64 research outputs found
Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2
- Author
- Abellán Javier
- Acosta-isaac René
- Aguado Jose María
- Aguilar Carlos
- Aguilera-albesa Sergio
- Ahmadi Sabbagh Abdolah
- Alba Jorge
- Albu Sergiu
- Alcalá-gallardo Karla A. M.
- Alcoba-florez Julia
- Alcolea Batres Sergio
- Algarin-lara Holmes Rafael
- Almadana Virginia
- Almeida Julia
- Almoguera Berta
- Alonso María R.
- Andreu-bernabeu Álvaro
- Antonijoan Maria Rosa
- Arana-arri Eunate
- Aranda Carlos
- Arango Celso
- Araque Carolina
- Araujo Izabel M. T.
- Araujo Nathalia K.
- Arcanjo Ana C.
- Arnaiz Ana
- Arnalich Fernández Francisco
- Arranz María J.
- Arribas López José Ramón
- Artiga Maria-jesús
- Avello-malaver Yubelly
- Ayuso Carmen
- Balagué-dobón Laura
- Baldion Ana María
- Ballina Martín Belén
- Baptista-rosas Raúl C.
- Barranco-díaz Andrea
- Barreda-sánchez María
- Barrera-penagos Viviana
- Belhassen-garcia Moncef
- Bernal Enrique
- Bernal-bello David
- Bezerra Joao F.
- Bezerra Marcos A. C.
- Blanca-lópez Natalia
- Blancas Rafael
- Boix-palop Lucía
- Borobia Alberto
- Bravo Elsa
- Brion María
- Brochado-kith Óscar
- Brugada Ramón
- Bustos Matilde
- Cabello Alfonso
- Calbo Esther
- Calderón Enrique J.
- Camacho Shirley
- Campos Marcela C.
- Carbonell Cristina
- Cardona-huerta Servando
- Carioca Antonio Augusto F.
- Carpio Segura Carlos
- Carracedo Ángel
- Carratto Thássia M. T.
- Carrillo-avila José Antonio
- Carvalho Maria C. C.
- Casasnovas Carlos
- Castaño Carlos F.
- Castaño Luis
- Castelao Jose E.
- Castellano Candalija Aranzazu
- Castillo María A.
- Cañadas Yolanda
- Ceballos Francisco C.
- Chaux Jessica G.
- Chaves-santiago Walter G.
- Chiquillo-gómez Sylena
- Cid-lópez Marco A.
- Cienfuegos-jiménez Óscar
- Conde-vicente Rosa
- Cordero-lorenzana M. Lourdes
- Corella Dolores
- Corrales Almudena
- Corton Marta
- Cortés-sánchez Jose L.
- Costa Tatiana X.
- Cruz Marina S.
- Cruz Raquel
- Cuesta Luisa
- Cunha Gabriela C. R.
- Cáceres Alejandro
- Cáceres-agra Juan J.
- Dalmau David
- Dantas-komatsu Raquel C. S.
- Darnaude M. Teresa
- De Andrés Raimundo
- De Araújo Jéssica N. G.
- De Juan Carmen
- De La Cruz Troca Juan J.
- De La Horra Carmen
- De La Hoz Ana B.
- De Martino-rodríguez Alba
- De Sousa Alves Neri Julianna Lys
- Del Campo-pérez Victor
- Delgado-cuesta Juan
- Diaz De Bustamante Aranzazu
- Dietl Beatriz
- Diz-de Almeida Silvia
- Do Monte Alves Manoella
- Domínguez-garrido Elena
- Dos Santos Katiusse A.
- Duarte Alice L.
- Díaz-caneja Covadonga M.
- Díaz-pérez Anderson
- Echave-sustaeta Jose
- Eiros Rocío
- Enciso-olivera César O.
- Escudero Gabriela
- Esko Tonu
- España Pedro Pablo
- Estigarribia Sanabria Gladys
- Fariñas María Carmen
- Fernandes Marianne R.
- Fernandez-nestosa María J.
- Fernández Martínez Yolanda
- Fernández Ramón
- Fernández Ruth
- Fernández-caballero Lidia
- Fernández-capitán Carmen
- Fernández-cruz Ana
- Fernández-ferrero Silvia
- Fernández-robelo Uxía
- Fernández-rodríguez Amanda
- Fernández-sampedro Marta
- Fernández-villa Tania
- Flores Carlos
- Flores-pérez Patricia
- Friaza Vicente
- Fuenmayor-hernández Lácides
- Fuertes-núñez Marta
- Fumadó Victoria
- Gadea Ignacio
- Gagliardi Lidia
- Gago-domínguez Manuela
- Gallego Natalia
- Galoppo Cristina
- Garcia-garcía Josefina
- García Torrejón María Carmen
- García Inés
- García Leticia
- García Mercedes
- García-cerrada Carlos
- García-de-vicuña Aitor
- García-garcía Irene
- García-ibarbia Carmen
- García-montero Andrés C.
- García-soidán Ana
- García-vázquez Elisa
- Garza-frias Emiliano
- Gentile Angela
- Gil-fournier Belén
- Gonzalez-sagrado Manuel
- Gonzalo-benito Hugo
- González Bernaldo De Quirós Fernán
- González Álvarez Beatriz
- González Juan R.
- González Juan R.
- González-montelongo Rafaela
- González-neira Anna
- González-peñas Javier
- Gorgojo-galindo Oscar
- Guaragna Florencia
- Guegel Genilson P.
- Guillén-guío Beatriz
- Guillén-navarro Encarna
- Guisado-vasco Pablo
- Gutiérrez-bautista Juan F.
- Gutiérrez-castañeda Luz D.
- Gómez Carrera Luis
- Gómez García María
- Gómez Sacristán Ángela
- Gómez-arrue Javier
- Gómez-duque Mario
- Górgolas Miguel
- Heili-frades Sara
- Hernández Estefania
- Hernández-moro Cristina
- Hernández-ortega Luis D.
- Hernández-pérez Guillermo
- Hernández-vaquero Rebeca
- Herranz M. Teresa
- Herrera María
- Herrero María José
- Herrero-gonzález Antonio
- Herráez Belén
- Horcajada Juan P.
- Imaz-ayo Natale
- Intxausti-urrutibeaskoa Maider
- Jacomo Rafael H.
- Jara Rubén
- Jiménez Pilar
- Jiménez Ángel
- Jiménez-alfaro Ignacio
- Jiménez-sousa María A.
- Jordan Iolanda
- Laguna-goya Rocío
- Laorden Daniel
- Lapunzina Pablo
- Lasa-lázaro María
- Lattig María Claudia
- Lauriente Ailen
- Liger Borja Anabel
- Llanos Lucía
- Lopez-garcia Esther
- Lopez-rodriguez Rosario
- Lorente Leonardo
- Lorenzo-salazar José M.
- Lozano José E.
- Lozano-espinosa María
- Luchessi Andre D.
- López De Heredia Miguel
- López De Heredia Miguel
- López-bernús Amparo
- López-granados Eduardo
- López-ruz Miguel A.
- Mahillo Ignacio
- Mancebo Esther
- Mar Carmen
- Marcelo Calvo Cristina
- Marcos Miguel
- Marcos-delgado Alba
- Mariscal-aguilar Pablo
- Martin-fernandez Marta
- Martin-pedraza Laura
- Martinez Amalia
- Martinez-paz Pedro
- Martín María Dolores
- Martín María M.
- Martín Vicente
- Martín-lópez Caridad
- Martín-oterino José-Ángel
- Martín-vicente María
- Martínez Juan José
- Martínez Ricardo
- Martínez Silvia
- Martínez-aquino Eleno
- Martínez-gonzález Óscar
- Martínez-lópez Iciar
- Martínez-nieto Óscar
- Martínez-pérez Ángel
- Martínez-ramas Andrea
- Martínez-reséndez Michel F.
- Martínez-robles Violeta
- Marzal Laura
- Marín-candón Alicia
- Maya Belén Rodríguez
- Mazzeu Juliana F.
- Medeiros Jeane F. P.
- Medeiros Kelliane A.
- Medrano Francisco J.
- Meijome Xose M.
- Mejuto-montero Natalia
- Mendes Ingrid
- Mendoza Charris Humberto
- Merayo Macías Eleuterio
- Mercadillo Fátima
- Mercado-sesma Arieh R.
- Molina Antonio J. J.
- Molina-roldán Elena
- Montoya Juan José
- Moraes Vitor M. S.
- Moreira-escriche Patricia
- Morelos-arnedo Xenia
- Moreno Cuerda Víctor
- Moreno Fernández Alberto
- Moreno Rocío
- Moreno-docón Antonio
- Moreno-escalante Junior
- Morilla Rubén
- Muñoz García Patricia
- Méndez-echevarría Ana
- Mínguez Pablo
- Neira Pablo
- Nevado Julián
- Nieto-gañán Israel
- Nunes Joana F. R.
- Nuñez-torres Rocío
- Obrador-hevia Antònia
- Ocejo-vinyals J. Gonzalo
- Olivar Virginia
- Oliveira Silviene F.
- Olivera María Rubio
- Ondo Lorena
- Orfao Alberto
- Ortega Luis
- Ortega-paino Eva
- Ortiz-flores Fernando
- Ortiz-lópez Rocío
- Oteo José A.
- Pacheco Manuel
- Pacheco-miranda Fredy Javier
- Padilla-conejo Irene
- Panadero-fajardo Sonia
- Parellada Mara
- Pariente-rodríguez Roberto
- Paz-artal Estela
- Peces-barba Germán
- Pedromingo Kus Miguel S.
- Perales Celia
- Perucho Teresa
- Pichardo Lisbeth A.
- Pinho Susana M. T.
- Pinsach-abuin Mel·lina
- Pinzón Luz Adriana
- Pita Guillermo
- Pla-juncà Francesc
- Planas-serra Laura
- Pompa-mera Ericka N.
- Porras-hurtado Gloria L.
- Pujol Aurora
- Pérez Alexandra
- Pérez César
- Pérez María Jazmín
- Pérez Patricia
- Pérez-de-nanclares Gustavo
- Pérez-garcía Felipe
- Pérez-jurado Luis A.
- Pérez-matute Patricia
- Pérez-tomás M. Elena
- Quevedo-chávez María Eugenia
- Quijada Maria Angeles
- Quintela Inés
- Quintela Inés
- Ramiro-león Soraya
- Rascado Sedes Pedro
- Recalde Delia
- Recio-fernández Emma
- Resino Salvador
- Riancho José A.
- Ribeiro Adriana P.
- Rivadeneira-chamorro Carlos S.
- Roa-agudelo Diana
- Robelo Pardo Montserrat
- Rodriguez Marilyn Johanna
- Rodriguez-nicolas Antonio
- Rodriguez-palmero Agustí
- Rodriguez-urrego Paula A.
- Rodríguez-artalejo Fernando
- Rodríguez-ferrer Marena
- Rodríguez-gallego Carlos
- Rodríguez-garcía José A.
- Rodríguez-hernández María A.
- Rodríguez-novoa German Ezequiel
- Rodríguez-ruiz Emilio
- Rojas-martinez Augusto
- Rojo Federico
- Romero-coronado Andrea
- Rondón-garcía Filomeno
- Rosa Lidia S.
- Rosales-castillo Antonio
- Rubio Cladelis
- Ruiz Montserrat
- Ruiz-cabello Francisco
- Ruiz-casares Eva
- Ruiz-cubillan Juan J.
- Ruiz-hornillos Javier
- Ryan Pablo
- Salamanca Hector D.
- Salazar-garcía Lorena
- Salgueiro-origlia Giorgina Gabriela
- Sancho-sainz Cristina
- Sande Esther
- Sangil Anna
- Santos Arnoldo
- Santos Ney P. C.
- Schlüter Agatha
- Scourge Cohort Group
- Segovia Sonia
- Serra-llovich Alex
- Sevil-puras Fernando
- Sevilla-porras Marta
- Sicolo Miguel A.
- Silbiger Vivian N.
- Silva Fabiola T. C.
- Silva Gabriela V.
- Silva Nayara S.
- Silván-fuentes Cristina
- Solé-violán Jordi
- Soria José Manuel
- Sorlí Jose V.
- Sousa Renata R.
- Souto Juan Carlos
- Souza Karla S. C.
- Souza Vanessa S.
- Sprockel John J.
- Suárez-rama José Javier
- Suárez-zamora David A.
- Sánchez López Antonio J.
- Sánchez Pedro-luis
- Sánchez-carpintero Abad María
- Sánchez-pablo Clara
- Sánchez-pernaute Olga
- Sánchez-prados María Concepción
- Sánchez-real Javier
- Sánchez-redondo Jorge
- Taboada-fraga Xiana
- Tamayo Eduardo
- Tamayo-velasco Alvaro
- Taracido-fernández Juan Carlos
- Tavares Nathali A. C.
- Tellería Carlos
- Tenorio-castaño Jair Antonio
- Teper Alejandro
- Torres-gutiérrez Ronald P.
- Torres-macho Juan
- Torres-tobar Lilian
- Troya Jesús
- Urioste Miguel
- Valencia-ramos Juan
- Valido Agustín
- Vargas-gallo Juan Pablo
- Varón Belén
- Vasconcelos Romero H. T.
- Vega Tomas
- Velasco-quirce Santiago
- Vidán-estévez Julia
- Vieitez-santiago Miriam
- Vilches Carlos
- Villalobos Lavinia
- Villar Felipe
- Villar-garcia Judit
- Villaverde Cristina
- Villoslada-blanco Pablo
- Virseda-berdices Ana
- Vélez-santamaría Valentina
- Víctor Virginia
- Yáñez Zuleima
- Zapatero-gaviria Antonio
- Zarate Ruth
- Zazo Sandra
- Álvarez Nuria
- Álvarez-benítez Yady
- Álvarez-navia Felipe
- Álvarez-sala Walther Rodolfo
- Íñigo-campos Antonio
- Íñiguez María
- Publication venue
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC
- Publication date
- 08/05/2024
- Field of study
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd Al Magied Abdallah H A
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelkader Atef
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdi Parsa
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Absalan Abdorrahim
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Abukhadijah Hana Jihad Jihad
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adha Rishan
- Adhikary Ripon Kumar
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adzigbli Leticia Akua
- Afrashteh Fatemeh
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agbozo Faith
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahlstrom Austin J
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmed Anisuddin
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Safoora
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akrami Ashley E
- Akter Ema
- Al Awaidy Salah
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Mosa Amjad S
- Al Ta'ani Omar
- Al Zaabi Omar Ali Mohammed
- Al-Ajlouni Yazan
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Ibraheem Akram
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tammemi Ala'a B.
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Wardat Mohammad Sami
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Al-Zyoud Walid
- Alahdab Fares
- Alajlani Muaaz M
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Noore
- Alam Tahiya
- Alam Zufishan
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemohammad Seyedeh Yasaman
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Iman
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Victor Ekoche
- Ali Waad
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Alrawashdeh Ahmad
- Alrousan Sahel Majed
- Alsabri Mohammed A
- Altaany Zaid
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Aly Hany
- Alyahya Mohammad Sharif
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Andrews Erick Adrian
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Boluwatife Stephen
- Anvari Saeid
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Appiah Francis
- Aquilano Michele
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafa Elshaimaa A
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Ardekani Ali
- Areda Demelash
- Aregawi Brhane Berhe
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Ariffin Hany
- Arkew Mesay
- Armani Keivan
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Ashbaugh Charlie
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Awad Hamzeh
- Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu
- Ayatollahi Haleh
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azeez Fahad Khan
- Azevedo Rui M S
- Badar Muhammad
- Baghdadi Soroush
- Bagheri Mahboube
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bai Ruhai
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bako Abdulaziz T
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Balcha Wondu Feyisa
- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barteit Sandra
- Basiru Afisu
- Basso João Diogo
- Bastan Mohammad-Mahdi
- Basu Sanjay
- Bauckneht Matteo
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayati Mohsen
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Behzadi Payam
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Belo Luis
- Beloukas Apostolos
- Bemanalizadeh Maryam
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Benzian Habib
- Beran Azizullah
- Berezvai Zombor
- Bernstein Robert S
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Beyene Kebede A
- Beyene Melak Gedamu
- Bhagat Devidas S
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bharadwaj Ravi
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
- Bhattacharjee Natalia V
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
- Bhatti Manpreet S
- Bhuiyan Mohiuddin Ahmed
- Bisignano Catherine
- Biswas Bijit
- Bjørge Tone
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bora Basara Berrak
- Borhany Hamed
- Bosoka Samuel Adolf
- Botero Carvajal Alejandro
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- Bulamu Norma B
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burkart Katrin
- Burns Richard A
- Busse Reinhard
- Bustanji Yasser
- Butt Zahid A
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Calina Daniela
- Campos Luciana Aparecida
- Cao Shujin
- Capodici Angelo
- Carreras Giulia
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Caye Arthur
- Cárdenas Rosario
- Cegolon Luca
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- Cenko Edina
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- Chadwick Joshua
- Chakraborty Chiranjib
- Chakraborty Sandip
- Chalek Julian
- Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai
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- Chandy Sara
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chaudhary Anis Ahmad
- Chaurasia Akhilanand
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Meng Xuan
- Chen Simiao
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Chi Gerald
- Chichagi Fatemeh
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chimoriya Ritesh
- Ching Patrick R
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Chitheer Abdulaal
- Cho Daniel Youngwhan
- Cho William C S
- Choi Dong-Woo
- Chong Bryan
- Chong Chean Lin
- Chopra Hitesh
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chung Eric
- Chutiyami Muhammad
- Clayton Justin T
- Cogen Rebecca M
- Cohen Aaron J
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comfort Haley
- Conde Joao
- Connolly Jon T
- Cooper Ezra E K
- Cortese Samuele
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Çakmak Barsbay Mehtap
- D'Oria Mario
- da Silva Alanna Gomes
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalton Bronte E
- Damiani Giovanni
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Das Subasish
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Davletov Kairat
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
- De Leo Diego
- Debopadhaya Shayom
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
- Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dhane Amol S
- Dhingra Sameer
- Dias da Silva Diana
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- Diaz Luis Antonio
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- Dima Adriana
- Ding Delaney D
- do Prado Camila Bruneli
- Do Thao Huynh Phuong
- Dodangeh Masoud
- Dodangeh Milad
- Doegah Phidelia Theresa
- Dohare Sushil
- Dong Wanyue
- Doshi Rajkumar
- Dowou Robert Kokou
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dsouza Viola
- Dube John
- Dumith Samuel C
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dushpanova Anar
- Dutta Sulagna
- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Eboreime Ejemai
- Ebrahimi Kalan Mohammad
- Ebrahimi Alireza
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Efendi Ferry
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- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran An Thien
- Tran Jasmine T
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Tran Thang Huu
- Trico Domenico
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Turnock Steven T
- Udoh Arit
- Ullah Atta
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umar Muhammad
- Umar Shehu Salihu
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vahdati Sanaz
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Vakili Omid
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Vijayageetha Mathavaswami
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vohra Karn
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vos Theo
- Wadood Abdul Wadood
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shaopan
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanqing
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Wanjau Mary Njeri
- Waqas Muhammad
- Ward Paul
- Waris Abdul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Weaver Marcia R
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weldetinsaa Haftom Legese Legese
- Wells Katherine M
- Wen Yi Feng
- Westerman Ronny
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Widowati Evi
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldeyes Dawit Habte
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Dongze
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Jiayuan
- Wu Zenghong
- Wulf Hanson Sarah
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Suowen
- Yadav Rakesh
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yarahmadi Amir
- Yazdani Nia Iman
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yigzaw Zeamanuel Anteneh
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yin Dehui
- Yip Paul
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Elaine A
- Yu Yong
- Yuan Chun-Wei
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zafar Uzma
- Zafari Nima
- Zahid Mondal Hasan
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zerfu Taddese Alemu
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhiqiang
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Zhongyi
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Bolun
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhou Shangcheng
- Zhu Bin
- Zhumagaliuly Abzal
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zoghi Ghazal
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zyoud Sa'ed H
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Abate Kalkidan Hassen
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbasifard Mitra
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdi Parsa
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Armita
- Abegaz Tadesse M
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abiodun Olumide
- Abiso Temesgen Lera
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Abukhadijah Hana Jihad Jihad
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Adane Mesafint Molla
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adha Rishan
- Adibi Amin
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adzigbli Leticia Akua
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afolabi Rotimi Felix
- Afshin Ashkan
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agbozo Faith
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Noah
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Anisuddin
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Safoora
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akhlaghi Shiva
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Akombi-Inyang Blessing
- Al Awaidy Salah
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Fatly Bassam
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Habbal Khairat
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Al-Rifai Rami Hani
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Wardat Mohammad Sami
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Al-Zyoud Walid
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Nazmul
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Iman
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Waad
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Alrawashdeh Ahmad
- Alrousan Sahel Majed
- Alshahrani Najim Z
- Altaany Zaid
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amaechi Uchenna Anderson
- Aman Mohammadi Masous
- Amani Reza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Ammirati Enrico
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson Jason A
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Anenberg Susan C
- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
- Angus Colin
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Anjum Afifa
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Antonazzo Ippazio Cosimo
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Boluwatife Stephen
- Anvari Davood
- Anvari Saeid
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyabolo Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Apostol Geminn Louis Carace
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arabzadeh Bahri Razman
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Aregawi Brhane Berhe
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Armocida Benedetta
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- Arooj Mahwish
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- Aruleba Idowu Thomas
- Arumugam Ashokan
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- Asgary Saeed
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- Atorkey Prince
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
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- Ayestas Portugal Carlos
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- Bardhan Mainak
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- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
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- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
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- Barrow Amadou
- Barteit Sandra
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- Bayati Mohsen
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
- Beaney Thomas
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bekele Alehegn
- Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal
- Bell Arielle Wilder
- Bell Michelle L
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- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Belo Luis
- Beloukas Apostolos
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- Bennett Derrick A
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- Benzian Habib
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- Berezvai Zombor
- Bernabe Eduardo
- Bernstein Robert S
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- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhardwaj Nikha
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- Botero Carvajal Alejandro
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- Calina Daniela
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- De Leo Diego
- Debopadhaya Shayom
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Del Bo' Cristian
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Delgado-Saborit Juana Maria
- Demoze Chalachew Kassaw
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Dervenis Nikolaos
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- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
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- Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman
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- Dhama Kuldeep
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- Dhimal Mandira Lamichhane
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- Dokova Klara Georgieva
- Dong Wanyue
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dorostkar Fariba
- Dorsey E Ray
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- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
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- Echieh Chidiebere Peter
- Ed-Dra Abdelaziz
- Edinur Hisham Atan
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- Edvardsson Kristina
- Efendi Ferry
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- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
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- Elmehrath Ahmed O
- Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
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- Elsohaby Ibrahim
- Emeto Theophilus I
- Esfandiari Negin
- Eshrati Babak
- Eslami Majid
- Esmaeili Sayed Vahid
- Estep Kara
- Etaee Farshid
- Fabin Natalia
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fagbule Omotayo Francis
- Fahimi Saman
- Falzone Luca
- Fareed Mohammad
- Farinha Carla Sofia e Sá
- Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
- Faris Pawan Sirwan
- Faro Andre
- Fasina Folorunso Oludayo
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- Fauk Nelsensius Klau
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- Yi Siyan
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- Yiğit Arzu
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- Yu Yong
- Zadey Siddhesh
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- Zamagni Giulia
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zanghì Aurora
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarimeidani Fatemeh
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeng Youjie
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Anthony Lin
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Meixin
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhenyu
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Jeff T
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Yong
- Zheng Peng
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Jingjing
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhou Shangcheng
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziaeian Boback
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zimsen Stephanie R M
- Zoghi Ghazal
- Zoller Thomas
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zyoud Sa'ed H
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abdurehman Ame Mehadi
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Armita
- Abegaz Tadesse M
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abhilash E S
- Abiodun Olugbenga Olusola
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abrigo Michael R M
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Adair Tim
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Adha Rishan
- Adibi Amin
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Abel
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmadzade Mohadese
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Homsi Ammar
- Al Qadire Mohammad
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Jumaily Adel
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Ala Moein
- Aladelusi Timothy Olukunle
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Zufishan
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Akhtar
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Hassam
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alian Samakkhah Shohreh
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aligol Mohammad
- Alimi Rasoul
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almahmeed Wael
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Nivaldo
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvi Farrukh Jawad
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amhare Abebe Feyissa
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Aminian Dehkordi Javad
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amzat Jimoh
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Andrade Pedro Prata
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- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
- Anil Abhishek
- Anjum Afifa
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Iyadunni Adesola
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- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
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- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
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- Arafat Mosab
- Araújo Ana Margarida
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- Aremu Abdulfatai
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- Armocida Benedetta
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Artanti Kurnia Dwi
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Idowu Thomas
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asgary Saeed
- Ashemo Mubarek Yesse
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Asika Marvellous O
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Attia Sameh
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Ayele Getnet Melaku
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad
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- Bitaraf Saeid
- Bjørge Tone
- Bleyer Archie
- Boampong Mary Sefa
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
- Bora Basara Berrak
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- Ravangard Ramin
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- Sanabria Juan
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- Shakil Husain
- Sham Sunder
- Shamim Muhammad Aaqib
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- Shamshirgaran Mohammad Ali
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- Sharfaei Sadaf
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- Teimoori Mojtaba
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesfaye Solomon Hailemariam
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
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- Thapa Rajshree
- Thapar Rekha
- Thomas Nihal
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- Thum Chern Choong Chern
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- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Tohidast Seyed Abolfazl
- Tonelli Marcello
- Touvier Mathilde
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- Weiss Daniel J
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- Wen Yi Feng
- Werdecker Andrea
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- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
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- Wojewodzic Marcin W
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- Xiao Hong
- Xu Bin
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadav Lalit
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesera Gesila Endashaw
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yip Paul
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zahid Muhammad Nauman
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandi Milad
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zanghì Aurora
- Zare Iman
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeng Youjie
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Hongwei
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhaofeng
- Zhang Zhenyu
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Yong
- Zheng Peng
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziaeefar Pardis
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic
Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdollahi Arash
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abualruz Hasan
- Ackerman Ilana N
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adewuyi Habeeb Omoponle
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Afzal Sina
- Agodi Antonella
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ajami Marjan
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Wardat Mohammad Sami
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemu Meseret Desalegn
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alene Kefyalew Addis
- Alharrasi Maryam
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Altaany Zaid
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Ansari Hossein
- Antony Catherine M
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyanwu Philip Emeka
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Araki Daniel T
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Ashbaugh Charlie
- Ashemo Mubarek Yesse
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Asika Marvellous O
- Askari Elaheh
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu
- Awuviry-Newton Kofi
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azevedo Rui M S
- Babu Abraham Samuel
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghdadi Soroush
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bai Ruhai
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bakkannavar Shankar M
- Bako Abdulaziz T
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Bam Kiran
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrow Amadou
- Barteit Sandra
- Barua Lingkan
- Bashiri Aliabadi Somaye
- Basiru Afisu
- Basu Sanjay
- Basu Saurav
- Bathini Prapthi Persis
- Batra Kavita
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Behnam Babak
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
- Bell Michelle L
- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Beloukas Apostolos
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Berezvai Zombor
- Bernabe Eduardo
- Bernstein Robert S
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
- Bhatti Manpreet S
- Bhatti Rajbir
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
- Bishai Jessica Devin
- Bisignano Catherine
- Bitra Veera R
- Bjørge Tone
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bogale Eyob Ketema
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
- Bora Basara Berrak
- Borhany Hamed
- Boxe Christopher
- Brady Oliver J
- Bragazzi Nicola Luigi
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brant Luisa C
- Brauer Michael
- Breitner Susanne
- Brenner Hermann
- Brown Julie
- Brugha Traolach
- Bulamu Norma B
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burkart Katrin
- Burns Richard A
- Busse Reinhard
- Bustanji Yasser
- Butt Zahid A
- Byun Justin
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Calina Daniela
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Capodici Angelo
- Carr Sinclair
- Carreras Giulia
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Catapano Alberico L
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Caye Arthur
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cegolon Luca
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cenderadewi Muthia
- Cerin Ester
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
- Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai
- Chan Raymond N C
- Chandika Rama Mohan
- Chandrasekar Eeshwar K
- Charalampous Periklis
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Victoria
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Angela W
- Chen Catherine S
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Nathalie M
- Cheng Esther T W
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chimoriya Ritesh
- Ching Patrick R
- Cho William C S
- Choi Sungchul
- Chong Bryan
- Chong Yuen Yu
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Christensen Steffan Wittrup McPhee
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Chung Eunice
- Chutiyami Muhammad
- Claassens Mareli M
- Cogen Rebecca M
- Columbus Alyssa
- Conde Joao
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Cousin Ewerton
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- D'Oria Mario
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Siyu
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalaba Maxwell Ayindenaba
- Damiani Giovanni
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Dashti Mohsen
- Davletov Kairat
- Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- De Leo Diego
- Debele Aklilu Tamire
- Debopadhaya Shayom
- DeCleene Nicole K
- Deeba Farah
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Del Bo' Cristian
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Demetriades Andreas K
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desai Rupak
- Deuba Keshab
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhingra Sameer
- Dias da Silva Diana
- Diaz Daniel
- Diaz Luis Antonio
- Diaz Michael J
- Dima Adriana
- Ding Delaney D
- Dirac M Ashworth
- do Prado Camila Bruneli
- Do Thao Huynh Phuong
- Dohare Sushil
- Dominguez Regina-Mae Villanueva
- Dong Wanyue
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dorsey E Ray
- Doshmangir Leila
- Dowou Robert Kokou
- Driscoll Tim Robert
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dsouza Viola
- Dube John
- Dumith Samuel C
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Eboreime Ejemai
- Ebrahimi Alireza
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Edvardsson David
- Eikemo Terje Andreas
- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Sayed Iman
- El Tantawi Maha
- Elbarazi Iffat
- Elemam Noha Mousaad
- ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik
- Elhadi Muhammed
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- Violante Francesco S
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Cong
- Wang Fang
- Wang Ning
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Weaver Marcia R
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Wells Katherine M
- Wen Yi Feng
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Whiteford Harvey A
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
- Wimo Anders
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wong Yen Jun
- Woolf Anthony D
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Wulf Hanson Sarah
- Xia Yanjie
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadav Lalit
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Yazdanpanah Mohammad Hosein
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yigzaw Zeamanuel Anteneh
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zahid Mondal Hasan
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Leila
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zar Heather J
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Ning
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhong Panliang
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zimsen Stephanie R M
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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- Author
- Abdala Antonio
- Abidi Khalid
- Abillama Fayez François
- Abos Francisco Javier Saenz
- Aboufray Ahmed Ali
- Abregal Giancarlo
- Abroug Fekri
- Achilleos Eleni
- Acosta Ysica
- Adam Višnja Nesek
- Adamina Ileana
- Adams John
- Adamuz Jordi
- Adejumo Prisca Olabisi
- Adekola Oyebola
- Ademokun Jane
- Adenekan Anthony
- Adib Nik Azman Nik
- Adipa Faustina Excel
- Afonso Elsa
- Aganon Ferdinand
- Agarwal Sonika
- Aguirre Joaquin
- Aguirre Lydia Gallego
- Aguirre-Bermeo Hernan
- Ahmad Fatima Kasem El
- Ahmad Meraj
- Ahmed Hazem
- Ahn Jong-Joon
- Ahtiala Maarit
- Akbas Turkay
- Akdağ Devrim
- Akker Mustafa
- Akselsen Gro Ringstad
- Al-Alawi Maram Milud Said
- Alabuzidi Aya
- Alampi Daniela
- Albaiceta Guillermo Muñiz
- Albert Patricia
- Albrecht Lea
- Albrett Jonathan
- Alexandropoulou Paraskevi
- Alexandrou Anna
- Ali Ashwaq
- Ali Mohd Nazri
- Alias Anita
- Alkhumsi Soad Imhmed R.
- Allaert Silvie
- Allison Nicola
- Almekhlafi Ghaleb
- Alonso Helena Fernandez
- Alsheikhly Ahmed Subhy
- Alshrif Abdualhamid I
- Alvarenga Gloria
- Alvarez Diana
- Alvarez Gonzalo Martín
- Alvarez Gustavo Andres
- Alvarez Jorge Duerto
- Alvarez Josep Trenado
- Alvarez Raquel Garcia
- Alves Paulo
- Andersen Marit Hildegunn
- Andersen Yvonne
- Andresen Hanne
- Anisoglou Souzana
- Antonio Maria Gracia San
- Antunes Nelson
- Anvelt Eneli
- Aperocho Cristal April Jane
- Aponte Cesar
- Araya Paola
- Arcas María Luisa Bravo
- Arikan Huseyin
- Arntsen Wenche
- Arteta Arteta Donaldo S.
- Ashour Firas
- Assiri Amer
- Atchade Enora
- Ateya Zainab
- Attwood Ben
- Aucapina Alejandra
- Avalos Fernando
- Aves Emma
- Avogadro Prune
- Avramopoulou Lamprini
- Ay Mustafa
- Ay Serap Avcı
- Aya Umeda
- Ayala Maria
- Aydemir Semih
- Aydin Demet Tok
- Azencot Mazal
- Azoia Joao
- Baasanjav Battsetseg
- Babych Volodymyr
- Baccaro Fernando
- Badariotti Gustavo
- Bae Jung-Min
- Baek Jonghyun
- Baftiu Nehat
- Bagshaw Sean
- Bahrin Laila Kamaliah Kamalul
- Bai Dongmei
- Bai Xiaowu
- Baini Matías
- Bakas Apostolos
- Baker Helen
- Baker Nerilee
- Balasubramanian Madhu
- Balbay Abidin Oner
- Balon Sandrine
- Bantar Ana
- Banwarie Preveen
- Bao Guijun
- Baptiste-Savoie Jacqueline
- Barakat-Johnson Michelle
- Barefield Cindy
- Barkas Diane
- Barnes Christopher
- Barone Antonio
- Baronia Arvind
- Barr Louise
- Barreiro Emma Moreno
- Barros Elaine
- Barrowcliffe Suzanne
- Barrueco-Francioni Jesus Emilio
- Bartoli Julio Ricardo
- Baruah Rosaleen
- Bascary Carlos Alejandro
- Baskakov Danil
- Baskoro Windu
- Bastani Styliani
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- Baxter Karen
- Bayraktar Yesim Serife
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- Bean Sarah
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- Becker Delmiro
- Behan Helena
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- Bekos Vasileios
- Belii Adrian
- Belkhair Wesal Ali
- Belskiy Vladislav
- Ben-Hamouda Nawfel
- Ben-Jacob Talia
- Benbenishty Julie
- Bench Suzanne
- Bendelari Valentina
- Benlamin Mohamed
- Berry Gillian
- Bertoletti Fernando Pablo
- Besbes Lamia
- Besbes Lamia Ouanes
- Besch Guillaume
- Bestle Morten
- Beuret Pascal
- Bhakhtiani Lakshay
- Bhargava Vaibhav
- Bi AiPing
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- Bielskute Egidija
- Bilawicz Jan
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- Birgisdottir Hrönn
- Birgisdóttir Hrönn
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- Biston Patrick
- Bjorgen Hege
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- Blanco Daniel
- Blanco Maria Pilar Sogues
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- Bogarin Javier
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- Brett Stephen J.
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- Campanili Ticiane
- Campbell Elizabeth
- Campos Pierina Arias
- Campos-Perez Margarita
- Camputaro Luis
- Camsooksai Julie
- Canales Julieta
- Canete Fidelina
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- Capuzzi Fabio
- Cardenas Yenny
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- Carney Dominic
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- Castiglione Giacomo
- Cata Juan
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- Cerezo Franklin Dean
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- Chaboyer Wendy
- Chadwick Llesley
- Chang Shu Chuan
- Chang Youjin
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- Chao Yu
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- Chapeta Edwin
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- Coremans Stefano
- Correia Malcolm C.
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- Cortegiani Andrea
- Cortellazi Paolo
- Cosano Rosario
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- Costa Humberto
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- Cranshaw Julius
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- Crone Petra
- Cui Xia
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- Cupitt Jason
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- Dagooc Rica
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- Daubin Cédric
- Davidow Jon
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- Dawn Frances
- Dayan Meneses
- de Almeida Angelica Olivetto
- de Anda Gilberto Felipe Vazquez
- De Bels David
- de Ceballos José Peral Gutierrez
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- De lange Dylan
- De Lange Dylan
- de Molina Serrano José Ivan Rodriguez
- De Montmollin Etienne
- De Pablo Ana María
- De Rosa Silvia
- De Sanctis Francesca
- De Schryver Nicolas
- De Wit Irene
- Dean Emiliano
- Debue Anne-Sophie
- Del Bosque Diez Rosa
- del Cotillo Mercedes
- del Mar Diaz Salcedo Maria
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- Del Rio Cabajo Lorena
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- Elhadi Ahmed
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elhechmi Youssef Zied
- Elkhayari Mina
- Ellazar Chris Gerome
- Eller Philipp
- Eltorai Ashley Szabo
- Enamorado Judy
- Enamorado Judy Enamorado
- Eneas Antony
- Eng Timothy
- Erdivanli Başar
- Erdogan Elif
- Eroglu Ahmet
- Ershova Olga
- Escalante Rosana Gabriela
- Espinosa Cristina Paños
- Esposito Romina
- Essardy Fatiha
- Etourneau Fabienne
- Evers Mirjam
- Fadeeva Liudmila
- Fan Limei
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- Farkas Jean-christophe
- Farmakis Epaminontas
- Farnell-Ward Sarah
- Farre Olga
- Fartoukh Muriel
- Favre René
- Feghaly Michel El
- Fei Qin
- Feng ZhangXia
- Feng Zhaoxia
- Feranandes Ana Margarida
- Fernadez Inmaculada Lorenzo
- Fernandes Fatima
- Fernandez Alejandra Azahara Marguello
- Fernandez Maria Alejandra
- Fernandez Maria Cristina Iglesias
- Fernandez Oscar
- Fernandez Ruben
- Fernandez Silvia
- Fernández Ana Wensell
- Ferreira Amelia
- Ferreira Fatima
- Ferreira Hilaryano
- Ferreira Susana
- Ferretti Christian
- Ffarcsi Madiha Hashmi
- Fiedler Christine
- Fielding Clare
- Fielding Mark
- Figaro-Barclay Dianne
- Figueiredo Margarida Ferreira
- Fijen Jan-Willem
- Filipescu Daniela Carmen
- Filipović-Grčić Ina
- Finn Damien O’Connell Rosemary
- Finnstrom Inger Johanne
- Fioretti Audrey
- Firment Peter
- Fischer Susanne
- Fishman Anne
- Fister Misa
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- Fivecoat Pauline
- Flessel Nadine
- Fletcher Kelly
- Fleury Yvan
- Flevari Aikaterini
- Flores Leah
- Foka Maria
- Fonseca Imelda Perdomo
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- Fores Meritxell Tapia
- Fox Natalie
- Fox Nathalie
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- Franco Natalia
- Frandsen Tine Melgaard
- François Guy
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- From Mette
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- Fujimoto Koji
- Galaaen Britt
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- Galiana Maria
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- Ganeshalingam Vaarisan
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- Girona Mercè
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- Glinka Lidia
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- Gomez Monica
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- Gonzalez Daira
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- Gonzalez Rafael
- Gonzalez Roberto
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- Goodson Jennifer
- Goranovic Tanja
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- Gorokhovatsky Uri
- Gorordo-Delsol Luis
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- Gupta Amit
- Gupta Manish
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- Hadzibegovic Adi
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- Hargott Rita Foss
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- Hellkvist Viveca Hamback
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- Hernandez Aaron Mark
- Hernandez Juan Sebastian
- Hernandez-Ponce Lucia
- Hernandez-Romero Marcos
- Hernandez-Sanchez Nancy
- Herrera Jorge Guerra
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- Higgins David
- Hilario Badiola
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- Holmquist Dagmar
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- Hughes Jennifer
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- Hurtado Clara
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- Ibao Jowena
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- Iburrigarro Sergio Reyes
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- Jafaraghaee Fateme
- Jali Phumele
- Jankovic Radmilo
- Jans Anita
- Jansson Erika Backlund
- Jarman Rachel
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- Jasiewicz Przemyslaw
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- Jensen Hanne Irene
- Jensen Karianne Dale
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- Jha Simant
- Ji Hua
- Jia Na
- Jian Yanman
- Jiang Jing Hua
- Jiang Mei
- Jiang Qun Xia
- Jiang Shumin
- Jiang Youru
- Jiang Zhixia
- Jiang ZhiXia
- Jianhong Mu
- Jiao Qing Feng
- Jiao Xueping
- Jibrin Deborah
- Jimenez Raquel
- Jin Wangyan
- Jochmans Sébastien
- Joelsson-Alm Eva
- Joffe Aaron
- Johansen Birgitte Fosser
- Johansen Edda
- Johansson Lotta
- John Sini
- Jonasdottir Rannveig J.
- Jones Jo
- Jones Sarah
- Jong Margaret Lynn
- Jorge Silvia Angelica
- Jovaisa Tomas
- Jovanovic Bojan
- Ju Wenjie
- Judd Harriet
- Kaasby Karin
- Kakaras Nikolaos
- Kamal Manoj
- Kamenshchikov Nikolaj
- Kamoun Salma
- Kampayana Betty Star
- Kanakaki Sofia
- Kanda Fumiya
- Kang Byung Ju
- Kannan Santhana
- Kapoor Ritoo
- Kara Iskender
- Karabacak Pınar
- Karakurt Sait
- Karamchandani Kunal
- Karaoren Gulsah
- Karathanou Antigoni
- Karjula Elina
- Kartalov Andrijan
- Kataoka Jun
- Katerina Kounougeri
- Katsenos Chrysostomos
- Kauppi Outi
- Kaushik Shuchi
- Kazakos Nikolaos
- Kağnıcı Ali
- Kehoe Jennifer
- Kerslake Ian
- Kesti Ulla
- Khaled Ala
- Khaled Taha
- Khanna Ashish
- Khanna Ashish K.
- Khoo Tien Meng
- Khoronenko Victoria
- Khwannimit Bodin
- Kilapong Bram
- Kim Je Hyeong
- Kim Junghyun
- Kim Kyung Chan
- Kim Seok Chan
- Kindgen-Milles Detlef
- Kiselev Alexander
- Kjærgård Inger Ebbesen
- Kleanthous Pavlina
- Knafelj Rihard
- Kodal Anne Marie
- Kolbe Nina
- Kolussi Uta
- Kondili Eumorfia
- Koopmans Matty
- Kotanidi Veronika
- Kotze Michelle
- Koulouras Vasilios
- Kourelea Styliani
- Koutsodimitropoulos Ioannis
- Kovaleva Julia
- Krastins Ivasr
- Kristoffersen Elin
- Kubisz-Pudelko Agnieszka
- Kuijpers Paul
- Kulakov Vladimir
- Kuscu Ozlem Ozkan
- Kushare Vilas
- Kusi-Appiah Anita-Chrysolyte
- Kuzmanovska Biljana
- Kyriakoudi Anna
- Kütimets Martin
- Labeau Sonia O.
- Lacaden Grace
- Lafuente Estevão
- Lagerhäll Caroline
- Laizner Andréa Maria
- Lajara Miguel Angel Gimenez
- Lajeunesse Jennifer
- Lakshmanan Ramanathan
- Lalor Jennifer
- Landaverde Antonio
- Lang Martin
- Langvad Anne
- Lančaričová Danca
- Larina Eugeniya
- Larsson Ing-Marie
- Lausch Martina
- Lavrentieva Athena
- Lavy Alinoy
- Le Guen Yann
- Lebon Richard
- Ledochowski Stanislas
- Lee Heung Bum
- Lee Jarone
- Lee Jongmin
- Lee Sang-Miin
- Lee Sang-Min
- Lee Seok Jeong
- Lee Won-Yeon
- Legorburo Maria Schofield
- Lei DeHong
- Lei Lei
- Lei Yang
- Leong Thomas
- Leonova Anna
- Lepida Dimitra
- Leslie Gavin D.
- Lestari Mayang Indah
- Levy Dassy
- Lewis Abby
- Li Biyan
- Li Chunxia
- Li Ji
- Li Jing
- Li Jinhua
- Li Li Chuntang
- Li Ling
- Li Miao
- Li Ning
- Li Qi
- Li Qing
- Li Tingting
- Li Weiwei
- Li Xiaohan
- Li Xingguo
- Li Xinjian
- Li Xinxia
- Li Xue Qin
- Li Yan
- Li Ying
- Li ZhangShuangzi
- Li Zhuqing
- Liang Jinxian
- Liang Qiong
- Liang Xuejuan
- Liarmakopoulou Antonia
- Lijuan Sun
- Lima Ângela
- Lin Dongliang
- Lin Frances
- Lin Qiang
- Lin Xue
- Lind Ranveig
- Lipovestky Fernando
- Lipovesty Fernando
- Liu Congcong
- Liu Guangyan
- Liu Hongmei
- Liu Jin
- Liu Jingyu
- Liu Kewei
- Liu Lihong
- Liu Ling
- Liu Lu
- Liu Man
- Liu Miao
- Liu Sophie
- Liu Xiaodi
- Liu XiaoZhe
- Liu XiuMei
- Liu XueLian
- Liu Yan
- Liu Yang
- Liu Ying
- Liu Yu
- Liu Yupeng
- Llaurado-Serra M.
- Llaurado-Serra Mireia
- Llewellym Thomas
- Llinas Ana Alabart
- Loef Bert
- Lois Manuel
- Long Yan
- Long Yanfei
- Lord Jenny
- Lorenzo Javier
- Losilla Monica Recio
- Lospitao Sara
- Loudet Cecilia
- Loudet Cecilia Inés
- Luan Linlin
- Luchian Mihail
- Luis Eulália
- Lukic Milica
- Lund Mette
- Lunde Gro Anne
- Luo Feifei
- Luo Xianping
- Luo Xiaofang
- Luque Carmen Partera
- Lusenius Virpi
- Lv Mengmeng
- Lv Shanshan
- Lye India
- Lynch Ceri
- Löf Gun
- Löfqvist Carita
- Ma Chaoqun
- Ma Fuying
- Maddison Liivi
- Maggiore Salvatore Maurizio
- Magomedov Marat
- Maguire Teena
- Mahanes Dea
- Mahmood Saeed
- Mahmoodpoor Ata
- Maidana Elizabeth
- Maiyalagan Sundaresan
- Malmin Siv Karin
- Maltby Louise
- Malvemyr Ann-Sofie
- Manandhar Meena
- Manap Nurulhuda Binti A.
- Mancini Federica
- Mandaroux Simon
- Mandis Konstantinos
- Mandourah Yasser
- Mangal Kishore
- Manosa Silvia Call
- Manzo Antonio
- Marconi Romina
- Marin Jorge
- Markham Amber
- Marko Peter
- Markota Andrej
- Markoulias Chrysanthos
- Marriott Victoria
- Marsh Brian
- Martin Gilles
- Martin Kerrie
- Martin Marina Alessandra
- Martin-Loeches Ignacio
- Martinez Pilar
- Martinez Regina
- Martinez-Gonzalez Mayra
- Martinez-Hurtado Eugenio
- Martinos Charalampos
- Martins Claudia
- Martonova Andrea
- Maruyama Kumi
- Maseda Emilio
- Massard Audrey
- Mastantuono Marcela
- Masters Kristy
- Matas Marijana
- Mathaios Mina
- Matiushkov Nikita
- Matrona Oliva
- Matthews Kelly
- Mattsson Gunilla
- Maulicino Laura
- Maus Marianne
- Mazlan Mohd Zulfakar
- Mazocoli Eliane
- McCann Nicola
- McDonnell Andrea
- McDowell-Skaines Sharon
- McLucas Andrea
- McMullen Jane
- McPherson Sandra
- McQuirter Megan
- Mebazaa Mhamed Sami
- Megna Chiara
- Mehay Daisy
- Meland Barbro
- Mendes Luis
- Mendez Gabriela
- Mendiara Yolanda
- Meng Gen
- Mentec Hervé
- Mer Mervyn
- Mergeay Matthia
- Merhabene Takoua
- Merheb Marie
- Merilainen Merja
- Merritt-Charles Lorna
- Meybohm Patrick
- Miao Limei
- Michailidou Evangelia
- Mickelsson Ulrica
- Microys Sherissa
- Migliorino Pina
- Mihaljevic Slobodan
- Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz Malgorzata
- Mikkelsen Sanne
- Milic Morena
- Milioto Esteban
- Miller Mia Thorning
- Milner Wendy
- Minope John Thomas Sanchez
- Mirabella Lucia
- Mirkovic Tomislav
- Misic Vanja
- Mitchell Marion
- Mo Antonella
- Moghal Arif
- Mogrovejo Pedro
- Moise Alida
- Molina Pia
- Molinar Fernando
- Molinos Elena
- Monedero Pablo
- Monges Natalia
- Monsen Bjoern
- Monstad Kristina Reinertsen
- Montaldi Gloria
- Montravers Philippe
- Morakul Sunthiti
- Moreira Maria Liz
- Morren Faye
- Morrison Lynette
- Mostafa Nafseen
- Motherway Catherine
- Mousafiri Ourania
- Mouton Lucie
- Mpouzika Meropi
- Mu Chenghau
- Mueller Dorothee
- Muhizi Jerome
- Mulvey Regina
- Muriel Daniel Sancho
- Muzha Dritan
- Mylordou Maria
- Nafees Khalid Mahmood Khan
- Nahar Dick
- Naija Walid
- Nakayama Izumi
- Nananmori Masakatsu
- Nandyelly San Juan Roman
- Napolitano Lena
- Naranpurev Mendsaikhan
- Nardai Gabor
- Naumovski Filip
- Nava Claudia Lizbeth Lopez
- Nava Luis Pedro Ambriz
- Navarro Berenice
- Navarro José Alejandro
- Negro Alessandra
- Nestora Konstantina
- Newby Lynette
- Ngo Delphine
- Ni Dongshu
- Nieto Montserrat Venturas
- Nikolaou Charikleia
- Nishime Yoshimasa
- Noblezada-Uy Debbie
- Nocheretti Mariangeles Gabriela
- Noguchi Ayako
- Nogueira Paula Cristina
- Nor Basri Mat
- Nor Mohd Basri Mat
- North Samantha
- Nshimyumuremyi Isaac
- Nunes Catarina
- Nuñez Cesar Rodriguez
- Nyhus Marit
- Nzarora Josue
- Ochoa Maria-Elena
- Odenthal Tobias
- Ogbeide Vongayi
- Ohuchi Akira
- Oikonomou Mrina
- Oiting Oscar
- Olanipekun Simeon
- Olivares Pablo Garcia
- Oliveira Evellyn
- Olsen Brita Fosser
- Onelli Adriana
- Onrust Marisa
- Onyeka Tonia
- Orozco Estefania
- Orvelius Lotti
- Ory Solenne
- Osei Irene Pearl
- Ostenjo Hege
- Ouyang Fei
- Owens Daniel
- Owojuyigbe Afolabi
- Ozgultekin Asu
- O’Brien Catherine
- O’Donnell Caroline
- O’Nuallain Siobhan
- O’Shea Aidan
- O’Shea Fiona
- Pacturanan Michelle
- Paddle Jonathan
- Padilla Nayeli Rocio Cañas
- Pagella Gonzalo
- Pagioulas Konstantinos
- Paillet Caroline
- Palaez Carolina
- Palfreeman Christopher
- Palfrey Ruth
- Palmu Auli
- Palo Jose Emmanuel
- Pan Fuqun
- Pang Xuelian
- Panka Bernardo
- Pantaleao Taís
- Pantelas Nikolaos
- Pantiora Eirini
- Papadopoulos Dimitrios
- Papageorgiou Eirini
- Papanikolaou Metaxia
- Papathanakos Georgios
- Papavasilopoulou Theonymfi
- Parag Nivisha
- Parente Isabel
- Park Jisoo
- Park Seung Yong
- Park So Young
- Park Sunghoon
- Park Tai Sun
- Parke Rachael
- Parkin Emma
- Parsons Leanne
- Parsons Penny
- Pascual-Bielsa Ana
- Pastore Beatrice
- Pastores Stephen M.
- Pathak Sabina Dhakal
- Patrichi Tatiana
- Patsalos Artemis
- Patsiou Eirini-Chysovalanto
- Pavlisa Gordana
- Pedersen Anne Sofie Bomholt
- Pedersen Karin Rehnholt
- Pederzani Marcelo
- Pedro Laura
- Peipei Xu
- Peker Nebia
- Peltomaa Minna
- Pelz Sabrina
- Pena José Manuel Garcia
- Peratoner Alberto
- Pereira Jorge
- Perez Hugo
- Perez-Torres David
- Perez-Vacas Jonathan
- Perme Janja
- Peterson Jessica
- Petosic Antonija
- Petrisor Cristina
- Petrushin Maxim
- Pečenković Suzana
- Philippart François
- Piergentili Federica
- Pili-Floury Sébastien
- Pillard Cindy
- Pineda Ana Alícia Velarde
- Pinheiro Cristiana Mota
- Pinto Susana
- Pinto Vitor Manuel Vaz
- Piradov Michael
- Pires Filpe
- Pivkina Alexandra
- Piza Petr
- Piñan Isabel Santín
- Plantefève Gaëtan
- Pleitinckx Vincianne
- Polgarova Petra
- Polo Ana Belén Curto
- Popescu Mihai
- Popescu Monica
- Potestio Christopher
- Powell Madeleine
- Preda Gabriel
- Prol-Silva Estefanía
- Prowle John
- Psarulis Konstantinos
- Pulak Paul
- Pulletz Mark
- Putruele Sofia
- Qawasmeh Khaled Al
- Qiao Hongmei
- Quagliotto Catia
- Quaini Attilio
- Quintard Hervé
- Quiroga Cristian
- Rabarova Daria
- Radavidson Anthony
- Radivojevic Renata Curic
- Rahim Azmin Huda Abdul
- Raimondo Arena
- Raitsiou Bogdan
- Raizman Rose
- Raj Ashok Sundai
- Rajendran Ajitha
- Rajković Marija
- Ramaker Bart
- Ramalho Aline
- Ramirez Mario
- Ramiro Charalice
- Ran Qiong
- Ranalli Flavia
- Randell Claire
- Rapley Jackie
- Rastegar Touraj
- Ratnam Shanthi
- Ratnam Shanti
- Ravani Ifigenia
- Reece-Anthony Rosie
- Reidinga Auke
- Reijntjens Jennifer
- Remor Natalie
- Ren Aiua
- Reyes Amylkar Garay
- Reyes Amylkar José Garay
- Reyes Laura Martinez
- Reyes Paul Eric
- Reynolds Claire
- Ribas Antoni Margarit
- Ribas Antonio Margarit
- Riera Alba
- Riessen Reimer
- Ringdal Mona
- Rinket Martin
- Ripolles-Melchor Javier
- Rita Clara Santa
- Rivas Juan Carlos
- Rivas Noelia
- Riveiro Marilyn
- Rizzo Antonino
- Rocco Monica
- Rocha Pamela
- Rodriguez Gabriel Enrique
- Rojas-Suarez José
- Rokosh Ella
- Roller Martin
- Roman-Pognuz Erik
- Romero-Gonzalez Juan P.
- Ronchini Ana Lucia Vitti
- Rooney Glenda
- Rosado Ines
- Rosalia Rodney
- Rosati Moris
- Rose Bernd Oliver
- Rose Louise
- Rostello Oscar Fernández
- Rothenfusser Monika
- Rubulotta Francesca
- Rubulotta Giorgia
- Rygvadottir Brynja
- Saager Leif
- Sabbag Ignacio
- Saha Rajnish
- Sakki Jenni-Katarina
- Sakuramoto Hideaki
- Salazar Janel
- Salberg Armorel
- Salman Fatema
- Salo Swagotika
- Salvà-Costa Vicent
- Samat Noryani Mohd
- Sanchez Losune Cano
- Sanchez Maria Angeles Hurtado
- Sanchez-Hurtado Luis Alejandro
- Sandberg Ulla
- Sandesc Dorel
- Sankar-Maharaj Sasha
- Sankey Babangida John
- Santiago Eleanor
- Santos Jacinta
- Santos Rayanne
- Sanz Luz Coronado
- Sanz Miquel
- Sarkar Nikki
- Saul Pablo
- Sawawiboon Chaiwut
- Schaller Stefan
- Schallom Marilyn
- Schefold Joerg C.
- Schmidt Raysa Cristina
- Schmollgruber Shelley
- Schmukler Armando
- Schmutz René
- Schulze Tobias
- Schüppel Sebastian
- Scire Giovanni
- Scutariu Monica Adriana
- Sellami Walid
- Sepulveda Maria Idalia
- Sergeev Dmitry
- Serin Sibel Ocak
- Seromenho Vanda
- Serpa Leticia
- Sertznig Claude
- Setten Mariano
- Shah Bhagyesh
- Shao Hongyan
- Shaw David
- Shawish Sabah Abu
- Shayamano Rosina
- Sheehan Christine
- Shen Yanling
- Sherwin James
- Shi Guanxiu
- Shi Zeya
- Shime Nobuaki
- Shimizu Masako
- Short Jack
- Shosholcheva Mirjana
- Shosolcheva Mirjana
- Sierra Rafael
- Sills Martin
- Silva Pedro
- Sim Yun Su
- Simi Marcelo
- Simon Philipp
- Singh Keevan
- Singh Mukta
- Sjobo Britt
- Skorstad Elin Mari
- Slobodianiuk Gari
- Slobodianiuk Garri
- Smajic Jasmina
- Smiley Kathleen Ann
- Smith Catherine
- Smith Chris
- Smith Julie
- Smith Neil
- Smith Orla
- Smith Samantha
- Soledad Javiera
- Somerville Justine
- Sona Carrie
- Song Bing
- Song Caiju
- Song JinHui
- Song Min
- Song Rima
- Sosa Miguel Ángel
- Sosnowski Kellie
- Sostaric Maja
- Soula Enas
- Soulisse Léa
- Soundoulounaki Stella
- Souppart Virginie
- Sourla Evdokia
- Sousa Bruno
- Spadaro Savino
- Spina Rosario
- Spyropoulou Anastasia
- Spångfors Martin
- Stafylaraki Maria
- Staikos Ioannis
- Stalika Kristina Mariana Matei
- Stanojević Maja
- Starchenko Irina
- Stefanovic Branislava
- Steffenak Elin
- Stehr Sebastian
- Stenset Ane
- Stiban Sonia
- Stivanello Lucia
- Stojanovic Milena
- Stones Elizabeth
- Straede Esben
- Stübner Andeas
- Subedi Nisha Bhandari
- Suen Gabriel
- Sulaiman Siti Rohayah
- Sun Chengxia
- Sun Wei
- Sun Yue
- Susanti Ade
- Sustic Alan
- Swinnen Walter
- Syed Muhommed Ridwaan
- Sykehus Drammen
- Szakmany Tamas
- Sánchez-Hurtado Luis
- Tababa Osama Wanees Emhemid
- Tabah Alexis
- Tabib Majd
- Taghavi Noushin
- Taibi Maria Rosa
- Taito Shunsuke
- Tak Poon Shing
- Takahashi Kenji
- Talik Imen
- Tallot Mandy
- Tamayo Luis Mario
- Tamme Kadri
- Tan Lei
- Tao Jing
- Tapia Fernando
- Tavares Ana
- Taşdemir Banu
- Teig Magnus
- Tejeda-Huezo Brigitte
- Telleria Vanesa Mercado
- Templeton Mae
- Terry Dorothy
- Tervo-Heikkinen Tarja
- Thankamma Bindu
- Theisen Christian
- Thix Cyril
- Tholioti Thomai
- Thoma Giannoula
- Thomas Beverley
- Thompson Amy
- Thompson Lorraine
- Thomsen Tina Damgaar
- Thorpe Elaine
- Tian Eryun
- Tian Xiao Fang
- Tian Yani
- Tian Zhixia
- Timsit Jean-Francois
- Tingsvik Catarina
- Tirado Celia
- Toellefsen Annette
- Tokareva Ekaterina
- Tokur Murat Emre
- Tole Eunice
- Tomescu Dana
- Tong Jenny May Geok
- Tonkovic Dinko
- Toppin Patrick
- Torlinski Tomasz
- Traina Lidia
- Tranello Francesca Paola
- Tribulev Maksim
- Tridente Ascanio
- Triki Ahmed Ramadan
- Tripathy Swagata
- Trongtrakul Konlawij
- Trongtratul Konlawij
- Trposak Angela
- Trudvang Siw
- Trueman-Dawkins Treiza
- Tsarev Alexander
- Tsikriki Syragoula
- Tsikritsaki Kyriaki
- Tsujimoto Mayumi
- Tubacka Marta
- Tuinstra Binny
- Tuo Lili
- Turan Can
- Turan Sema
- Turc Jean
- Turner Sarah Jane
- Turčan Anton
- Tutillo Diego Rolando Morocho
- Twagirumugabe Theogene
- Twiggs Hilary
- Uba Stella
- Uccelli Francesco
- Udiljak Nikolina
- Ugwu Innocent
- Umek Nejc
- Undar Hasan Nabi
- Vakalos Aristeidis
- Valerio Idália
- Valgolio Emanuel
- Valta Maija
- Valta Maija Anniina
- van Axel Alisha
- Van Cotthem Ilse
- Van de Velde Stijn
- Van Den Berg Lettie
- Van Den Brink Mark
- Van Den Elst Arlette
- van der Kuil Mark
- Van Gulik Laura
- Van Regenmortel Niels
- Van Vliet Peter
- Vanroest Margijske
- Varela Maria
- Vaschetto Rosanna
- Vasquez Alexandra
- Vaughan-Jones Nicola
- Velickovic Jelena
- Veličković Dejan
- Ventour Dale
- Vermeijden Jan Wytze
- Vieira João
- Villa Robert
- Villafuerte Missael Vladimir Espinoza
- Villanueva Ximena
- Villegas Paula
- Viveiros Abel
- Vizcaychipi Marcela
- Vlaovic Janko
- Vochin Ana
- Volta Carlo Alberto
- von der Osten Ingrid
- Von Der Osten Ingrid
- von Lewinski Dirk
- Vosylius Saulius
- Vuković Anita
- Vullum Sylvi
- Vymazal Tamas
- Vymazal Tomas
- Wahab Sherliza
- Wahlbom Ewa
- Waibel Hansjoerg
- Wallin Ewa
- Walsh Amy
- Wan Jianhong
- Wan Yan
- Wang Damei
- Wang Fanglan
- Wang GuoXian
- Wang Hai Yun
- Wang Haiyan
- Wang Jing
- Wang Kefang
- Wang LingLing
- Wang RuiXia
- Wang Shuhui
- Wang Shuo
- Wang Wei
- Wang Wenmei
- Wang Xiaomin
- Wang Yan
- Wang Ying
- Wang Yingli
- Wang Yuping
- Wang Yuxia
- Watts Stacey
- Waweru-Siika Wangari
- Wei Dongfang
- Wei Wei
- Wei Xiyan
- Wei Ying
- Welters Ingeborg D.
- White Joanne
- White Nigel
- Whiteley Simon
- Whitticase Richard
- Wiborg Elisabeth
- Wijnands Patricia
- Wilby Liz
- Williams Anne
- Williams Ged
- Williams Helen
- Williams Karen
- Williams Lynne
- Wilting Rob
- Wise Robert
- Woods Justin
- Wright Kerry
- Wu Juan
- Wu ShiFen
- Wu Xiaojun
- Wu Xiaoying
- Wu Yang
- Wu Yun
- Wu Zijing
- Xhindi Nordian
- Xia Chun Jie
- Xia Xinhua
- Xiao Lina
- Xiao Min
- Xiao Yan
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Xie Yan
- Xing Cynthia
- Xiong Yunfeng
- Xixi Li
- Xu Lina
- Xu Xiao
- Xu Xuelian
- Xu Yan
- Xue Xiujuan
- Yaghi Aktham
- Yakubu Yakubu H.
- Yamamoto Ryohey
- Yan Howe
- Yan Xiaoli
- Yan Yan
- Yang Fan
- Yang Fengling
- Yang Huai
- Yang Jing
- Yang Lei
- Yang Qiao
- Yang Shunzhu
- Yang Yanping
- Yang YongXia
- Yao Xiuying
- Yao Yanlan
- Yao Zhiru
- Ye Man
- Ye Mei
- Yeni Nomhle Princess
- Yeon-Joo Lee
- Yildiz İsmail
- Yilmaz Hakan
- Yin Hai
- Yin Li
- Young Charlotte
- Young-Jae Cho
- Yu Jing
- Yu Min
- Yu Tingting
- Yu Zhu Jun
- Yuan Cui
- Yuan Weilian
- Yuan Yuxia
- Yuchen Wu
- Yuemen Ly
- Yumei Chen
- Zahra Hajer Ben
- Zainudin Asmah
- Zakalik Graciela
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zalba-Etayo Begoña
- Zamora Purificacion Sanchez
- Zamorano Matias Jesús Flamm
- Zan Tao
- Zand Farid
- Zarei Fatemeh
- Zeng Jing Mei
- Zeng Qi
- Zepoy Sofia
- Zerman Avşar
- Zermeno Jorge Macias
- Zgrzheblovska Lesia
- Zhang Aizhi
- Zhang Baoke
- Zhang Feifei
- Zhang Guiping
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hongsu
- Zhang Hui
- Zhang Jing
- Zhang Jundi
- Zhang Libing
- Zhang Ling
- Zhang Na
- Zhang Wei
- Zhang Yali
- Zhang Ying
- Zhang Zhenxia
- Zhao Hui Min
- Zhao Lijuan
- Zhao Lina
- Zhao Qian
- Zhao Qingli
- Zhao Rong Hua
- Zhao Ronghua
- Zhao Wenwen
- Zhao Yingjuan
- Zhedaeva Marina
- Zheng Hong
- Zheng Jing
- Zheng Xianhong
- Zhigang Zhang
- Zhijuan Wang
- Zhiping Sun
- Zhivotneva Trina
- Zhou Yuming
- Zhu Guoyan
- Zhu JiFen
- Zhu Jin Yu
- Zivanovic-Posilovic Gordana
- Zorko Nika
- Zubareva Nadezhda
- Zuev Evgeniy
- Zueva Oksana
- Zulkifli Zulkifli
- Ágoston Zsuzsann
- Åkerman Eva
- Çelik Jale Bengi
- Ñamendys-Silva Silvio A.
- Özcan Beysim
- Özserezli Boğaç
- Ünlü Nurdan
- Čuljak Hemena
- Şentürk Evren
- Šuput Aleksandar
- Publication venue
- 'Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)'
- Publication date
- 26/02/2021
- Field of study
Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat
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Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
- Author
- Abdala Antonio
- Abidi Khalid
- Abillama Fayez François
- Abos Francisco Javier Saenz
- Aboufray Ahmed Ali
- Abregal Giancarlo
- Abroug Fekri
- Achilleos Eleni
- Acosta Ysica
- Adam Višnja Nesek
- Adamina Ileana
- Adams John
- Adamuz Jordi
- Adejumo Prisca Olabisi
- Adekola Oyebola
- Ademokun Jane
- Adenekan Anthony
- Adib Nik Azman Nik
- Adipa Faustina Excel
- Afonso Elsa
- Aganon Ferdinand
- Agarwal Sonika
- Aguirre Joaquin
- Aguirre Lydia Gallego
- Aguirre-Bermeo Hernan
- Ahmad Fatima Kasem El
- Ahmad Meraj
- Ahmed Hazem
- Ahn Jong-Joon
- Ahtiala Maarit
- Akbas Turkay
- Akdağ Devrim
- Akker Mustafa
- Akselsen Gro Ringstad
- Al-Alawi Maram Milud Said
- Alabuzidi Aya
- Alampi Daniela
- Albaiceta Guillermo Muñiz
- Albert Patricia
- Albrecht Lea
- Albrett Jonathan
- Alexandropoulou Paraskevi
- Alexandrou Anna
- Ali Ashwaq
- Ali Mohd Nazri
- Alias Anita
- Alkhumsi Soad Imhmed R.
- Allaert Silvie
- Allison Nicola
- Almekhlafi Ghaleb
- Alonso Helena Fernandez
- Alsheikhly Ahmed Subhy
- Alshrif Abdualhamid I
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- Luo Xianping
- Luo Xiaofang
- Luque Carmen Partera
- Lusenius Virpi
- Lv Mengmeng
- Lv Shanshan
- Lye India
- Lynch Ceri
- Löf Gun
- Löfqvist Carita
- Ma Chaoqun
- Ma Fuying
- Maddison Liivi
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- Magomedov Marat
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- Maidana Elizabeth
- Maiyalagan Sundaresan
- Malmin Siv Karin
- Maltby Louise
- Malvemyr Ann-Sofie
- Manandhar Meena
- Manap Nurulhuda Binti A.
- Mancini Federica
- Mandaroux Simon
- Mandis Konstantinos
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- Mangal Kishore
- Manosa Silvia Call
- Manzo Antonio
- Marconi Romina
- Marin Jorge
- Markham Amber
- Marko Peter
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- Marriott Victoria
- Marsh Brian
- Martin Gilles
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- Martin Marina Alessandra
- Martin-Loeches Ignacio
- Martinez Pilar
- Martinez Regina
- Martinez-Gonzalez Mayra
- Martinez-Hurtado Eugenio
- Martinos Charalampos
- Martins Claudia
- Martonova Andrea
- Maruyama Kumi
- Maseda Emilio
- Massard Audrey
- Mastantuono Marcela
- Masters Kristy
- Matas Marijana
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- Matthews Kelly
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- Maus Marianne
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- Mazocoli Eliane
- McCann Nicola
- McDonnell Andrea
- McDowell-Skaines Sharon
- McLucas Andrea
- McMullen Jane
- McPherson Sandra
- McQuirter Megan
- Mebazaa Mhamed Sami
- Megna Chiara
- Mehay Daisy
- Meland Barbro
- Mendes Luis
- Mendez Gabriela
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- Meng Gen
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- Mer Mervyn
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- Merheb Marie
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- Meybohm Patrick
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- Michailidou Evangelia
- Mickelsson Ulrica
- Microys Sherissa
- Migliorino Pina
- Mihaljevic Slobodan
- Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz Malgorzata
- Mikkelsen Sanne
- Milic Morena
- Milioto Esteban
- Miller Mia Thorning
- Milner Wendy
- Minope John Thomas Sanchez
- Mirabella Lucia
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- Misic Vanja
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- Mo Antonella
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- Monges Natalia
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- Monstad Kristina Reinertsen
- Montaldi Gloria
- Montravers Philippe
- Morakul Sunthiti
- Moreira Maria Liz
- Morren Faye
- Morrison Lynette
- Mostafa Nafseen
- Motherway Catherine
- Mousafiri Ourania
- Mouton Lucie
- Mpouzika Meropi
- Mu Chenghau
- Mueller Dorothee
- Muhizi Jerome
- Mulvey Regina
- Muriel Daniel Sancho
- Muzha Dritan
- Mylordou Maria
- Nafees Khalid Mahmood Khan
- Nahar Dick
- Naija Walid
- Nakayama Izumi
- Nananmori Masakatsu
- Nandyelly San Juan Roman
- Napolitano Lena
- Naranpurev Mendsaikhan
- Nardai Gabor
- Naumovski Filip
- Nava Claudia Lizbeth Lopez
- Nava Luis Pedro Ambriz
- Navarro Berenice
- Navarro José Alejandro
- Negro Alessandra
- Nestora Konstantina
- Newby Lynette
- Ngo Delphine
- Ni Dongshu
- Nieto Montserrat Venturas
- Nikolaou Charikleia
- Nishime Yoshimasa
- Noblezada-Uy Debbie
- Nocheretti Mariangeles Gabriela
- Noguchi Ayako
- Nogueira Paula Cristina
- Nor Basri Mat
- Nor Mohd Basri Mat
- North Samantha
- Nshimyumuremyi Isaac
- Nunes Catarina
- Nuñez Cesar Rodriguez
- Nyhus Marit
- Nzarora Josue
- Ochoa Maria-Elena
- Odenthal Tobias
- Ogbeide Vongayi
- Ohuchi Akira
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- Oiting Oscar
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- Oliveira Evellyn
- Olsen Brita Fosser
- Onelli Adriana
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- Ory Solenne
- Osei Irene Pearl
- Ostenjo Hege
- Ouyang Fei
- Owens Daniel
- Owojuyigbe Afolabi
- Ozgultekin Asu
- O’Brien Catherine
- O’Donnell Caroline
- O’Nuallain Siobhan
- O’Shea Aidan
- O’Shea Fiona
- Pacturanan Michelle
- Paddle Jonathan
- Padilla Nayeli Rocio Cañas
- Pagella Gonzalo
- Pagioulas Konstantinos
- Paillet Caroline
- Palaez Carolina
- Palfreeman Christopher
- Palfrey Ruth
- Palmu Auli
- Palo Jose Emmanuel
- Pan Fuqun
- Pang Xuelian
- Panka Bernardo
- Pantaleao Taís
- Pantelas Nikolaos
- Pantiora Eirini
- Papadopoulos Dimitrios
- Papageorgiou Eirini
- Papanikolaou Metaxia
- Papathanakos Georgios
- Papavasilopoulou Theonymfi
- Parag Nivisha
- Parente Isabel
- Park Jisoo
- Park Seung Yong
- Park So Young
- Park Sunghoon
- Park Tai Sun
- Parke Rachael
- Parkin Emma
- Parsons Leanne
- Parsons Penny
- Pascual-Bielsa Ana
- Pastore Beatrice
- Pastores Stephen M.
- Pathak Sabina Dhakal
- Patrichi Tatiana
- Patsalos Artemis
- Patsiou Eirini-Chysovalanto
- Pavlisa Gordana
- Pedersen Anne Sofie Bomholt
- Pedersen Karin Rehnholt
- Pederzani Marcelo
- Pedro Laura
- Peipei Xu
- Peker Nebia
- Peltomaa Minna
- Pelz Sabrina
- Pena José Manuel Garcia
- Peratoner Alberto
- Pereira Jorge
- Perez Hugo
- Perez-Torres David
- Perez-Vacas Jonathan
- Perme Janja
- Peterson Jessica
- Petosic Antonija
- Petrisor Cristina
- Petrushin Maxim
- Pečenković Suzana
- Philippart François
- Piergentili Federica
- Pili-Floury Sébastien
- Pillard Cindy
- Pineda Ana Alícia Velarde
- Pinheiro Cristiana Mota
- Pinto Susana
- Pinto Vitor Manuel Vaz
- Piradov Michael
- Pires Filpe
- Pivkina Alexandra
- Piza Petr
- Piñan Isabel Santín
- Plantefève Gaëtan
- Pleitinckx Vincianne
- Polgarova Petra
- Polo Ana Belén Curto
- Popescu Mihai
- Popescu Monica
- Potestio Christopher
- Powell Madeleine
- Preda Gabriel
- Prol-Silva Estefanía
- Prowle John
- Psarulis Konstantinos
- Pulak Paul
- Pulletz Mark
- Putruele Sofia
- Qawasmeh Khaled Al
- Qiao Hongmei
- Quagliotto Catia
- Quaini Attilio
- Quintard Hervé
- Quiroga Cristian
- Rabarova Daria
- Radavidson Anthony
- Radivojevic Renata Curic
- Rahim Azmin Huda Abdul
- Raimondo Arena
- Raitsiou Bogdan
- Raizman Rose
- Raj Ashok Sundai
- Rajendran Ajitha
- Rajković Marija
- Ramaker Bart
- Ramalho Aline
- Ramirez Mario
- Ramiro Charalice
- Ran Qiong
- Ranalli Flavia
- Randell Claire
- Rapley Jackie
- Rastegar Touraj
- Ratnam Shanthi
- Ratnam Shanti
- Ravani Ifigenia
- Reece-Anthony Rosie
- Reidinga Auke
- Reijntjens Jennifer
- Remor Natalie
- Ren Aiua
- Reyes Amylkar Garay
- Reyes Amylkar José Garay
- Reyes Laura Martinez
- Reyes Paul Eric
- Reynolds Claire
- Ribas Antoni Margarit
- Ribas Antonio Margarit
- Riera Alba
- Riessen Reimer
- Ringdal Mona
- Rinket Martin
- Ripolles-Melchor Javier
- Rita Clara Santa
- Rivas Juan Carlos
- Rivas Noelia
- Riveiro Marilyn
- Rizzo Antonino
- Rocco Monica
- Rocha Pamela
- Rodriguez Gabriel Enrique
- Rojas-Suarez José
- Rokosh Ella
- Roller Martin
- Roman-Pognuz Erik
- Romero-Gonzalez Juan P.
- Ronchini Ana Lucia Vitti
- Rooney Glenda
- Rosado Ines
- Rosalia Rodney
- Rosati Moris
- Rose Bernd Oliver
- Rose Louise
- Rostello Oscar Fernández
- Rothenfusser Monika
- Rubulotta Francesca
- Rubulotta Giorgia
- Rygvadottir Brynja
- Saager Leif
- Sabbag Ignacio
- Saha Rajnish
- Sakki Jenni-Katarina
- Sakuramoto Hideaki
- Salazar Janel
- Salberg Armorel
- Salman Fatema
- Salo Swagotika
- Salvà-Costa Vicent
- Samat Noryani Mohd
- Sanchez Losune Cano
- Sanchez Maria Angeles Hurtado
- Sanchez-Hurtado Luis Alejandro
- Sandberg Ulla
- Sandesc Dorel
- Sankar-Maharaj Sasha
- Sankey Babangida John
- Santiago Eleanor
- Santos Jacinta
- Santos Rayanne
- Sanz Luz Coronado
- Sanz Miquel
- Sarkar Nikki
- Saul Pablo
- Sawawiboon Chaiwut
- Schaller Stefan
- Schallom Marilyn
- Schefold Joerg C.
- Schmidt Raysa Cristina
- Schmollgruber Shelley
- Schmukler Armando
- Schmutz René
- Schulze Tobias
- Schüppel Sebastian
- Scire Giovanni
- Scutariu Monica Adriana
- Sellami Walid
- Sepulveda Maria Idalia
- Sergeev Dmitry
- Serin Sibel Ocak
- Seromenho Vanda
- Serpa Leticia
- Sertznig Claude
- Setten Mariano
- Shah Bhagyesh
- Shao Hongyan
- Shaw David
- Shawish Sabah Abu
- Shayamano Rosina
- Sheehan Christine
- Shen Yanling
- Sherwin James
- Shi Guanxiu
- Shi Zeya
- Shime Nobuaki
- Shimizu Masako
- Short Jack
- Shosholcheva Mirjana
- Shosolcheva Mirjana
- Sierra Rafael
- Sills Martin
- Silva Pedro
- Sim Yun Su
- Simi Marcelo
- Simon Philipp
- Singh Keevan
- Singh Mukta
- Sjobo Britt
- Skorstad Elin Mari
- Slobodianiuk Gari
- Slobodianiuk Garri
- Smajic Jasmina
- Smiley Kathleen Ann
- Smith Catherine
- Smith Chris
- Smith Julie
- Smith Neil
- Smith Orla
- Smith Samantha
- Soledad Javiera
- Somerville Justine
- Sona Carrie
- Song Bing
- Song Caiju
- Song JinHui
- Song Min
- Song Rima
- Sosa Miguel Ángel
- Sosnowski Kellie
- Sostaric Maja
- Soula Enas
- Soulisse Léa
- Soundoulounaki Stella
- Souppart Virginie
- Sourla Evdokia
- Sousa Bruno
- Spadaro Savino
- Spina Rosario
- Spyropoulou Anastasia
- Spångfors Martin
- Stafylaraki Maria
- Staikos Ioannis
- Stalika Kristina Mariana Matei
- Stanojević Maja
- Starchenko Irina
- Stefanovic Branislava
- Steffenak Elin
- Stehr Sebastian
- Stenset Ane
- Stiban Sonia
- Stivanello Lucia
- Stojanovic Milena
- Stones Elizabeth
- Straede Esben
- Stübner Andeas
- Subedi Nisha Bhandari
- Suen Gabriel
- Sulaiman Siti Rohayah
- Sun Chengxia
- Sun Wei
- Sun Yue
- Susanti Ade
- Sustic Alan
- Swinnen Walter
- Syed Muhommed Ridwaan
- Sykehus Drammen
- Szakmany Tamas
- Sánchez-Hurtado Luis
- Tababa Osama Wanees Emhemid
- Tabah Alexis
- Tabib Majd
- Taghavi Noushin
- Taibi Maria Rosa
- Taito Shunsuke
- Tak Poon Shing
- Takahashi Kenji
- Talik Imen
- Tallot Mandy
- Tamayo Luis Mario
- Tamme Kadri
- Tan Lei
- Tao Jing
- Tapia Fernando
- Tavares Ana
- Taşdemir Banu
- Teig Magnus
- Tejeda-Huezo Brigitte
- Telleria Vanesa Mercado
- Templeton Mae
- Terry Dorothy
- Tervo-Heikkinen Tarja
- Thankamma Bindu
- Theisen Christian
- Thix Cyril
- Tholioti Thomai
- Thoma Giannoula
- Thomas Beverley
- Thompson Amy
- Thompson Lorraine
- Thomsen Tina Damgaar
- Thorpe Elaine
- Tian Eryun
- Tian Xiao Fang
- Tian Yani
- Tian Zhixia
- Timsit Jean-Francois
- Tingsvik Catarina
- Tirado Celia
- Toellefsen Annette
- Tokareva Ekaterina
- Tokur Murat Emre
- Tole Eunice
- Tomescu Dana
- Tong Jenny May Geok
- Tonkovic Dinko
- Toppin Patrick
- Torlinski Tomasz
- Traina Lidia
- Tranello Francesca Paola
- Tribulev Maksim
- Tridente Ascanio
- Triki Ahmed Ramadan
- Tripathy Swagata
- Trongtrakul Konlawij
- Trongtratul Konlawij
- Trposak Angela
- Trudvang Siw
- Trueman-Dawkins Treiza
- Tsarev Alexander
- Tsikriki Syragoula
- Tsikritsaki Kyriaki
- Tsujimoto Mayumi
- Tubacka Marta
- Tuinstra Binny
- Tuo Lili
- Turan Can
- Turan Sema
- Turc Jean
- Turner Sarah Jane
- Turčan Anton
- Tutillo Diego Rolando Morocho
- Twagirumugabe Theogene
- Twiggs Hilary
- Uba Stella
- Uccelli Francesco
- Udiljak Nikolina
- Ugwu Innocent
- Umek Nejc
- Undar Hasan Nabi
- Vakalos Aristeidis
- Valerio Idália
- Valgolio Emanuel
- Valta Maija
- Valta Maija Anniina
- van Axel Alisha
- Van Cotthem Ilse
- Van de Velde Stijn
- Van Den Berg Lettie
- Van Den Brink Mark
- Van Den Elst Arlette
- van der Kuil Mark
- Van Gulik Laura
- Van Regenmortel Niels
- Van Vliet Peter
- Vanroest Margijske
- Varela Maria
- Vaschetto Rosanna
- Vasquez Alexandra
- Vaughan-Jones Nicola
- Velickovic Jelena
- Veličković Dejan
- Ventour Dale
- Vermeijden Jan Wytze
- Vieira João
- Villa Robert
- Villafuerte Missael Vladimir Espinoza
- Villanueva Ximena
- Villegas Paula
- Viveiros Abel
- Vizcaychipi Marcela
- Vlaovic Janko
- Vochin Ana
- Volta Carlo Alberto
- von der Osten Ingrid
- Von Der Osten Ingrid
- von Lewinski Dirk
- Vosylius Saulius
- Vuković Anita
- Vullum Sylvi
- Vymazal Tamas
- Vymazal Tomas
- Wahab Sherliza
- Wahlbom Ewa
- Waibel Hansjoerg
- Wallin Ewa
- Walsh Amy
- Wan Jianhong
- Wan Yan
- Wang Damei
- Wang Fanglan
- Wang GuoXian
- Wang Hai Yun
- Wang Haiyan
- Wang Jing
- Wang Kefang
- Wang LingLing
- Wang RuiXia
- Wang Shuhui
- Wang Shuo
- Wang Wei
- Wang Wenmei
- Wang Xiaomin
- Wang Yan
- Wang Ying
- Wang Yingli
- Wang Yuping
- Wang Yuxia
- Watts Stacey
- Waweru-Siika Wangari
- Wei Dongfang
- Wei Wei
- Wei Xiyan
- Wei Ying
- Welters Ingeborg D.
- White Joanne
- White Nigel
- Whiteley Simon
- Whitticase Richard
- Wiborg Elisabeth
- Wijnands Patricia
- Wilby Liz
- Williams Anne
- Williams Ged
- Williams Helen
- Williams Karen
- Williams Lynne
- Wilting Rob
- Wise Robert
- Woods Justin
- Wright Kerry
- Wu Juan
- Wu ShiFen
- Wu Xiaojun
- Wu Xiaoying
- Wu Yang
- Wu Yun
- Wu Zijing
- Xhindi Nordian
- Xia Chun Jie
- Xia Xinhua
- Xiao Lina
- Xiao Min
- Xiao Yan
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Xie Yan
- Xing Cynthia
- Xiong Yunfeng
- Xixi Li
- Xu Lina
- Xu Xiao
- Xu Xuelian
- Xu Yan
- Xue Xiujuan
- Yaghi Aktham
- Yakubu Yakubu H.
- Yamamoto Ryohey
- Yan Howe
- Yan Xiaoli
- Yan Yan
- Yang Fan
- Yang Fengling
- Yang Huai
- Yang Jing
- Yang Lei
- Yang Qiao
- Yang Shunzhu
- Yang Yanping
- Yang YongXia
- Yao Xiuying
- Yao Yanlan
- Yao Zhiru
- Ye Man
- Ye Mei
- Yeni Nomhle Princess
- Yeon-Joo Lee
- Yildiz İsmail
- Yilmaz Hakan
- Yin Hai
- Yin Li
- Young Charlotte
- Young-Jae Cho
- Yu Jing
- Yu Min
- Yu Tingting
- Yu Zhu Jun
- Yuan Cui
- Yuan Weilian
- Yuan Yuxia
- Yuchen Wu
- Yuemen Ly
- Yumei Chen
- Zahra Hajer Ben
- Zainudin Asmah
- Zakalik Graciela
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zalba-Etayo Begoña
- Zamora Purificacion Sanchez
- Zamorano Matias Jesús Flamm
- Zan Tao
- Zand Farid
- Zarei Fatemeh
- Zeng Jing Mei
- Zeng Qi
- Zepoy Sofia
- Zerman Avşar
- Zermeno Jorge Macias
- Zgrzheblovska Lesia
- Zhang Aizhi
- Zhang Baoke
- Zhang Feifei
- Zhang Guiping
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hongsu
- Zhang Hui
- Zhang Jing
- Zhang Jundi
- Zhang Libing
- Zhang Ling
- Zhang Na
- Zhang Wei
- Zhang Yali
- Zhang Ying
- Zhang Zhenxia
- Zhao Hui Min
- Zhao Lijuan
- Zhao Lina
- Zhao Qian
- Zhao Qingli
- Zhao Rong Hua
- Zhao Ronghua
- Zhao Wenwen
- Zhao Yingjuan
- Zhedaeva Marina
- Zheng Hong
- Zheng Jing
- Zheng Xianhong
- Zhigang Zhang
- Zhijuan Wang
- Zhiping Sun
- Zhivotneva Trina
- Zhou Yuming
- Zhu Guoyan
- Zhu JiFen
- Zhu Jin Yu
- Zivanovic-Posilovic Gordana
- Zorko Nika
- Zubareva Nadezhda
- Zuev Evgeniy
- Zueva Oksana
- Zulkifli Zulkifli
- Ágoston Zsuzsann
- Åkerman Eva
- Çelik Jale Bengi
- Ñamendys-Silva Silvio A.
- Özcan Beysim
- Özserezli Boğaç
- Ünlü Nurdan
- Čuljak Hemena
- Şentürk Evren
- Šuput Aleksandar
- Publication venue
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Publication date
- 09/04/2021
- Field of study
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
- Author
- Abad-Motos Ane
- Abbas Ahmed M.
- Abbas Mostafa
- Abbasi Mujeeb
- Abbott Tom
- Abd Karim Muhammad Fairuz Shah
- Abdalaal Ibrahim
- Abdel-Galil Khalid
- Abdelemam Rania
- Abdelgawad Abdalrahman
- Abdelkarim Maryam
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Abdelfatah
- Abdelmawgoud Sherif
- Abdelmohsen Sarah
- Abdelrahman Ahmed Saber
- Abdelrahman Mostafa
- Abdelwahab Khaled
- Abdou Hossam
- Abdulai Darling Ramatu
- Abdulkhaleq Marwa
- Abdullah Bahiyah
- Abdulsalam Khalifa
- Abdulsalam Shuaib
- Abdur-Rahman Lukman
- Abdus-Salam Rukiyat
- Abdussalam Hameedat Opeyemi
- Abebrese John Tabiri
- Abeldaño Ariel
- Abou-Khalil Jad
- Abou-Taleb Hisham
- Abozid Anwaar
- Abozied Hesham
- Abrate Alberto
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abubakar Mohammed Kabir
- Abud Burçin
- Abuzaid Mohammed
- Adam Albushra Altayeb
- Adamina Michel
- Adamou Harissou
- Adamu Auwal
- Adamu Kabir Musa
- Adanu Kekeli
- Adebara Idowu
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji
- Adeniran Abiodun
- Adepiti Akinfolarin
- Aderogba Adeleke Akeem
- Adesunkanmi Abdulhafiz
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adisa Adewale
- Adjeso Theophilus Justus Kofi
- Ads Adel Mohamed
- Ads Alaa Mohamed
- Adu-Aryee Nii Armah
- Adumah Collins
- Afzal Irrum
- Agapov Mikhail
- Agarwal Gaurav
- Agarwal Ravi
- Agbeko Anita Eseenam
- Agbeno Evans Kofi
- Agbonrofo Peter
- Agboola Oluseyi
- Aggarwal Gaurav
- Aghadi Ifeanyi
- Aghtarafi Natasha
- Agrawal Amit
- Agresta Ferdinando
- Aguado Héctor J.
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Aherne Thomas
- Ahmad Aline
- Ahmad Maleeha
- Ahmad Misbahu
- Ahmad Sarwat
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Shoaib
- Ahmed Hayat Tarig Abdelhafiz
- Ahmed Khalid
- Ahmed Sharwany
- Ahmed Shima
- Ahmed Usama
- Aisuodionoe-Shadrach Oseremen
- Aitken Sarah
- Ajenifuja Kayode
- Ajiya Abdulrazak
- Akeel Nouf
- Akin Emrah
- Akinajo Opeyemi
- Akinyemi Tosin
- Akrida Ioanna
- Aktokmakyan Talar Vartanoglu
- Akwaisah Ayoub
- Al Bettar Osama
- Al-Badawi Ismail A.
- Al-Juaifari Maytham
- Al-Khyatt Waleed
- Al-Mallah Abdullah
- Al-Nusairi Ahmed
- Al-Saadi Nina
- Al-Sayaghi Khaled
- Al-Shaiji Tariq
- Al-Shehari Mohammed
- Al-Touny Aiman
- Al-Touny Shimaa A.
- Aladawi Omar
- Aladna Abdallah
- Alali Mahmoud
- Alam Mahmood
- Alam Mohammed Shadrul
- Alarabi Rehab
- Alawneh Yazan
- Alayande Barnabas
- Albanese Erminia
- Albayadi Eslam
- Albdour Maram
- Alconchel Felipe
- Alderazi Amer
- Alegbeleye Bamidele
- Alekberli Tural
- Alemu Misganaw Alemu Adimass
- Alexander Philip
- Alfieri Alex
- Algahtany Khaled
- Algarni Kamal
- Alhamad Ameen
- Alhamid Mohammad
- Alharmi Rawan A. Rahman
- Alharthi Mohammed
- Alhazmi Barrag
- Ali Mohamed Shafi Mahboob
- Ali Stephen
- Alibrahim Hidar
- Aljaaly Hattan
- Aljaiuossi Anas
- Aljanadi Firas
- Aljiffry Murad
- Aljirdabi Noof
- Alkahlan Mohammed
- Alkhalifa Elmustafa
- Alkhatib Sondos
- Alkhatieb Maram
- Allan Anna
- Almarshad Felwa
- Almgla Naser
- Almhimid Ali
- Almiqlash Bushray
- Almoshantaf Mohammad Badr
- Almutairi Abdulmjeed
- Alnsour Abed Alfattah Mahmoud
- Alobied Majd
- Alomar Osama
- Alonso Jesús Aarón Martínez
- Alonso Manuel Diez
- Alonso Nestor Fabian Pedraza
- Alonso Veronica
- Alqallaf Abdullah
- Alqaseer Asma
- Alrayes Bourhan
- Alsefri Maryam
- Alser Osaid
- Alsharif Mohammed
- Alsori Mohamed
- Altaf Abdulmalik
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altiner Saygin
- Altouny Ahmad
- Altun Demet
- Alvarez Natalia
- Alvarez-Lozada Luis Adrian
- Alvi Abdul
- Alwael Athari
- Alwash Mohammed
- Alyami Ziyad
- Alyousef Mohammed
- Alzahrani Saud
- Alzerwi Nasser
- Amin Shivang
- Amir Mohammed
- Ammar Ahmed Siddique
- Ammendola Michele
- Amores Remedios Revilla
- Amrayev Sultan
- Anastasiadou Sofia
- Ancans Guntis
- Anderson Caroline
- Andreani Lorenzo
- Andreotti Dario
- Andreuccetti Jacopo
- Andrianakis Alexandros
- Andro Christophe
- Anesi Alexandre
- Angamuthu Stephen
- Angeles Martina Aida
- Angelico Roberta
- Angelis Fragkiskos
- Angelou Dimitrios
- Angelou Kyveli
- Angulo Victor Pinto
- Anjum Arfa
- Anjum Muhammad Ayyub
- Annicchiarico Alfredo
- Anoldo Pietro
- Ansaloni Luca
- Anthoulakis Christos
- Antonelli Amedeo
- Anwar Mohamed
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Mariyah
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- Huatuco René Manuel Palacios
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- Ingallinella Sara
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- Kapetanakis Emmanouil
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- Kapur Karan
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- Karakullukcu Haluk Kerim
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- Karthigeyan Madhivanan
- Kaselas Christos
- Kassab Mohamad B.
- Kassam Al-Faraaz
- Katechia Devvrat
- Katorkin Sergey
- Katsaros Ioannis
- Katsiaras Lykoyrgos
- Katsura Morihiro
- Kauppila Joonas H
- Kaur Amanjot
- Kausar Nabila
- Kavalakat Alfie
- Kavanagh Marcel Marjanović
- Kazan Ozgur
- Kealey Joshua
- Kebede Ephrem
- Kedwany Ahmed
- Kelly Michael
- Ken-Amoah Sebastian
- Kenington Cleo
- Kennerton A.S.
- Kent Alistair J
- Keramati Mohammad Reza
- Kethy Fagnon
- Keçi Laura
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- Tamayo Beatriz Villota
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- Tamini Nicolò
- Tammo Ömer
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- Tampakis Athanasios
- Tan Chih Ying
- Tan Shawn Jia Hwang
- Tanal Mert
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- Tang Alethea
- Tang Yita
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- Tantraworasin Apichat
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- Tapia-Herrero Ana-María
- Tarek Ahmed
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- Tarsitano Achille
- Tartaglia Dario
- Tartaglia Nicola
- Tashkandi Wail
- Taskiran Cagatay
- Tatar Cihad
- Tatsis Dimitris
- Tawalbeh Ra'Fat
- Tawiah Augustine
- Tebha Sameer
- Techapongsatorn Suphakarn
- Teixeira Pedro
- Tejero-Pintor Francisco J.
- Tellez Karla Susana Martin
- Tellez Luis Garcia-Sancho
- Thaha Mohamed Adhnan
- Thakar Sumit
- Thaw May Htoo
- Theivendran Kanthan
- Thekkinkattil Dinesh
- Theochari Nikoletta
- Theodoropoulos George
- Theophilidou Elena
- Thereska Dariel
- Thiruchandran Gajendiran
- Thomakos Nikolaos
- Thomas Bradley
- Thomas Jerin Jose
- Thuduvage Vasanthika
- Thumbadoo Ruben
- Tian Sarah
- Tidjane Anisse
- Tirloni Luca
- Toia Francesca
- Tokidis Evripidis
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- Tomasicchio Giovanni
- Tomlinson James
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- Triantafyllou Tania
- Trifunovski Aleksandar
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- Trostchansky Ivan
- Trulson Alexander
- Trungu Sokol
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- Tsakiridis Nikolaos
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- Tsolakidis Alexandros
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- Tucker Olga
- Tuech Jean Jacques
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- Ulman Hilmican
- Ulutaş Mehmet Eşref
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- Unsworth Richard
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- Vas Aurelia
- Vasarhelyi Edward
- Vaschetti Roberto
- Vassiliu Panteleimon
- Vatansever Dogan
- Vatish Jamie
- Vaughan-Shaw Peter G.
- Vaysburg Dennis
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- Velázquez Maria Jose Martinez
- Venkatappa Sunil Kumar
- Venketeswaran Meenakshi
- Venskutonis Donatas
- Verbic Milena Senica
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- Verhoeff Kevin
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- Vilz Tim O.
- Vincent Elizabeth
- Vinci Danilo
- Viola Simona
- Violante Tommaso
- Vishnoi Jeewan Ram
- Vissapragada Ravi
- Vivancos Laura Guillamon
- Vives Josep Maria Muñoz
- Vizzielli Giuseppe
- Vohra Lubna
- Vokshi Ismail
- Vosinakis Christos
- Vásquez Javier Alberto Gutiérrez
- Vázquez Gil
- Vázquez Irene Ortega
- Vǎcǎraşu Andrei Bogdan
- Wade Ryckie
- Wafi Omar
- Wagner Gabriela
- Wallis Christopher
- Wanjara Samuel
- Waqar Shahzad Hussain
- Warden Claire
- Warner Christian
- Wasim D.
- Wason Shaun
- Wasserman Isaac
- Watcyn-Jones Tom
- Waterson Ben
- Watson David
- Watson Matthew
- Weber Clemens
- Wheatstone P.
- Wheeler James
- Wheldon Luke
- White Michelle
- White Stuart
- White William
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha
- Widmer Lukas Werner
- Wiedemann Dominik
- Wiesinger Clemens Georg
- Wijekoon Naveen
- Wijenayake Wasantha
- Wijeyaratne Manuk
- Wijeysundera Duminda
- Wiles Matthew
- Wilkin Richard
- Wilkins Alex
- Wilkins James
- William Tinka George
- Williams Omolara Modupe
- Williams Shekinah
- Windsor John
- Winnand Philipp
- Wittmann Maria
- Wolde Amanuel
- Wolfenden John W. D.
- Wong Benjamin Ngie Xiong
- Wong Enoch
- Wong Evan G.
- Wong George Kwok Chu
- Wong Ho Ying Flora
- Wong Kai Yuen
- Wormald Justin
- Wright Deborah
- Wright Joshua
- Wu Fiona
- Wurm Markus
- Xenaki Sofia
- Yadev Ip
- Yahaya Ahmad Shuib
- Yakubu Mustapha
- Yang Wah
- Yanik Özge
- Yanowsky-Reyes Guillermo
- Yassin Abubaker
- Yates Elizabeth
- Yebes Alvaro
- Yenli Edwin Mwintiereh Ta-Ang
- Yeoh Tien
- Yeung Justin
- Yiallourou Anneza
- Yigit Banu
- Yildirim Asif
- Yim Guang
- Yiu Andrew
- Yonekura Hiroshi
- Yotsov Tsanko
- Younis Muhammad Umar
- Yunus Alif
- Yusefi Hossein
- Zabaleta Jon
- Zabkiewicz Catheriner
- Zaccaria Giulia
- Zacharia Bincy
- Zafar Syed Nabeel
- Zago Mauro
- Zaheen Zakia
- Zahid Zahra
- Zaimis Tilemachos
- Zakaria Andee Dzulkarnaen
- Zambon Martina
- Zamora Lindsey
- Zampogna Biagio
- Zancana Giuseppa
- Zani Augusto
- Zanin Luca
- Zanini Nicola
- Zapardiel Ignacio
- Zapata Carlos Shiraishi
- Zarif Pierre
- Zaránd Attila
- Zehnder Philipp
- Zenger Serkan
- Zenha Horácio
- Zhu Michael Z. L.
- Ziemann Sebastian
- Zimak Danijela Mrazovac
- Zimak Zoran
- Zivkovic Dragana
- Zizzo Maurizio
- Zucker Benjamin
- Zwain Yasir
- Zyskowski Michael
- Ávila Clara Castro
- Älgå Andreas
- Çakici Mehmet Çaǧlar
- Çelik Enes
- Çelik Meryem Nur
- Özçay Necdet
- Şevik Hüsnü
- Šantak Goran
- Šimko Kristián
- Žatecký Jan
- Publication venue
- 'Oxford University Press (OUP)'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Abstract
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries
Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study
- Author
- Aaron Joffe
- Aaron Mark Hernandez
- Aaron Mark Hernandez
- Abby Lewis
- Abdelhamid Hachimi
- Abdualhamid I Alshrif
- Abel Viveiros
- Abhijit Duggal
- Abidin Oner Balbay
- Achilleas Chovas
- Ade Susanti
- Adi Hadzibegovic
- Adonis Dungca
- Adrian Belii
- Adrian Belii
- Adriana Onelli
- Afolabi Owojuyigbe
- Agnieszka Kubisz-Pudelko
- Agnès Blanc
- Ahmed Ali Aboufray
- Ahmed Elhadi
- Ahmed Ramadan Triki
- Ahmed Subhy Alsheikhly
- Ahmed Zaki
- Ahmet Eroglu
- Aidan O'Shea
- Aikaterini Dimoula
- Aikaterini Efthimiou
- Aikaterini Flevari
- Ailesh Corcoran
- AiPing Bi
- Aiua Ren
- Aizhi Zhang
- Ajitha Rajendran
- Akemi Hirao
- Akira Ohuchi
- Aktham Yaghi
- Ala Khaled
- Alan Sustic
- Alan Sustic
- Alba Riera
- Alban Greca
- Alberto de Jesús Ortiz
- Alberto Peratoner
- Alejandra Aucapina
- Alejandra Azahara Marguello Fernandez
- Alejandro Ibarra
- Aleksandar Šuput
- Aleksandra Gutysz-Wojnicka
- Alessandra Negro
- Alessandro Di Risio
- Alessandro Galazzi
- Alexander Dullenkopf
- Alexander Kiselev
- Alexander Tsarev
- Alexandra Pivkina
- Alexandra Vasquez
- Alexis Tabah
- Ali Kağnıcı
- Alida Moise
- Aline Ramalho
- Alinoy Lavy
- Alisha van Axel
- Alma Cani
- Alvaro Ortega Guerrero
- Amalia Corso
- Amber Markham
- Amelia Ferreira
- Amer Assiri
- Amilcar Garcia
- Amilcar Garcia
- Amit Gupta
- Amit Gupta
- Amy Collins
- Amy Thompson
- Amy Walsh
- Amylkar Garay Reyes
- Amylkar José Garay Reyes
- Ana Alabart Llinas
- Ana Alícia Velarde Pineda
- Ana Bantar
- Ana Belén Curto Polo
- Ana Belén Sánchez de la Ventana
- Ana Diaz
- Ana Diaz
- Ana Isabel Clement
- Ana Laura Gonzalez
- Ana Lucia Vitti Ronchini
- Ana Margarida Feranandes
- Ana María De Pablo
- Ana Pascual-Bielsa
- Ana Tavares
- Ana Vochin
- Ana Wensell Fernández
- Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Anastasio Espejo Cano
- Andeas Stübner
- Andrea Bruni
- Andrea Cortegiani
- Andrea Cortegiani
- Andrea Cortegiani
- Andrea Giampaoletti
- Andrea Martonova
- Andrea Martonova
- Andrea McDonnell
- Andrea McLucas
- Andrej Markota
- Andrijan Kartalov
- Andréa Maria Laizner
- Andréa Maria Laizner
- Andréa Maria Laizner
- Ane Stenset
- Angela Trposak
- Angelica Olivetto de Almeida
- Anisette Hoegenhaven
- Anita Alias
- Anita Jans
- Anita Vuković
- Anita-Chrysolyte Kusi-Appiah
- Anja Diers
- Anja Hansen
- Ann-Sofie Malvemyr
- Anna Alexandrou
- Anna Diaz
- Anna Efthymiou
- Anna Kyriakoudi
- Anna Leonova
- Anna Vita Bruno
- Anne Fishman
- Anne Langvad
- Anne Marie Kodal
- Anne Sofie Bomholt Pedersen
- Anne Williams
- Anne-Sophie Debue
- Annette Carey
- Annette Toellefsen
- Anthony Adenekan
- Anthony Radavidson
- Antigoni Karathanou
- Anton Turčan
- Antonella Cotoia
- Antonella Mo
- Antoni Margarit Ribas
- Antonia Liarmakopoulou
- Antonija Petosic
- Antonino Rizzo
- Antonio Abdala
- Antonio Barone
- Antonio Landaverde
- Antonio Manzo
- Antonio Margarit Ribas
- Antony Eneas
- Apostolos Bakas
- Arena Raimondo
- Arif Moghal
- Aristeidis Vakalos
- Arlette Van Den Elst
- Armanda Bozena
- Armando Schmukler
- Armorel Salberg
- Artemis Patsalos
- Arturo Briva
- Arvind Baronia
- Asbjorn Blondal
- Ascanio Tridente
- Ashish K Khanna
- Ashish K Khanna
- Ashish Khanna
- Ashley Szabo Eltorai
- Ashok Sundai Raj
- Ashwaq Ali
- Asmah Zainudin
- Asu Ozgultekin
- Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Athena Lavrentieva
- Attilio Quaini
- Audrey Fioretti
- Audrey Massard
- Auke Reidinga
- Auli Palmu
- Avşar Zerman
- Aya Alabuzidi
- Ayako Noguchi
- Ayça Gümüş
- Azmin Huda Abdul Rahim
- Babangida John Sankey
- Badiola Hilario
- Banu Taşdemir
- Baoke Zhang
- Barbara Garcia
- Barbro Meland
- Bart Ramaker
- Basri Mat Nor
- Battsetseg Baasanjav
- Başar Erdivanli
- Başar Erdivanli
- Beatrice Pastore
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- Belinda Guadi-Gosh
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- Benoît Chinardet
- Berenice Navarro
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- Beverley Thomas
- Beysim Özcan
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- Cheryl Bealer
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- Chun Jie Xia
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- Cynthia Xing
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- Dana Tomescu
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- Detlef Kindgen-Milles
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- Enas Soula
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- Eugeniya Larina
- Eulália Luis
- Eumorfia Kondili
- Eunice Tole
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- Vitaly Gusarev
- Vitaly Gusarov
- Vitor Gomes
- Vitor Manuel Vaz Pinto
- Viveca Hamback Hellkvist
- Višnja Nesek Adam
- Vladimir Gurevich
- Vladimir Kulakov
- Vladislav Belskiy
- Volkan Inal
- Volodymyr Babych
- Vongayi Ogbeide
- W Nazaruddin W Hassan
- Walid Naija
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- Walter Swinnen
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- Wei Sun
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- Wei Zhang
- Weilian Yuan
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- Wendy Chaboyer
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- Willem Dieperink
- Windu Baskoro
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- Wu Yuchen
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- Xia Huang
- Xianhong Zheng
- Xianping Luo
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- Xiao Xu
- XiaoChun Hu
- Xiaodi Liu
- Xiaofang Luo
- Xiaohan Li
- Xiaohan Li
- Xiaojun Wu
- Xiaoli Yan
- Xiaomin Wang
- Xiaoqiong Deng
- Xiaowu Bai
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Xiaoying Wu
- XiaoZhe Liu
- Ximena Villanueva
- Xingguo Li
- Xinhua Xia
- Xinhua Xia
- Xinjian Li
- Xinran Ding
- Xinxia Li
- Xinxia Li
- Xiuhua Fang
- Xiuhua Fang
- Xiujuan Xue
- XiuMei Liu
- Xiuying Yao
- Xiyan Wei
- Xu Peipei
- Xue Lin
- Xue Qin Li
- Xuejuan Liang
- XueLian Liu
- Xuelian Pang
- Xuelian Xu
- Xueping Jiao
- Yajun Ding
- Yakubu H Yakubu
- Yali Zhang
- Yalım Dikmen
- Yalım Dikmen
- Yalim Dikmen
- Yan Gao
- Yan Li
- Yan Liu
- Yan Liu
- Yan Long
- Yan Wan
- Yan Wang
- Yan Xiao
- Yan Xie
- Yan Xu
- Yan Yan
- Yanfei Long
- Yang Lei
- Yang Liu
- Yang Wu
- Yang Xiaoyan
- Yanhong Di
- Yanhua Hao
- Yani Tian
- Yanlan Yao
- Yanling Shen
- Yanman Jian
- Yanmei Gu
- Yanming Ding
- Yann Le Guen
- Yanping Yang
- Yasser Mandourah
- Yenny Cardenas
- Yenny Cardenas
- Yesim Serife Bayraktar
- Yin He
- Ying Cao
- Ying Li
- Ying Liu
- Ying Wang
- Ying Wei
- Ying Zhang
- Yingjuan Zhao
- Yingli Wang
- Yinhua Guo
- Yolanda Mendiara
- YongXia Yang
- Yoshimasa Nishime
- Yoshiro Hayashi
- Youjin Chang
- Youru Jiang
- Youssef Zied Elhechmi
- Ysica Acosta
- Yu Chao
- Yu Han
- Yu Liu
- Yu Liu
- Yue Sun
- Yue Ying Gong
- Yuming Zhou
- Yun Su Sim
- Yun Wu
- Yunchun Dong
- Yunfeng Xiong
- Yupeng Liu
- Yuping Wang
- Yuxia Huo
- Yuxia Wang
- Yuxia Yuan
- Yvan Fleury
- Yvonne Andersen
- Zainab Ateya
- Zaneta Bogoevska-Miteva
- Zeya Shi
- Zhang Zhigang
- ZhangShuangzi Li
- ZhangXia Feng
- Zhaoxia Feng
- Zhaoxing Dai
- Zhenxia Zhang
- Zhihong Chen
- Zhiru Yao
- Zhixia Jiang
- ZhiXia Jiang
- Zhixia Tian
- Zhu Jun Yu
- Zhuqing Li
- Zied Hajjej
- Zijing Wu
- Zsuzsann Ágoston
- Zu Qing Cao
- Zulkifli Zulkifli
- Ângela Lima
- Publication venue
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Publication date
- 29/08/2020
- Field of study
Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat
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- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
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- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
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- Alam Noore
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
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- Alicandro Gianfranco
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- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
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- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
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- Carrero Juan J
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- Carvalheiro Cristina G
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- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
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- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Desalegn
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- Shivarov Velizar
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- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
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- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
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- Thayakaran Rasiah
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- Tian Jing
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- Wojewodzic Marcin W
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- Wong Yen Jun
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- Xia Juan
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- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
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- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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