at 4 weeks post-fracture. The ultimate load increased by 66.1 and 76.9% (p<0.01), and the bone volume over total volume (BV/TV) increased by 29.9% and 24.3% (p<0.01) at 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture, respectively. These findings suggest that local treatment with perindopril could promote fracture healing in ovariectomized rats

Bioactive Peptides from Muscle Sources: Meat and Fish

Bioactive peptides have been identified in a range of foods, including plant, milk and muscle, e.g., beef, chicken, pork and fish muscle proteins. Bioactive peptides from food proteins offer major potential for incorporation into functional foods and nutraceuticals. The aim of this paper is to present an outline of the bioactive peptides identified in the muscle protein of meat to date, with a focus on muscle protein from domestic animals and fish. The majority of research on bioactives from meat sources has focused on angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant peptides

Building Support for Taxation in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Mexico

In spite of the importance of taxation for political and economic development, we know relatively little about the conditions under which citizens might not exact a political cost on leaders for adopting a particular tax. Drawing on insights from the literature on institutional design, this article examines how certain features of taxes – such as allowing for civil society oversight, sunset provisions that make the duration of taxes finite, and earmark mechanisms that direct tax revenue for a specific purpose – affect political support behind them. It also evaluates the role of three important aspects of the fiscal exchange, namely trust in government, perceptions of the public good, and level of income. Based on an original survey experiment focusing on the provision of public safety in Mexico, I find that these design features increase political support for taxation, especially among those with low trust in government, perceptions of high quality of the public good, and low income. These findings have important implications for Mexico, as well as a number of other countries that have both low levels of extraction and increased public spending imperatives

Courting the South: Lula’s Trade Diplomacy

Scholarly consensus regarding Brazil's Lula government characterizes its economic policy as surprisingly conservative but its foreign policy as roughly in line with the traditionally leftist principles of the Workers' Party. While broadly accurate, this perspective tells us little about trade diplomacy, which cuts across these two policy areas. In this article we explain why Lula's trade diplomacy has hewed much more closely to his broader foreign policy strategy than his economic model, despite the critical role of trade in Brazil's recent economic growth. We argue that two key factors have lowered the costs of adopting a combative, South-South orientation, allowing Lula to use trade diplomacy as a tool for appealing to party loyalists. One is the inherently muted short-term impact of trade diplomacy on key macro-economic outcomes. The other is the failure of the traditional trading powers to offer the incentives necessary to successfully conclude the major North-South trade talks they had initiated