Integração das atividades de vacinação pelo BCG intradérmico nos programas gerais de imunização das unidades sanitárias

A imunização pelo BCG constitui um recurso operacional de grande alcance nos países em desenvolvimento, onde é elevada a incidência da tuberculose. Os conhecimentos adquiridos nos últimos cinco anos, em nosso meio, permitem elaborar programas para a aplicação do BCG, por via intradérmica, em extensão útil epidemiologicamente, sem o teste tuberculínico prévio. É analisada a experiência da integração da vacinação pelo BCG intradérmico no programa geral de imunização do Centro de Saúde "Geraldo de Paula Souza", da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. As suas conclusões são favoráveis à viabilidade do método, permitindo ampla cobertura de imunização anti-tuberculose da população, desde os primeiros meses de vida.Immunization by BCG is of great effect in developing countries where the incidence of tuberculosis is high. The knowledge that has been acquired in our environment in the last five years has made possible the organization of programmes for BCG intradermic immunization, to a useful epidemiological extent, without a prior tuberculin test. The practice of the integration of intradermic BCG vaccination in the general immunization programmes of the "Geraldo de Paula Souza" Health Unit of S. Paulo University School of Public Health was analysed and the conclusion was favourable as to the viability of the method, which allows a large-scale anti-tuberculosis immunization of the population right from the very first months of life

Limites e possibilidades da Educação Ambiental em uma escola municipal agrícola de ensino fundamental

Ao compreendermos a educação enquanto formação humana intencional para a vida em sociedade, trazemos seu papel como possibilidade de transformação e pressupomos a transversalidade do tema meio ambiente. A análise do Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) de uma Escola Municipal Agrícola de Ensino Fundamental do Estado de São Paulo - Brasil, mediante as três possíveis dimensões da Educação Ambiental (EA), nos permitiu verificar: desafios, como a necessidade de reconhecimento da comunidade local articulada às questões globais, e perspectivas para trabalhos futuros a partir de ligações entre as dimensões da EA no PPP

The determination of the prevalence of tuberculosis infection among school-children vaccinated by Bhattacharya's method

The sucessful application of Bhattacharya's method ( decomposition of frequency distribution into normal components by a grafic method) in the analysis of the results of tuberculin test performed on a population sensitized by "anonymous" strains of mycobacteria, suggested the possibility of its application to two samples of BCG vacinated school-children, living in the city of S. Paulo (Brazil). One of the sample groups, vaccinated between the second and seventh years of life, was surveyed in 1982 and the other, vaccinated during the first year of life, was surveyed in 1988. In both populations it was possible to characterize the normal component corresponding to children infected by tuberculous bacilli and to quantify them. In the first one, the average size of the reactions was 17.40 mm, the standard deviation 3.72 mm and the proportion of infected children 7.71%, against 4.85% in the unvaccinated control group; otherwise, in the population surveyed in 1988, the average size was 17.00 mm, the standard deviation 4.67 mm and the proportion of infected children amounted to 4.14% against 4.48% in the control group. It is concluded that the method permits the estimation of the prevalence of tuberculosis infection among BCG-vaccinated school-children, provided that the vaccine has been given during the first year of life.Em populações muito afetadas por reações tuberculínicas inespecíficas, o teste tuberculínico padronizado, via de regra, superestima a infecção tuberculosa. A bem sucedida aplicação do método de Bhattacharya (método gráfico para a decomposição de uma distribuição de freqüências em componentes normais) na análise de resultados do teste em população contaminada por infecçõcs atípicas sugeriu seu uso nos resultados obtidos cm populações vacinadas com BCG. Assim, na análise dos resultados de dois inquéritos tuberculínicos realizados na cidade de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), em 1982 (escolares vacinados entre o segundo e o sexto ano de vida), e em 1988 (escolares vacinados no primeiro ano de vida), foi possível a caracterização e quantificação da componente normal devida à infecção natural em cada uma das misturas. Na população de 1982 o diâmetro médio das reações foi de 17,40 mm com desvio padrão 3,72 mm, e a proporção de infectados foi de 7,71% contra 4,85% nos não vacinados; na população de 1988, o diâmetro médio foi 17,00 mm com desvio padrão 4,67 mm, e a proporção de infectados foi de 4,14% contra 4,48% nos não vacinados. Concluiu-se que o método permite estimar a prevalência da infecção tuberculosa em populações com alta cobertura vacinal, desde que a vacina tenha sido aplicada no primeiro ano de vida

Integração curricular do tema agropecuária em uma escola municipal agrícola : sentidos construídos

Considerando os desafios da educação ambiental para o enfrentamento da crise ambiental, este recorte de pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, analisou os enunciados dos professores de uma escola agrícola (Rio Claro, SP, Brasil), buscando compreender como têm integrado o tema Agropecuária em suas práticas. Buscando a construção de sentidos sob uma perspectiva bakhtiniana, a leitura dos enunciados iniciais dos professores indicou que maioria dos professores o considera importante e indicam integrá-lo com frequência em suas atividades. No entanto, este não parece ser problematizado: os sentidos produzidos parecem distantes de romper, por meio da crítica, com o discurso hegemônico sobre a questão agropecuária

Karyotype differentiation of four Cestrum species (Solanaceae) revealed by fluorescent chromosome banding and FISH

The karyotypes of four South American species of Cestrum (C. capsulare,C. corymbosum,C. laevigatum and C. megalophylum) were studied using conventional staining, C-CMA/DAPI chromosome banding and FISH with 45S and 5S rDNA probes. The karyotypes showed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16, with metacentric chromosomes, except for the eighth submeta- to acrocentric pair. Several types of heterochromatin were detected, which varied in size, number, distribution and base composition. The C-CMA+ bands and 45S rDNA were located predominantly in terminal regions. The C-CMA + /DAPI + bands appeared in interstitial and terminal regions, and the C-DAPI + bands were found in all chromosome regions. The 5S rDNA sites were observed on the long arm of pair 8 in all species except C. capsulare, where they were found in the paracentromeric region of the long arm of pair 4. The differences in band patterns among the species studied here, along with data from other nine species reported in the literature, suggest that the bands are dispersed in an equilocal and non-equilocal manner and that structural rearrangements can be responsible for internal karyotype diversification. However, it is important to point out that the structural changes involving repetitive segments did not culminate in substantial changes in the general karyotype structure concerning chromosome size and morphology

Inverting family GH156 sialidases define an unusual catalytic motif for glycosidase action

Sialic acids are a family of related sugars that play essential roles in many biological events intimately linked to cellular recognition in both health and disease. Sialidases are therefore orchestrators of cellular biology and important therapeutic targets for viral infection. Here, we sought to define if uncharacterized sialidases would provide distinct paradigms in sialic acid biochemistry. We show that a recently discovered sialidase family, whose first member EnvSia156 was isolated from hot spring metagenomes, defines an unusual structural fold and active centre constellation, not previously described in sialidases. Consistent with an inverting mechanism, EnvSia156 reveals a His/Asp active center in which the His acts as a Bronsted acid and Asp as a Bronsted base in a single-displacement mechanism. A pre-dominantly hydrophobic aglycone site facilitates accommodation of a variety of 2-linked sialosides; a versatility that offers the potential for glycan hydrolysis across a range of biological and technological platforms

EpIG‐DB: A database of vascular epiphyte assemblages in the Neotropics

Vascular epiphytes are a diverse and conspicuous component of biodiversity in tropical and subtropical forests. Yet, the patterns and drivers of epiphyte assemblages are poorly studied in comparison with soil‐rooted plants. Current knowledge about diversity patterns of epiphytes mainly stems from local studies or floristic inventories, but this information has not yet been integrated to allow a better understanding of large‐scale distribution patterns. EpIG‐DB, the first database on epiphyte assemblages at the continental scale, resulted from an exhaustive compilation of published and unpublished inventory data from the Neotropics. The current version of EpIG‐DB consists of 463,196 individual epiphytes from 3,005 species, which were collected from a total of 18,148 relevés (host trees and ‘understory’ plots). EpIG‐DB reports the occurrence of ‘true’ epiphytes, hemiepiphytes and nomadic vines, including information on their cover, abundance, frequency and biomass. Most records (97%) correspond to sampled host trees, 76% of them aggregated in forest plots. The data is stored in a TURBOVEG database using the most up‐to‐date checklist of vascular epiphytes. A total of 18 additional fields were created for the standardization of associated data commonly used in epiphyte ecology (e.g. by considering different sampling methods). EpIG‐DB currently covers six major biomes across the whole latitudinal range of epiphytes in the Neotropics but welcomes data globally. This novel database provides, for the first time, unique biodiversity data on epiphytes for the Neotropics and unified guidelines for future collection of epiphyte data. EpIG‐DB will allow exploration of new ways to study the community ecology and biogeography of vascular epiphytes

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states