Développement de biomarqueurs diagnostiques et de suivi dans les maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central en imagerie par résonnance magnétique et tomographie par cohérence optique

BACKGROUND.Inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are mainly represented by multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Both diseases may be associated with slight to severe clinical disability. There is a need for developing imaging biomarkers which could be used for diagnostic purposes and as potential therapeutic biomarkers. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are robust and reproducible tools enabling us to measure axonal loss in vivo.OBJECTIVES.To develop OCT and MRI biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of inflammatory diseases affecting CNS.METHODS.Our MRI is a 3 teslas MRI (Achieva, Philips, Best the Netherlands) devoted to research at CHRU de Lille. The OCT tool is a 4th generation spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis, Germany).(1) We firstly developped a coronal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence for cervical spinal cord and (2) applied it to a large MS cohort in order to evaluate potential DTI/clinical disability correlations. (3) We interested in 3D-Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence for the detection of T2 optic nerve hypersignal and compare its diagnosis accuracy with coronal 2D STIR-FLAIR sequence.Considering OCT, (4) we participated to a multicenter study for validating OCT quality criteria by measuring inter rater agreement. (5) We made a comparative OCT study in MS, NMOSD and healthy controls (HC), in order to describe potential OCT parameters differentiating both diseases. OCT parameters will be peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layers thickness (pRNFL; global and values per quadrants) and macular layers thickness evaluated by HEYEX segmentation software. (6) We investigated the length of optic nerve DIR hypersignal as a potential biomarker for retinal axonal loss measured by OCT.RESULTS.(1) The DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], radial diffusivity [rD]) were significantly different between HC and MS patients. FA was reduced. MD and rD were increased.(2) In MS, FA within cervical spinal cord (C2-C6) was moderately correlated with physical disability measured by EDSS, pyramidal, sensory and bowel/urinary functional scores.(3) 3D-DIR sequence was more accurate than 2D STIR FLAIR for the detection of optic nerve hypersignal (Se 95%, Sp 94%) and showed the higher inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.96).(4) The inter-rater agreement for OSCAR-IB quality criteria for retinal OCT was substantial (kappa = 0.7).(5) We found comparable post ON atrophy between MS and NMOSD and significant macular and temporal pRNFL atrophy in MS non ON eyes. We suggested possible subclinical macular atrophy in NMOSD. Correlations were good and numerous between OCT parameters and visual disability in both diseases. In NMOSD, correlations between OCT and clinical disability were fewer and more related to visual disability.(6) We found good associations (p<0.0001) between optic nerve DIR hypersignal length, pRNFL thicknesses, inner retinal layers volumes and visual disability. A subclinical radiological involvement of non ON eyes was found in 38.5%.CONCLUSION.We developed a DTI sequence for cervical spinal cord analysis which seems applicable in routine and in a prospective follow-up. However, correlations between FA or MD and clinical disability remain moderate.OCT may help to differentiate NMOSD and MS by focusing on the non ON eyes (temporal pRNFL atrophy more severe in MS). Moreover we discuss the possibility of subclinical retinal degenerative process in NMOSD.We showed the 3D-DIR interest in optic nerve inflammatory lesion detection. 3D-DIR sequence which has largely been considered as a marker of demyelination, may be more pathologically specific (i.e retinal axonal loss) by focusing on a specific part of the CNS (i.e optic nerve). Optic nerve DIR hypersignal may be a new biomarker of retinal axonal loss.INTRODUCTION._Le handicap associé aux maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central (SNC), représentées par la sclérose en plaques (SEP) et la neuromyélite optique de Devic (NMOSD), est sous-tendu par la perte neuronale._x000D_La tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des outils robustes et reproductibles permettant de mesurer la perte axonale in vivo.OBJECTIFS.Développer des biomarqueurs OCT et IRM pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le suivi des patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires du SNC.MATERIELS et METHODES.Notre IRM est de champ magnétique 3 teslas (Achieva, Philips, Best, Pays Bas). L'appareil OCT est de 4éme génération (Heidelberg Spectralis, Allemagne). (1) Nous avons développé une séquence en tenseur de diffusion (DTI) de la moelle épinière cervicale en acquisition coronale et (2) évalué les corrélations entre les paramètres DTI et le handicap clinique d'une cohorte de patients SEP. (3) Nous avons comparé la séquence 3D-Double Inversion Récupération (DIR) à la séquence 2D-STIR FLAIR coronal pour la détection des hypersignaux inflammatoires du nerf optique.Sur le plan OCT, (4) nous avons participé à une étude multicentrique pour la validation de critères de qualité OCT. (5) Nous avons réalisé une étude OCT comparative de patients SEP, NMOSD et de sujets sains, afin de mettre en évidence des paramètres OCT différenciant les 2 maladies, parmi lesquels l'épaisseur de la pRNFL (globale ou en secteurs) et des couches maculaires (logiciel de segmentation HEYEX). (6) Nous avons évalué la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique comme potentiel biomarqueur de la perte axonale rétinienne évaluée en OCT.RESULTATS.(1) Les paramètres DTI (fraction d'anisotropie [FA], diffusivité moyenne [MD] et radiale [rD]) étaient significativement différents entre les sujets SEP et sains. Chez les sujets SEP, la FA diminue, la MD et la rD augmentent.(2) Dans la SEP, la FA mesurée au sein de la moelle épinière cervicale (C2-C6) était modérément corrélée au handicap clinique du patient mesuré par le score EDSS et les scores fonctionnels pyramidal, sensitif et sphinctérien._x000D_(3) La séquence 3D-DIR était plus précise que le 2D STIR FLAIR pour la détection d'un hypersignal inflammatoire du nerf optique (Se 95%, Sp 94%) et montrait une concordance inter-observateur plus élevée (kappa = 0.96).(4) La concordance inter-observateur des critères de qualité OCT OSCAR-IB était substantielle (kappa = 0.7).(5) Nous mettons en évidence une atrophie rétinienne post ON comparable entre la SEP et la NMOSD. Les patients SEP présentent une atrophie maculaire et de la pRNFL temporale sur les yeux sans névrite optique. Nos résultats suggèrent une possible atrophie maculaire infraclinique chez les sujets NMOSD. Les corrélations entre OCT et handicap visuel étaient bonnes et nombreuses. Dans la NMOSD, les corrélations entre OCT et handicap clinique étaient moins nombreuses et liée à la présence d'un handicap visuel.(6) Nous avons mis en évidence une bonne association (p<0.0001) entre la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique, l'épaisseur de la pRNFL, le volume des couches maculaires internes et le handicap visuel. Près de 40% des yeux indemnes de NO présentaient un hypersignal du nerf optique.CONCLUSIONS.Nous avons développé une séquence DTI analysant la moelle épinière cervicale, applicable en routine et de façon prospective. Les corrélations entre la FA ou la MD et le handicap restent toutefois modérées [...

Extensive myelitis associated with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Encephalitis with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies (anti-NMDAR-Ab) is a rapid-onset encephalitis including psychosis, seizures, various movement disorders and autonomic system disturbances. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a very unusual case of extensive myelitis associated with anti-NMDAR-Ab. MRI also revealed a hyperintense T2 lesion, non-suggestive of MS, which progressively extended, associated with periventricular gadolinium enhancement visualized on brain MRI. Ophthalmological evaluation showed subclinical right optic neuritis. The absence of anti-AQP4 antibody argued against neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. A slight psychomotor slowing prompted us to search for various causes of autoimmune encephalitis. Anti-NMDAR-Ab was found in cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSION: In patients with extensive myelitis who are seronegative for anti-AQP4 antibodies, and after other classical causes have been excluded, the hypothesis of atypical anti-NMDAR-Ab encephalitis should also be considered

Patterns of use, effectiveness and safety of gadolinium contrast agents: a European prospective cross-sectional multicentre observational study

Background: The EU gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) market has changed in recent years due to the European Medicines Agency decision to suspend the marketing authorisation of linear GBCA and the marketing authorisation of new generic macrocyclic GBCA. The study aims to understand the patterns of (GBCA) use, and to study the effectiveness and safety of GBCA in routine practice across Europe. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study in patients undergoing contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. Reported usage patterns included indication, referral and examination details. Assessment of effectiveness included changes in radiological diagnosis, diagnostic confidence and image quality. Safety data were collected by spontaneous patient adverse event (AE) reporting. Results: 2118 patients were included from 8 centres across 5 European countries between December 2018 and November 2019. Clariscan, Dotarem (gadoteric acid), Gadovist (gadobutrol) and ProHance (gadoteridol) were utilised in 1513 (71.4%), 356 (16.8%), 237 (11.2%) and 12 (0.6%) patients, respectively. Most were performed in CNS-related indications (46.2%). Mean GBCA doses were 0.10 mmol/kg body weight, except for Gadovist (mean 0.12 mmol/kg). GBCA use increased confidence in diagnosis in 96.2% of examinations and resulted in a change in radiological diagnosis in 73.9% of patients. Image quality was considered excellent or good in 96.1% of patients and across all GBCA. Four patients reported AEs (0.19%), with only 1 (0.05%) considered serious. Conclusions: This European study confirmed that GBCAs are used appropriately in Europe for a wide range of indications. The study demonstrated a significant increase in diagnostic confidence after GBCA use and confirmed the good safety profile of GBCAs, with comparable results for all agents used

Long-term follow-up of acute partial transverse myelitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute partial transverse myelitis (APTM) may be the first clinical symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) or may remain a monophasic event. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk of conversion to MS and long-term disability, and to determine prognosis factors for disability. DESIGN: We identified patients with no previous history of neurological disease who experienced APTM between January 1998 and December 2005 and were followed up at 3 university hospitals in France. Data on the patients' demographics and clinical states during follow-up, as well as data on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and visual evoked potentials, were analyzed. SETTING: Neurology departments of 3 university hospitals in Lille, Strasbourg, and Rouen, France, respectively. PATIENTS: A total of 85 patients with no previous history of neurological disease who experienced APTM. RESULTS: The mean (SD) follow-up period was 104.8 (29.8) months. There were 57 women (67%) and 28 men (33%), with a mean (SD) age at onset of 36.7 (11.7) years. At the end of follow-up, 53 patients (62%) were classified as having MS with a mean (SD) Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 2.6 (1.8), 1 patient (1%) was classified as having postinfectious myelitis, 1 (1%) as having neuromyelitis optica, 1 (1%) as having Sjögren syndrome, and 29 (34%) still had APTM of undetermined etiology. Oligoclonal bands in CSF were more frequent in patients with MS (92%) than in patients with APTM of undetermined etiology (38%). Brain MRI results were abnormal in 87% of patients with MS and 27% of patients with APTM of undetermined etiology; visual evoked potentials were abnormal in 43% of patients with MS and 4% of patients with APTM of undetermined etiology. Oligoclonal bands in CSF (odds ratio, 15.76 [95% CI, 2.95-84.24]) and at least 1 MRI-detected brain lesion (odds ratio, 7.74 [95% CI, 2.42-24.74]) were independent predictive factors for conversion to MS. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that abnormal brain MRI results and the presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF are 2 independent predictive factors for conversion to MS. No clinical, biological, or MRI factor at onset was predictive of long-term disability.journal article2012 MarimportedErratum in : Arch Neurol. 2012 Jun;69(6):789. Outerryck, Olivier [corrected to Outteryck, Olivier]

Retinal inner nuclear layer volume reflects inflammatory disease activity in multiple sclerosis;a longitudinal OCT study

Background: The association of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness with neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is well established. The relationship of the adjoining inner nuclear layer (INL) with inflammatory disease activity is less well understood. Objective: The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship of INL volume changes with inflammatory disease activity in MS. Methods In this longitudinal, multi-centre study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and clinical data (disability status, relapses and MS optic neuritis (MSON)) were collected in 785 patients with MS (68.3% female) and 92 healthy controls (63.4% female) from 11 MS centres between 2010 and 2017 and pooled retrospectively. Data on pRNFL, GCIPL and INL were obtained at each centre. Results: There was a significant increase in INL volume in eyes with new MSON during the study (N = 61/1562, beta = 0.01mm(3), p<.001). Clinical relapses (other than MSON) were significantly associated with increased INL volume (beta = 0.005, p =.025). INL volume was independent of disease progression (beta = 0.002mm(3), p =.474). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that an increase in INL volume is associated with MSON and the occurrence of clinical relapses. Therefore, INL volume changes may be useful as an outcome marker for inflammatory disease activity in MSON and MS treatment trials

Optical coherence tomography in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein antibody-seropositive patients: a longitudinal study

Background: Serum antibodies against myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) are detectable in a proportion of patients with acute or relapsing neuroinflammation. It is unclear, if neuro-axonal damage occurs only in an attack-dependent manner or also progressively. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate longitudinally intra-retinal layer changes in eyes without new optic neuritis (ON) in MOG-IgG-seropositive patients. Methods: We included 38 eyes of 24 patients without ON during follow-up (F/U) [median years (IQR)] 1.9 (1.0–2.2) and 56 eyes of 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). The patient group’s eyes included 18 eyes without (EyeON-) and 20 eyes with history of ON (EyeON+). Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), we acquired peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and volumes of combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIP), inner nuclear layer (INL), and macular volume (MV). High-contrast visual acuity (VA) was assessed at baseline. Results: At baseline in EyeON-, pRNFL (94.3 ± 15.9 μm, p = 0.36), INL (0.26 ± 0.03 mm3, p = 0.11), and MV (2.34 ± 0.11 mm3, p = 0.29) were not reduced compared to HC; GCIP showed thinning (0.57 ± 0.07 mm3; p = 0.008), and VA was reduced (logMAR 0.05 ± 0.15 vs. − 0.09 ± 0.14, p = 0.008) in comparison to HC. Longitudinally, we observed pRNFL thinning in models including all patient eyes (annual reduction − 2.20 ± 4.29 μm vs. − 0.35 ± 1.17 μm, p = 0.009) in comparison to HC. Twelve EyeON- with other than ipsilateral ON attacks ≤ 6 months before baseline showed thicker pRNFL at baseline and more severe pRNFL thinning in comparison to 6 EyeON- without other clinical relapses. Conclusions: We observed pRNFL thinning in patients with MOG-IgG during F/U, which was not accompanied by progressive GCIP reduction. This effect could be caused by a small number of EyeON- with other than ipsilateral ON attacks within 6 months before baseline. One possible interpretation could be a reduction of the swelling, which could mean that MOG-IgG patients show immune-related swelling in the CNS also outside of an attack’s target area

APOSTEL 2.0 Recommendations for Reporting Quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography Studies.

OBJECTIVE To update the consensus recommendations for reporting of quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) study results, thus revising the previously published Advised Protocol for OCT Study Terminology and Elements (APOSTEL) recommendations. METHODS To identify studies reporting quantitative OCT results, we performed a PubMed search for the terms "quantitative" and "optical coherence tomography" from 2015 to 2017. Corresponding authors of the identified publications were invited to provide feedback on the initial APOSTEL recommendations via online surveys following the principle of a modified Delphi method. The results were evaluated and discussed by a panel of experts and changes to the initial recommendations were proposed. A final survey was recirculated among the corresponding authors to obtain a majority vote on the proposed changes. RESULTS A total of 116 authors participated in the surveys, resulting in 15 suggestions, of which 12 were finally accepted and incorporated into an updated 9-point checklist. We harmonized the nomenclature of the outer retinal layers, added the exact area of measurement to the description of volume scans, and suggested reporting device-specific features. We advised to address potential bias in manual segmentation or manual correction of segmentation errors. References to specific reporting guidelines and room light conditions were removed. The participants' consensus with the recommendations increased from 80% for the previous APOSTEL version to greater than 90%. CONCLUSIONS The modified Delphi method resulted in an expert-led guideline (evidence Class III; Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations [GRADE] criteria) concerning study protocol, acquisition device, acquisition settings, scanning protocol, funduscopic imaging, postacquisition data selection, postacquisition analysis, nomenclature and abbreviations, and statistical approach. It will be essential to update these recommendations to new research and practices regularly

Development of imaging biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up in inflammatory diseases of central nervous system using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography

INTRODUCTION._Le handicap associé aux maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central (SNC), représentées par la sclérose en plaques (SEP) et la neuromyélite optique de Devic (NMOSD), est sous-tendu par la perte neuronale._x000D_La tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des outils robustes et reproductibles permettant de mesurer la perte axonale in vivo.OBJECTIFS.Développer des biomarqueurs OCT et IRM pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le suivi des patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires du SNC.MATERIELS et METHODES.Notre IRM est de champ magnétique 3 teslas (Achieva, Philips, Best, Pays Bas). L'appareil OCT est de 4éme génération (Heidelberg Spectralis, Allemagne). (1) Nous avons développé une séquence en tenseur de diffusion (DTI) de la moelle épinière cervicale en acquisition coronale et (2) évalué les corrélations entre les paramètres DTI et le handicap clinique d'une cohorte de patients SEP. (3) Nous avons comparé la séquence 3D-Double Inversion Récupération (DIR) à la séquence 2D-STIR FLAIR coronal pour la détection des hypersignaux inflammatoires du nerf optique.Sur le plan OCT, (4) nous avons participé à une étude multicentrique pour la validation de critères de qualité OCT. (5) Nous avons réalisé une étude OCT comparative de patients SEP, NMOSD et de sujets sains, afin de mettre en évidence des paramètres OCT différenciant les 2 maladies, parmi lesquels l'épaisseur de la pRNFL (globale ou en secteurs) et des couches maculaires (logiciel de segmentation HEYEX). (6) Nous avons évalué la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique comme potentiel biomarqueur de la perte axonale rétinienne évaluée en OCT.RESULTATS.(1) Les paramètres DTI (fraction d'anisotropie [FA], diffusivité moyenne [MD] et radiale [rD]) étaient significativement différents entre les sujets SEP et sains. Chez les sujets SEP, la FA diminue, la MD et la rD augmentent.(2) Dans la SEP, la FA mesurée au sein de la moelle épinière cervicale (C2-C6) était modérément corrélée au handicap clinique du patient mesuré par le score EDSS et les scores fonctionnels pyramidal, sensitif et sphinctérien._x000D_(3) La séquence 3D-DIR était plus précise que le 2D STIR FLAIR pour la détection d'un hypersignal inflammatoire du nerf optique (Se 95%, Sp 94%) et montrait une concordance inter-observateur plus élevée (kappa = 0.96).(4) La concordance inter-observateur des critères de qualité OCT OSCAR-IB était substantielle (kappa = 0.7).(5) Nous mettons en évidence une atrophie rétinienne post ON comparable entre la SEP et la NMOSD. Les patients SEP présentent une atrophie maculaire et de la pRNFL temporale sur les yeux sans névrite optique. Nos résultats suggèrent une possible atrophie maculaire infraclinique chez les sujets NMOSD. Les corrélations entre OCT et handicap visuel étaient bonnes et nombreuses. Dans la NMOSD, les corrélations entre OCT et handicap clinique étaient moins nombreuses et liée à la présence d'un handicap visuel.(6) Nous avons mis en évidence une bonne association (p<0.0001) entre la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique, l'épaisseur de la pRNFL, le volume des couches maculaires internes et le handicap visuel. Près de 40% des yeux indemnes de NO présentaient un hypersignal du nerf optique.CONCLUSIONS.Nous avons développé une séquence DTI analysant la moelle épinière cervicale, applicable en routine et de façon prospective. Les corrélations entre la FA ou la MD et le handicap restent toutefois modérées [...]BACKGROUND.Inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are mainly represented by multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Both diseases may be associated with slight to severe clinical disability. There is a need for developing imaging biomarkers which could be used for diagnostic purposes and as potential therapeutic biomarkers. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are robust and reproducible tools enabling us to measure axonal loss in vivo.OBJECTIVES.To develop OCT and MRI biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of inflammatory diseases affecting CNS.METHODS.Our MRI is a 3 teslas MRI (Achieva, Philips, Best the Netherlands) devoted to research at CHRU de Lille. The OCT tool is a 4th generation spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis, Germany).(1) We firstly developped a coronal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence for cervical spinal cord and (2) applied it to a large MS cohort in order to evaluate potential DTI/clinical disability correlations. (3) We interested in 3D-Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence for the detection of T2 optic nerve hypersignal and compare its diagnosis accuracy with coronal 2D STIR-FLAIR sequence.Considering OCT, (4) we participated to a multicenter study for validating OCT quality criteria by measuring inter rater agreement. (5) We made a comparative OCT study in MS, NMOSD and healthy controls (HC), in order to describe potential OCT parameters differentiating both diseases. OCT parameters will be peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layers thickness (pRNFL; global and values per quadrants) and macular layers thickness evaluated by HEYEX segmentation software. (6) We investigated the length of optic nerve DIR hypersignal as a potential biomarker for retinal axonal loss measured by OCT.RESULTS.(1) The DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], radial diffusivity [rD]) were significantly different between HC and MS patients. FA was reduced. MD and rD were increased.(2) In MS, FA within cervical spinal cord (C2-C6) was moderately correlated with physical disability measured by EDSS, pyramidal, sensory and bowel/urinary functional scores.(3) 3D-DIR sequence was more accurate than 2D STIR FLAIR for the detection of optic nerve hypersignal (Se 95%, Sp 94%) and showed the higher inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.96).(4) The inter-rater agreement for OSCAR-IB quality criteria for retinal OCT was substantial (kappa = 0.7).(5) We found comparable post ON atrophy between MS and NMOSD and significant macular and temporal pRNFL atrophy in MS non ON eyes. We suggested possible subclinical macular atrophy in NMOSD. Correlations were good and numerous between OCT parameters and visual disability in both diseases. In NMOSD, correlations between OCT and clinical disability were fewer and more related to visual disability.(6) We found good associations (p<0.0001) between optic nerve DIR hypersignal length, pRNFL thicknesses, inner retinal layers volumes and visual disability. A subclinical radiological involvement of non ON eyes was found in 38.5%.CONCLUSION.We developed a DTI sequence for cervical spinal cord analysis which seems applicable in routine and in a prospective follow-up. However, correlations between FA or MD and clinical disability remain moderate.OCT may help to differentiate NMOSD and MS by focusing on the non ON eyes (temporal pRNFL atrophy more severe in MS). Moreover we discuss the possibility of subclinical retinal degenerative process in NMOSD.We showed the 3D-DIR interest in optic nerve inflammatory lesion detection. 3D-DIR sequence which has largely been considered as a marker of demyelination, may be more pathologically specific (i.e retinal axonal loss) by focusing on a specific part of the CNS (i.e optic nerve). Optic nerve DIR hypersignal may be a new biomarker of retinal axonal loss

Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia with glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies associated with central vestibular symptoms.

The spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65-Ab) includes cerebellar ataxia (CA), stiff-person syndrome, limbic encephalitis, progressive encephalomyelitis, and some refractory epileptic patients [1]. We describe a patient presenting with central vestibular symptoms preceding CA related to GAD65-Ab, supporting evidence of relationship between central vestibular pathology and GAD65 autoimmunity