Nutrientes e parâmetros bioquimicos relacionados com a saúde óssea em mulheres ≥ de 65 anos

Ingestas (I) bajas de energía (E), proteínas (Pr), calcio (Ca), y vitamina D (VD) afectan la salud ósea del adulto mayor. El objetivo del trabajo consistió en evaluar la I de E, Pr, Ca y VD en mujeres mayores de 65 años y su relación con parámetros bioquímicos (PB) del metabolismo óseo. La población estudiada estuvo formada por: Grupo total (GT): 151 mujeres ambulatorias de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y alrededores, de (X±DE) 72±6 años [102 en verano (G V) y 49 en otoño-invierno (G O-I)]. Se realizaron cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y de exposición solar. Se midió en suero 25-hidroxi vitamina D (25OHD), crosslaps (CTX), fosfatasa alcalina ósea (FAO), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P), y en orina de 24 h: índice calciuria y creatininuria (cau/cru). Como resultado se evidenció una adecuada I.E, elevada de Pr, sin superar límites máximos; I bajas de VD (100%), y Ca (50%). Los niveles de 25OHD fueron deficientes (<20 ng/mL) en el 93% del G O-I y 37,2% del G V. Se observaron correlaciones positivas débiles entre 25OHD y Ca (r=0,212; p<0,013), P (r=0,267; p<0,003), Cau/Cru (r=0,227; p<0,02), exposición solar (r=0,267; p<0,014); I. Ca (r=0,26; p<0,003) en el GT y entre 25OHD e I. de VD sólo en G-OI (r=0,367, p<0,012). Se evidenció una I. insuficiente de Ca y de VD con elevada prevalencia de deficiencia de VD. Se requieren programas de suplementación de VD y promoción de ingesta de lácteos en adultos mayores.An inadequate intake (I) of energy (E), protein (Pr), calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VD) might affect elderly bone health. The objectives of the present work were to assess energy (E), protein (Pr), calcium (Ca), and VD I in women older than 65 years old(y) and to evaluate bone biochemical parameters (BP) and the relationship with dietary I The population under sudy was constituted by a total group (TG):151 [102 in summer (SG) and 49 in autumm-winter (A-WG)] ambulatory healthy women with 72±6 (X±SD). Food consumption frequency and sunlight exposure questionnaires were carried out. Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), crosslaps (CTX), calcium (sCa), phosphate (sP), bone alkaline phosphatase and uCa/uCr ratio were measured in 24-hour urine samples. As a result, the TG showed an adequate EI, lower CaI (in 50%) and VD (in 100%) and higher PrI than dietary reference intake but not higher than the upper I level. A total of 93% of A-WG and 37.2% of SG had vitamin D deficiency (25OHD < 20 ng/mL). There were significative but weak correlations between 25OHD and sCa (r=0.212; p<0.013), sP (r=0.267; p<0.003), uCa/uCr (r=0.227; p<0.02), sunlight exposure (r=0.267; p<0.014), CaI (r=0.26; p<0.003) in TG; and between 25OHD and VD I only in the A-WG (r=0.367, p<0.012). An inadequate intake of Ca and VD and high prevalence of VD deficiency were evident. VD supplementation and promotion of a higher intake of dairy products in the elderly are suggested.Ingestões (I) baixas de energia (E), proteínas (Pr), cálcio (Ca), e vitamina D (VD) afetam a saúde óssea do adulto maior. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu em avaliar a I de E, Pr, Ca e VD em mulheres mais do que 65 anos e sua relação com parâmetros bioquímicos (PB) do metabolismo ósseo. A população estudada esteve constituída por: Grupo total (GT): 151 mulheres ambulatórias da cidade de Buenos Aires e seus arredores, de (X±DE) 72±6 anos [102 no verão (G V) e 49 no outono-inverno (G O-I)]. Foram realizados questionários de frequência de consumo de alimentos e de exposição solar. Mensurou-se em soro 25-hidroxi vitamina D (25OHD), crosslaps (CTX), fosfatase alcalina óssea (FAO), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P), e em urina 24 h: índice calciúria e creatininúria (cau/cru). Como resultado, foi evidenciada uma adequada I E, elevada de Pr, sem superar limites máximos; I baixas de VD (100%), e Ca (50%). Os níveis de 25OHD foram deficientes (<20 ng/mL) em 93% do G O-I e 37.2% do G V. Observaram-se correlações positivas fracas entre 25OHD e Ca (r=0.212; p<0.013), P (r=0.267; p<0.003), Cau/Cru (r=0.227; p<0.02), exposição solar, (r=0.267; p<0.014,i. Ca (r=0.26; p<0.003) no GT e entre 25OHD e IVD só em GO-I (r=0.367, p<0.012). Foi evidenciada uma i insuficiente de Ca e VD com elevada prevalència de deficiência de VD. Requerem-se programas de suplementação VD e promoção de ingestão de lacticínios em adultos maiores.Fil: Brito, Graciela Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Nutrición; ArgentinaFil: López, Beatriz Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Nutrición; ArgentinaFil: Oliveri, Maria Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentin

La crisis de la relación salarial: naturaleza y significado de la informalidad, los trabajos, empleos precarios y los no registrados

Este documento consta de tres partes, dedicadas al estudio del trabajo/empleo precario, el trabajo/empleo no registrado y el trabajo/empleo informal, tres modalidades de la “relación salarial”. Con frecuencia se confunden estos conceptos y se los usan indistintamente, a pesar de que se refieren a realidades diferentes. Pero al mismo tiempo existen entre ellos espacios de superposición y fracciones de ciertas categorías de la PEA pueden reunir al mismo tiempo las condiciones de dos o de los tres conceptos. En esta primera parte se presenta el trabajo precario como la contracara de los “verdaderos empleos” o “empleos típicos”, es decir aquellos donde la relación salarial adoptaba las formas denominadas “fordistas” (CDI). La precariedad, si bien existió siempre desde que se utiliza fuerza de trabajo asalariada, sólo se va a manifestar con intensidad desde mediados de la crisis de los años 1970, cuando en los países capitalistas industrializados se agotaron las potencialidades del régimen de acumulación “fordista”, consolidado en los “treinta años gloriosos” después de la segunda guerra mundial. Lo esencial del trabajo/empleo precario se refiere a la inseguridad, la inestabilidad de la relación salarial, condiciones que pueden existir tanto en los empleos formales como informales, y en los trabajos registrados como en los no registrados. Pero mientras que los empleos asalariados no registrados tienen claramente un carácter ilegal, y los empleos informales se sitúan en el margen de la legalidad, o ignorándola, los empleos precarios son generalmente lícitos, establecidos válidamente por leyes o decretos y de esa manera se los naturaliza, aunque tengan repercusiones negativas sobre el sistema de relaciones de trabajo y sobre la vida y la salud de los trabajadores. Las modalidades de trabajo/empleo precario se han ido multiplicando con el correr del tiempo y tienen en común que no son objeto de contratos por tiempo indeterminado(CDI), y que tienen un fuerte impacto sobre la subjetividad de los trabajadores porque no otorgan seguridad ni estabilidad en el empleo y porque dificultan la integración social de los asalariados dentro del colectivo de trabajo, pues forman parte de los mercados externos y secundarios, como postulan los economistas e la segmentación.Fil: Neffa, Julio Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; ArgentinaFil: Oliveri, Maria Laura.Fil: Persia, Juliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; ArgentinaFil: Trucco, Pablo

Who Works Less when a Parent Needs Long-Term Care? Gender Disparities in Labor Market Effects in Mexico

We use longitudinal data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study to analyze the effect of having a parent in need of long-term care on labor supply of men and women aged 50–64 in Mexico. After accounting for both individual and time fixed effects, we find that parents’ need of long-term care is associated with both a significant drop in the likelihood of working (by 2.42 percentage points), and a reduction in the number of hours worked (by 7.3%) among women who remain employed. In contrast, we find no effect on the labor supply of men. In a context of rapid population aging, the increase in the need of long-term care risks to hinder the efforts to reduce gender imbalances in the labor market. JEL Classification. I38, J14, J16, J18, J21, J22

Food risk associated with vegetable consumption, exposure to antimicrobial-resistant strains and pesticide residues

This preliminary study aimed to detect biological and chemical contaminants in vegetables sold in Sicily for human consumption, assess the spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in these foods, and characterize their antimicrobial-resistance genes. A total of 29 fresh and ready-to-eat samples were analyzed. Microbiological analyses were performed for the detection of Salmonella spp. and the enumeration of Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Pesticides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp., E. coli was detected in 1 sample of fresh lettuce at a low bacterial count (2 log cfu/g). 17.24% of vegetables were contaminated by Enterococci and 65.5% by Enterobacteriaceae (bacterial counts between 1.56 log cfu/g and 5.93 log cfu/g and between 1.6 log cfu/g and 5.48 log cfu/g respectively). From 86.2% of vegetables, 53 AMR strains were isolated, and 10/53 isolates were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis showed that the blaTEM gene was detected in 12/38 β-lactam-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates. Genes conferring tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetW) were detected in 7/10 isolates. The qnrS gene was detected in 1/5 quinolone-resistant isolates, the sulI gene was detected in 1/4 sulfonamide-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates and the sulIII gene was never detected. Pesticides were detected in 27.3% of samples, all of which were leafy vegetables. Despite the satisfactory hygienic status of samples, the high percentage of AMR bacteria detected stresses the need for an effective monitoring of these foods as well as adequate strategies to counteract the spread of AMR bacteria along the agricultural chain. Also, the chemical contamination of vegetables should not be underestimated, especially considering that leafy vegetables are commonly consumed raw and that no official guidelines about maximum residue limits of pesticides in ready-to-eat vegetables are available

Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease with still unknown etiology. We aimed at investigating the association between environmental and occupational factors with ALS risk. Methods: We performed a population-based case-control study in four Italian provinces (Catania, Modena, Novara, and Reggio Emilia) by administration of tailored questionnaires to ALS cases (n = 95) and randomly selected population referents (n = 135). We estimated ALS risk by calculating the odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) using an unconditional logistic regression model. Results: We found a positive association with disease risk for history of occupation in the agricultural sector (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 0.79-7.54), especially for longer than 10 years (OR = 2.72, 95% 1.02-7.20). Overall occupational exposure to solvents also suggested a positive association, especially for thinners (OR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.14-4.54) and paint removers (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 0.90-4.48). Both occupational and environmental exposure to electromagnetic fields show a slightly increased risk with OR = 1.69 (95% CI 0.70-4.09) and 2.41 (95% CI 1.13-5.12), respectively. Occupational but not environmental exposure to pesticides (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.63-2.37), particularly fungicides, and exposure to metals (OR = 4.20, 95% CI 1.88-9.38), particularly lead, mercury, and selenium, showed an imprecise but positive association. Finally, there was an indication of increased risk for living in proximity to water bodies. Conclusions: Despite the caution that needs to be used due to some study limitations, such as the low number of exposed subjects and the possibility of recall bias, these results suggest the potential role of some environmental and occupational factors in ALS etiology

Clinical and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons. The etiology of ALS remains largely unknown, particularly with reference to the potential environmental determinants. Methods: We performed a population-based case-control study in four provinces from both Northern and Southern Italy in order to assess non-genetic ALS risk factors by collecting through tailored questionnaires information about clinical and lifestyle factors. We estimated ALS risk by calculating odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age and educational attainment. Results: We recruited 230 participants (95 cases and 135 controls). We found a possible positive association of ALS risk with trauma, particularly head trauma (OR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.19-5.72), electric shock (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 0.62-7.06), and some sports, although at a competitive level only. In addition, our results suggest an increased risk for subjects reporting use of private wells for drinking water (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.73-2.27) and for use of herbicides during gardening (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 0.88-2.27). Conversely, there was a suggestion of an inverse association with overall fish consumption (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.12-0.60), but with no dose-response relation. Consumption of some dietary supplements, namely those containing amino acids and, in the Southern Italy population, vitamins and minerals such as selenium, seemed associated with a statistically imprecise increased risk. Conclusions: Our results suggest a potential etiologic role a number of clinical and lifestyle factors with ALS risk. However, caution is needed due to some study limitations. These include the small sample size and the low number of exposed subjects, which affect statistical precision of risk estimates, the potential for exposure misclassification, and the uncertainties about mechanisms underpinning the possible association between these factors and disease risk

Azole-Resistance in Aspergillus terreus and Related Species: An Emerging Problem or a Rare Phenomenon?

Raquel Sabino was not included as an author in the published article. It was corrected a posteriori.Erratum in - Corrigendum: Azole-Resistance in Aspergillus terreus and Related Species: An Emerging Problem or a Rare Phenomenon? [Front Microbiol. 2018] Front Microbiol. 2019 Jan 14;9:3245. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03245. eCollection 2018.Disponível em: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03245/fullFree PMC Article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5882871/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6340063/Objectives: Invasive mold infections associated with Aspergillus species are a significant cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients. The most frequently occurring aetiological pathogens are members of the Aspergillus section Fumigati followed by members of the section Terrei. The frequency of Aspergillus terreus and related (cryptic) species in clinical specimens, as well as the percentage of azole-resistant strains remains to be studied. Methods: A global set (n = 498) of A. terreus and phenotypically related isolates was molecularly identified (beta-tubulin), tested for antifungal susceptibility against posaconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole, and resistant phenotypes were correlated with point mutations in the cyp51A gene. Results: The majority of isolates was identified as A. terreus (86.8%), followed by A. citrinoterreus (8.4%), A. hortai (2.6%), A. alabamensis (1.6%), A. neoafricanus (0.2%), and A. floccosus (0.2%). One isolate failed to match a known Aspergillus sp., but was found most closely related to A. alabamensis. According to EUCAST clinical breakpoints azole resistance was detected in 5.4% of all tested isolates, 6.2% of A. terreus sensu stricto (s.s.) were posaconazole-resistant. Posaconazole resistance differed geographically and ranged from 0% in the Czech Republic, Greece, and Turkey to 13.7% in Germany. In contrast, azole resistance among cryptic species was rare 2 out of 66 isolates and was observed only in one A. citrinoterreus and one A. alabamensis isolate. The most affected amino acid position of the Cyp51A gene correlating with the posaconazole resistant phenotype was M217, which was found in the variation M217T and M217V. Conclusions:Aspergillus terreus was most prevalent, followed by A. citrinoterreus. Posaconazole was the most potent drug against A. terreus, but 5.4% of A. terreus sensu stricto showed resistance against this azole. In Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom posaconazole-resistance in all A. terreus isolates was higher than 10%, resistance against voriconazole was rare and absent for itraconazole.This work was supported by ECMM, ISHAM, and EFISG and in part by an unrestricted research grant through the Investigator Initiated Studies Programof Astellas, MSD, and Pfizer. This study was fundet by the Christian Doppler Laboratory for invasive fungal infections.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Diversity and ethics in trauma and acute care surgery teams: results from an international survey

Background Investigating the context of trauma and acute care surgery, the article aims at understanding the factors that can enhance some ethical aspects, namely the importance of patient consent, the perceptiveness of the ethical role of the trauma leader, and the perceived importance of ethics as an educational subject. Methods The article employs an international questionnaire promoted by the World Society of Emergency Surgery. Results Through the analysis of 402 fully filled questionnaires by surgeons from 72 different countries, the three main ethical topics are investigated through the lens of gender, membership of an academic or non-academic institution, an official trauma team, and a diverse group. In general terms, results highlight greater attention paid by surgeons belonging to academic institutions, official trauma teams, and diverse groups. Conclusions Our results underline that some organizational factors (e.g., the fact that the team belongs to a university context or is more diverse) might lead to the development of a higher sensibility on ethical matters. Embracing cultural diversity forces trauma teams to deal with different mindsets. Organizations should, therefore, consider those elements in defining their organizational procedures. Level of evidence Trauma and acute care teams work under tremendous pressure and complex circumstances, with their members needing to make ethical decisions quickly. The international survey allowed to shed light on how team assembly decisions might represent an opportunity to coordinate team member actions and increase performance

Environmental Isolates of Multi-Azole-Resistant Aspergillus spp. in Southern Italy

Azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. has been increasingly reported worldwide. Acquired azole resistance is probably linked to environmental exposure to fungicides used in agriculture. We collected a total of 84 soil and leaf samples from eight farms in Southern Italy. Aspergillus isolates were tested for resistance to itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole by the EUCAST method. Five out of 84 samples yielded A. fumigatus isolates: four of them were itraconazole-resistant and were identified as A. fumigatus sensu stricto, three of them were posaconazole-resistant, and two were also voriconazole-resistant. All three isolates harbored the TR34/L98H resistance mechanism, which was detected by DNA sequencing of the cyp51A gene. Fifteen out of 84 samples yielded Aspergillus spp. isolates and included 11 itraconazole-resistant isolates: Aspergillus section Nigri (9) and Aspergillus section Flavi (2). Our study reports for the first time the isolation of azole-resistant A. fumigatus harboring TR34/L98H mutation from the environment of Southern Italy. The present work provides a better understanding of the magnitude of the environmental spread of azole resistance in the context of a necessary effective surveillance program to improve the management of Aspergillus-related disease