Phylogeny of minute carabid beetles and their relatives based upon DNA sequence data (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechitae)

The phylogeny of ground beetles of supertribe Trechitae is inferred using DNA sequences of genes that code for 28S ribosomal RNA, 18S ribosomal RNA, and wingless. Within the outgroups, austral psydrines are inferred to be monophyletic, and separate from the three genera of true Psydrina (Psydrus, Nomius, Laccocenus); the austral psydrines are formally removed from Psydrini and are treated herein as their own tribe, Moriomorphini Sloane. All three genes place Gehringia with Psydrina. Trechitae is inferred to be monophyletic, and sister to Patrobini. Within trechites, evidence is presented that Tasmanitachoides is not a tachyine, but is instead a member of Trechini. Perileptus is a member of subtribe Trechodina. Against Erwin’s hypothesis of anillines as a polyphyletic lineage derived from the tachyine genus Paratachys, the anillines sampled are monophyletic, and not related to Paratachys. Zolini, Pogonini, Tachyina, and Xystosomina are all monophyletic, with the latter two being sister groups. The relationships of the subtribe Bembidiina were studied in greater detail. Phrypeus is only distantly related to Bembidion, and there is no evidence from sequence data that it belongs within Bembidiina. Three groups that have been recently considered to be outside of the large genus Bembidion are shown to be derived members of Bembidion, related to subgroups: Cillenus is related to the Ocydromus complex of Bembidion, Zecillenus is related to the New Zealand subgenus Zeplataphus, and Hydrium is close to subgenus Metallina. The relationships among major lineages of Trechitae are not, however, resolved with these data.Keywords: Trechinae, DNA, Trechitae, Carabidae, Bembidiini, Molecular phylogeny, Ground beetle

Design for ground beetle abundance and diversity sampling within the National Ecological Observatory Network

The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) will monitor ground beetle populations across a network of broadly distributed sites because beetles are prevalent in food webs, are sensitive to abiotic factors, and have an established role as indicator species of habitat and climatic shifts. We describe the design of ground beetle population sampling in the context of NEON's long-term, continentalscale monitoring program, emphasizing the sampling design, priorities, and collection methods. Freely available NEON ground beetle data and associated field and laboratory samples will increase scientific understanding of how biological communities are responding to land-use and climate change.Peer reviewe

Phylogenetic Relationships of Tribes Within Harpalinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Inferred from 28S Ribosomal DNA and the Wingless Gene

Harpalinae is a large, monophyletic subfamily of carabid ground beetles containing more than 19,000 species in approximately 40 tribes. The higher level phylogenetic relationships within harpalines were investigated based on nucleotide data from two nuclear genes, wingless and 28S rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses of combined data indicate that many harpaline tribes are monophyletic, however the reconstructed trees showed little support for deeper nodes. In addition, our results suggest that the Lebiomorph Assemblage (tribes Lebiini, Cyclosomini, Graphipterini, Perigonini, Odacanthini, Lachnophorini, Pentagonicini, Catapiesini and Calophaenini), which is united by a morphological synapomorphy, is not monophyletic, and the tribe Lebiini is paraphyletic with respect to members of Cyclosomini. Two unexpected clades of tribes were supported: the Zuphiitae, comprised of Anthiini, Zuphiini, Helluonini, Dryptini, Galeritini, and Physocrotaphini; and a clade comprised of Orthogoniini, Pseudomorphini, and Graphipterini. The data presented in this study represent a dense sample of taxa to examine the molecular phylogeny of Harpalinae and provide a useful framework to examine the origin and evolution of morphological and ecological diversity in this group

Формирование эмоциональной культуры как компонента инновационной культуры студентов

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders1 and Darwin was one of the first to recognise that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness2. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity, ROH), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power3,4. Here we use ROH to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity (SROH) and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second (FEV1), general cognitive ability (g) and educational attainment (nominal p<1 × 10−300, 2.1 × 10−6, 2.5 × 10−10, 1.8 × 10−10). In each case increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing convincing evidence for the first time that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples5,6, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection7, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been

Figure 1. A in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Figure 1. A, study location; distribution area of Scaphinotus petersi is circled. Habitats above 1830 m a.s.l. are shown in black, and habitats between 1500 and 1830 m a.s.l. are shown in grey. B, shaded relief map of study area. Black dots denote the sampling localities of S. petersi used in this study (see Table 1), abbreviated as follows: C, Chiricahua Mountains; H, Huachuca Mountains; P, Pinal Mountains; PN, Pinaleño Mountains; R, Rincon Mountains; SA, Sierra Ancha Mountains; SC, Santa Catalina Mountains; SR, Santa Rita Mountains; WM, White Mountains. Figure modified from Ober et al. (2011).Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Ober, Karen A. &amp; Connolly, Craig T., 2015, Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae), pp. 107-118 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 108, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12269, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107833"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107833&lt;/a&gt

Figure 3 in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Figure 3. Maximum-likelihood tree of Scaphinotus petersi populations from combined 28S rDNA, COI, and ND1 + mtRNA data. The out-group, Sphaeroderus lecontei, is removed to show greater detail. Specimen numbers are removed, but the subspecies and mountain range from which they were collected is indicated. Specimens from all subspecies in Table 1 are represented in the molecular phylogeny. Support for major branches is indicated by Bayesian posterior probability/ maximum likelihood bootstrap values. *Bayesian posterior probability greater than 95%. Scale bar units are substitutions per site.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Ober, Karen A. &amp; Connolly, Craig T., 2015, Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae), pp. 107-118 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 111, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12269, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107833"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107833&lt;/a&gt

Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Ober, Karen A., Connolly, Craig T. (2015): Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (1): 107-118, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12269, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.1226

Figure 4 in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Figure 4. ANOVA of male length and width trait measurements by mountain range and subspecies: A, male head width; B, male body length; C, male leg length; D, male head length; E, female head width; F, female body length; G, female leg length; H, female head length. Black string, median; open box, first interquartile; bar, second interquartile.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Ober, Karen A. &amp; Connolly, Craig T., 2015, Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae), pp. 107-118 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 112, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12269, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107833"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107833&lt;/a&gt

Figure 2. A in Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Figure 2. A, head shape landmarks on female Scaphinotus petersi biedermani from Rincon Mountains. Pronotum shape landmarks: (B) Scaphinotus petersi kathleenae male from Santa Rita Mountains; (C) Scaphinotus petersi biedermani female from Rincon Mountains.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Ober, Karen A. &amp; Connolly, Craig T., 2015, Geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Arizona Sky Island populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke (Coleoptera: Carabidae), pp. 107-118 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 110, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12269, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107833"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10107833&lt;/a&gt