Creencias y actitudes lingüísticas de los estudiantes de la Universidad de El Salvador sobre el uso del sustrato Náhuat en el Español que se habla en El Salvador

Las lenguas indígenas de El Salvador y otras de Latinoamérica han quedado relegadas a usos orales. El sustrato de cada una de ellas es parte de la cultura nacional que merece ser conservada, difundida y desarrollada para contribuir con la revitalización de las mismas y la preservación del patrimonio cultural intangible. Diversos fenómenos como la invisibilización por parte del Estado, la migración campo-ciudad, la censura, la negación de la identidad, la globalización; entre otros, han causado un impactante daño en sus costumbres y tradiciones logrando desarticular su tejido social. Uno de los aspectos sociales más relevantes para el análisis de la lengua en uso es el de las actitudes y creencias lingüísticas. “Los estudios sobre actitudes lingüísticas permiten trazar relaciones centrales entre lengua y sociedad”. (Garrett, 2001: 630) En este estudio se analizan las actitudes lingüísticas de una muestra de estudiantes de la Universidad de El Salvador hacia el empleo de palabras de origen náhuat (el sustrato) y asimismo las respectivas creencias que generan dichas actitudes

Naturally light right-handed neutrinos in a 3-3-1 Model

In this work we show that light right-handed neutrinos, with mass in the sub-eV scale, is a natural outcome in a 3-3-1 model. By considering effective dimension five operators, the model predicts three light right-handed neutrinos, weakly mixed with the left-handed ones. We show also that the model is able to explain the LSND experiment and still be in agreement with solar and atmospheric data for neutrino oscillation.Comment: About 5 pages, no-figure

Values and the formation of a culture of national defense dental stu-dents

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los valores en la formación de una cultura de defensa nacional en estudiantes de Odontología. Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo explicativo, cuantitativo, transversal; constituido por una muestra probabi-lística (selección aleatoria simple) de 192 estudiantes de Odontología que cursaban el semestre 2015-2, se distribuyó según años de estudios: primero (n=42), segundo (n=44), tercero (n=33), cuarto (n=39) y quinto (n =34). Se aplicó el cuestionario de la versión reducida de la Escala de Valores de Schwartz (PVQ-21) para medir la variable valores y el cuestionario validado por Suárez, DG y Montano, YM (basado en la Escala NATID y estudios de César Cobos Ruiz) para medir la variable formación de una cultura de defensa nacional. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi cuadrado, coeficiente de Spearman, frecuencias y promedios. Resultados: Se encontró un coeficiente de confiabilidad de 0.807 para el instrumento de valores y 0.904 para el de defensa nacional, la variable valores presenta un nivel predominantemente medio y la variable formación de una cultura de defensa nacional es alto, la prueba chi cuadrado es significativa (9.49) y el Rho de Spearman es mediana (0.546) para las variables en estudio. Conclusiones: Existe relación e influencia significativa entre los valores y la formación de una cultura de defensa nacional.Objetive: Determine the influence of values in the formation of a national defense culture in dental students. Materials and method: an explanatory observational, descriptive study, quantitative, cross, consisting of a random sample (simple random selection) of 192 dental students who were studying the semester 2015-2, was distributed by years of studies was conducted first (n = 42), second (n =44), third (n = 33), fourth (n = 39) and fifth (n = 34). The questionnaire reduced Values Scale Schwartz (PVQ-21) for measuring the variable values and questionnaire validated by Suarez, DG and Montano, YM (based on NATID Scale and studies Cesar Cobos Ruiz) version was applied variable measuring the formation of a culture of National Defense. For statistical analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, Chi square, Spearman coefficient, frequencies and averages. Results: A reliability coefficient of 0.807 for the instrument securities and 0.904 for national defense was found, the variable values presents a predomi-nantly middle and training variable a culture of national defense is high, the chisquare test is significant (50.229) and Spearman Rho is medium (0.546) for the variables under study. Conclusions: There is significant relationship and influence between values and the formation of a culture of national defense

Genetics of Oxidative Stress in Obesity

Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue and peripheral organs. Its derived metabolic complications are mediated by the associated oxidative stress, inflammation and hypoxia. Oxidative stress is due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species or diminished antioxidant defenses. Genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant defense system genes, could alter the efficacy of these enzymes and, ultimately, the risk of obesity; thus, studies investigating the role of genetic variations in genes related to oxidative stress could be useful for better understanding the etiology of obesity and its metabolic complications. The lack of existing literature reviews in this field encouraged us to gather the findings from studies focusing on the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress-producing systems and transcription factor genes concerning their association with obesity risk and its phenotypes. In the future, the characterization of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in obese patients could contribute to the development of controlled antioxidant therapies potentially beneficial for the treatment of obesity-derived metabolic complications.The present study was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS) (project number: PI11/02042 and PI05/1968); Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa (RETIC), Research Network on Maternal and Child Health and Development (SAMID) RD08/0072/0028 and SAMID RD12/0026/0015; Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Innovación y Ciencia (project number: P06-CTS 2203 and PI-0296/2007). Rupérez A.I was funded by a Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU) stipend from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Spanish Government (AP2009-0547)

Low-Energy Physics in Neutrino LArTPCs

In this white paper, we outline some of the scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. Key takeaways are summarized as follows. 1) LArTPCs have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below the few tens of MeV range. 2) Low-energy signatures are an integral part of GeV-scale accelerator neutrino interaction final states, and their reconstruction can enhance the oscillation physics sensitivities of LArTPC experiments. 3) BSM signals from accelerator and natural sources also generate diverse signatures in the low-energy range, and reconstruction of these signatures can increase the breadth of BSM scenarios accessible in LArTPC-based searches. 4) Neutrino interaction cross sections and other nuclear physics processes in argon relevant to sub-hundred-MeV LArTPC signatures are poorly understood. Improved theory and experimental measurements are needed. Pion decay-at-rest sources and charged particle and neutron test beams are ideal facilities for experimentally improving this understanding. 5) There are specific calibration needs in the low-energy range, as well as specific needs for control and understanding of radiological and cosmogenic backgrounds. 6) Novel ideas for future LArTPC technology that enhance low-energy capabilities should be explored. These include novel charge enhancement and readout systems, enhanced photon detection, low radioactivity argon, and xenon doping. 7) Low-energy signatures, whether steady-state or part of a supernova burst or larger GeV-scale event topology, have specific triggering, DAQ and reconstruction requirements that must be addressed outside the scope of conventional GeV-scale data collection and analysis pathways

Low exposure long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of the DUNE experiment

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE's sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-years (kt-MW-yr). The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on the flux prediction, the neutrino interaction model, and detector effects. We demonstrate that DUNE will be able to unambiguously resolve the neutrino mass ordering at a 3$\sigma$ (5$\sigma$) level, with a 66 (100) kt-MW-yr far detector exposure, and has the ability to make strong statements at significantly shorter exposures depending on the true value of other oscillation parameters. We also show that DUNE has the potential to make a robust measurement of CPV at a 3$\sigma$ level with a 100 kt-MW-yr exposure for the maximally CP-violating values \delta_{\rm CP}} = \pm\pi/2. Additionally, the dependence of DUNE's sensitivity on the exposure taken in neutrino-enhanced and antineutrino-enhanced running is discussed. An equal fraction of exposure taken in each beam mode is found to be close to optimal when considered over the entire space of interest

Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of $7\times 6\times 7.2$~m$^3$. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components

Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network

Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between data and simulation

Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network

Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on experimental data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between experimental data and simulation